<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<export-example>
  <doc>
    <id>1117</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2015</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>414</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>420</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>4</issue>
    <volume>80</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName>Elsevier</publisherName>
    <publisherPlace>Amsterdam [u.a.]</publisherPlace>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2015-02-09</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Macro-level determinants of young people’s subjective health and health inequalities: A multilevel analysis in 27 welfare states</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Objectives&#13;
Cross-national studies have rarely focused on young people. The aim of this study is to investigate whether macro-level determinants are associated with health and socioeconomic inequalities in young people's health.&#13;
&#13;
Study design&#13;
Data were collected from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study in 2006, which included 11- to 15-year old adolescents from 27 European and North American countries (n = 134,632). This study includes national income, health expenditure, income inequality, and welfare regime dummy-variables as macro-level determinants, using hierarchical regression modelling.&#13;
&#13;
Main outcome measure&#13;
Psychosomatic health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in psychosomatic health complaints.&#13;
&#13;
Results&#13;
Adolescents in countries with higher income inequality and with liberal welfare tradition were associated with more health complaints and a stronger relationship between socioeconomic status and macro-level determinants compared to adolescents from countries with lower income inequality or the Social Democratic regime. National income and health expenditure were not related to health complaints. Countries with higher national income, public health expenditure and income inequality showed stronger associations between socioeconomic status and psychosomatic health complaints.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusion&#13;
Results showed that macro-level characteristics are relevant determinants of health and health inequalities in adolescence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Maturitas</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.01.008</identifier>
    <identifier type="issn">0378-5122</identifier>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Klaus Hurrelmann</author>
    <submitter>Angelika Behlen</submitter>
    <author>Katharina Rathmann</author>
    <author>Veronika Ottova</author>
    <author>Margarethe de Looze</author>
    <author>Kate Levin</author>
    <author>Michael Molcho</author>
    <author>Frank Elgar</author>
    <author>Saoirse Nic Gabhainn</author>
    <author>Jitse P. van Dijk</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Macro-level determinants</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adolescents</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Subjective health</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Health inequality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HBSC</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2092</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>1005</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>1025</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>38</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2016-09-29</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">Is educational differentiation associated with smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence? A multilevel analysis across 27 European and North American countries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This study aims to determine whether educational differentiation (i.e. early and long tracking to different school types) relate to socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking. Data were collected from the WHO-Collaborative 'Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)' study 2005/2006, which included 48,025 15-year-old students (Nboys = 23,008, Ngirls = 25,017) from 27 European and North American countries. Socioeconomic position was measured using the HBSC family affluence scale. Educational differentiation was determined by the number of different school types, age of selection, and length of differentiated curriculum at the country-level. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the association of daily smoking and early smoking initiation predicted by family affluence, educational differentiation, and their interactions. Socioeconomic inequalities in both smoking outcomes were larger in countries that are characterised by a lower degree of educational differentiation (e.g. Canada, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom) than in countries with higher levels of educational differentiation (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Hungary and The Netherlands). This study found that high educational differentiation does not relate to greater relative inequalities in smoking. Features of educational systems are important to consider as they are related to overall prevalence in smoking and smoking inequalities in adolescence.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Sociology of Health &amp; Illness</parentTitle>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Klaus Hurrelmann</author>
    <submitter>Angelika Behlen</submitter>
    <author>Katharina Rathmann</author>
    <author>Irene Moor</author>
    <author>Anton E. Kunst</author>
    <author>Nico Dragano</author>
    <author>Timo-Kolja Pförtner</author>
    <author>Frank J. Elgar</author>
    <author>Lasse Kannas</author>
    <author>Tibor Baška</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>HBSC</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adolescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Educational differentiation</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilevel analysis</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Socioeconomic inequality</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Socioeconomic status</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Tobacco smoking</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>2104</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2016</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>809</pageFirst>
    <pageLast>819</pageLast>
    <pageNumber/>
    <edition/>
    <issue>7</issue>
    <volume>61</volume>
    <type>article</type>
    <publisherName/>
    <publisherPlace/>
    <creatingCorporation/>
    <contributingCorporation/>
    <belongsToBibliography>1</belongsToBibliography>
    <completedDate>2016-10-04</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>2016-08-08</publishedDate>
    <thesisDateAccepted>--</thesisDateAccepted>
    <title language="eng">The great recession, youth unemployment and inequalities in psychological health complaints in adolescents: a multilevel study in 31 countries</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Objectives&#13;
Little is known about the impact of recessions on young people’s socioeconomic inequalities in health. This study investigates the impact of the economic recession in terms of youth unemployment on socioeconomic inequalities in psychological health complaints among adolescents across Europe and North America.&#13;
&#13;
Methods&#13;
Data from the WHO collaborative ‘Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) study were collected in 2005/06 (N = 160,830) and 2009/10 (N = 166,590) in 31 European and North American countries. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess the contribution of youth unemployment in 2009/10 (enduring recession) and the change in youth unemployment (2005–2010) to adolescent psychological health complaints and socioeconomic inequalities in complaints in 2009/10.&#13;
&#13;
Results&#13;
Youth unemployment during the recession is positively related to psychological health complaints, but not to inequalities in complaints. Changes in youth unemployment (2005–2010) were not associated with adolescents’ psychological health complaints, whereas greater inequalities in complaints were found in countries with greater increases in youth unemployment.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusions&#13;
This study highlights the need to tackle the impact of increasing unemployment on adolescent health and health inequalities during economic recessions.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">International Journal of Public Health</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="issn">1661-8556</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1007/s00038-016-0866-0</identifier>
    <licence>Metadaten / metadata</licence>
    <author>Katharina Rathmann</author>
    <submitter>Angelika Behlen</submitter>
    <author>Timo-Kolja Pförtner</author>
    <author>Klaus Hurrelmann</author>
    <author>Ana M. Osorio</author>
    <author>Lucia Bosakova</author>
    <author>Frank J. Elgar</author>
    <author>Matthias Richter</author>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Subjective health</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Health inequalities</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Recession</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Youth unemployment</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Adolescence</value>
    </subject>
    <subject>
      <language>eng</language>
      <type>uncontrolled</type>
      <value>Multilevel analysis</value>
    </subject>
  </doc>
</export-example>
