<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>2092</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1005</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1025</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>38</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2016-09-29</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Is educational differentiation associated with smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence? A multilevel analysis across 27 European and North American countries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study aims to determine whether educational differentiation (i.e. early and long tracking to different school types) relate to socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking. Data were collected from the WHO-Collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, which included 48,025 15-year-old students (Nboys = 23,008, Ngirls = 25,017) from 27 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured using the HBSC family affluence scale. Educational differentiation was determined by the number of different school types, age of selection, and length of differentiated curriculum at the country-level. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the association of daily smoking and early smoking initiation predicted by family affluence, educational differentiation, and their interactions. Socioeconomic inequalities in both smoking outcomes were larger in countries that are characterised by a lower degree of educational differentiation (e.g. Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom) than in countries with higher levels of educational differentiation (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Hungary and The Netherlands). This study found that high educational differentiation does not relate to greater relative inequalities in smoking. Features of educational systems are important to consider as they are related to overall prevalence in smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sociology of Health &amp; Illness</parentTitle>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Klaus Hurrelmann</author>
    <submitter>Angelika Behlen</submitter>
    <author>Katharina Rathmann</author>
    <author>Irene Moor</author>
    <author>Anton E. Kunst</author>
    <author>Nico Dragano</author>
    <author>Timo-Kolja Pförtner</author>
    <author>Frank J. Elgar</author>
    <author>Lasse Kannas</author>
    <author>Tibor Baška</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HBSC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adolescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Educational differentiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilevel analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Socioeconomic inequality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Socioeconomic status</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tobacco smoking</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2104</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>809</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>819</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>61</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2016-10-04</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2016-08-08</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The great recession, youth unemployment and inequalities in psychological health complaints in adolescents: a multilevel study in 31 countries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Objectives&#13;
Little is known about the impact of recessions on young people’s socioeconomic inequalities in health. This study investigates the impact of the economic recession in terms of youth unemployment on socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints among adolescents across Europe and North America.&#13;
&#13;
Methods&#13;
Data from the WHO collaborative ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) study were collected in 2005/06 (N = 160,830) and 2009/10 (N = 166,590) in 31 European and North American countries. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess the contribution of youth unemployment in 2009/10 (enduring recession) and the change in youth unemployment (2005–2010) to adolescent psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in complaints in 2009/10.&#13;
&#13;
Results&#13;
Youth unemployment during the recession is positively related to psychological health complaints, but not to inequalities in complaints. Changes in youth unemployment (2005–2010) were not associated with adolescents’ psychological health complaints, whereas greater inequalities in complaints were found in countries with greater increases in youth unemployment.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusions&#13;
This study highlights the need to tackle the impact of increasing unemployment on adolescent health and health inequalities during economic recessions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Public Health</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1661-8556</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00038-016-0866-0</identifier>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Katharina Rathmann</author>
    <submitter>Angelika Behlen</submitter>
    <author>Timo-Kolja Pförtner</author>
    <author>Klaus Hurrelmann</author>
    <author>Ana M. Osorio</author>
    <author>Lucia Bosakova</author>
    <author>Frank J. Elgar</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Subjective health</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Health inequalities</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recession</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Youth unemployment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adolescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilevel analysis</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
</export-example>
