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    <title language="eng">Quality of law</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights</parentTitle>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.1163/9789004541559</identifier>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
    <editor>Kushtrim Istrefi</editor>
    <submitter>Danielle Gottlieb</submitter>
    <author>Joseph Finnerty</author>
    <editor>Zane Ratniece</editor>
    <editor>Krešimir Kamber</editor>
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  <doc>
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    <title language="eng">Legitimate aim</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights</parentTitle>
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    <author>Joseph Finnerty</author>
    <editor>Zane Ratniece</editor>
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    <id>6137</id>
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    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Foreseeability of law</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights</parentTitle>
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    <author>Joseph Finnerty</author>
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    <editor>Krešimir Kamber</editor>
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  </doc>
  <doc>
    <id>6135</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2026</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Accessibility of law</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Companion to the European Convention on Human Rights</parentTitle>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
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    <author>Joseph Finnerty</author>
    <editor>Zane Ratniece</editor>
    <editor>Krešimir Kamber</editor>
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  <doc>
    <id>6117</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>475</pageFirst>
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    <issue>2</issue>
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    <completedDate>2026-02-11</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">The Travaux Préparatoires and Progressive Treaty Interpretation: Article 18 of the European Convention on Human Rights</title>
    <abstract language="eng">Article 18 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has become a central provision employed by the European Court of Human Rights in response to authoritarian practices in Europe over the last decade. Notwithstanding its increased use, important disagreements persist regarding the interpretation of the provision. Analysing the provision’s ordinary meaning, the convention’s travaux préparatoires as a whole and the interpretation of the provision by majority and minority judges of the Court, this article identifies three competing normative models for specifying Article 18’s purpose. Whilst the text is open for Article 18 to address all forms of abuse of power – authoritarian or democratic – the travaux suggest a purpose of detecting emerging authoritarian practices. The majority on the Court’s bench, on the other hand, view Article 18 as a narrow tool to respond to predominant and pronounced authoritarian practices. These normative disagreements are also reflected in concurring and dissenting opinions annexed to Article 18 judgments, with some minority judges defending the narrow normative model and others advocating for a more progressive interpretation, not only on familiar grounds of evolutive interpretation but also because the convention’s history calls for progressive interpretation of this particular provision. Our findings complicate the well-established presumption that progressive interpretation of the convention comes about by treating it as a ‘living instrument’ at the expense of the drafters’ intent, highlighting the turn to ‘progressive originalism’ in the interpretation of Article 18 of the ECHR.</abstract>
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    <author>Joseph Finnerty</author>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
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    <id>6115</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2025</publishedYear>
    <thesisYearAccepted/>
    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>394</pageFirst>
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    <issue>3</issue>
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    <publisherName>Project MUSE</publisherName>
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    <completedDate>2026-02-11</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">A Tale of Disregard? Reception of the Jurisprudence of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities before the European Court of Human Rights</title>
    <abstract language="eng">The Convention on the Rights of Persons Disabilities (CRPD) was hailed as a transformative human rights treaty when it came into force in 2008. The CRPD not only promises the remediation of the under-protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in international human rights law, but it also aims to transform the deep and structural inequalities underpinning the governance of disability through law and policy. The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD Committee) has adopted and extended this transformative ethos in its jurisprudence. In this article, we examine the reception of this jurisprudence by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and ask whether and how the CRPD Committee's interpretation of the CRPD has influenced the case law of the ECtHR. By focusing on the right to legal capacity, accessibility and reasonable accommodation, we demonstrate that the transformative jurisprudence of the CRPD Committee was met with visible disregard in Strasbourg. Our findings point to both the importance of specialized human rights treaties and jurisprudence in advancing the rights of historically discriminated groups and the challenges of judicially diffusing transformative protections for the rights of persons with disabilities into general human rights law.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">Human Rights Quarterly</parentTitle>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
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    <author>Alexandre Skander Galand</author>
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  <doc>
    <id>5529</id>
    <completedYear/>
    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <language>eng</language>
    <pageFirst>374</pageFirst>
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    <issue>2</issue>
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    <completedDate>2024-06-21</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship</title>
    <abstract language="eng">As a field of practice, international human rights law (IHRL) is in constant motion. The four books under review explore the legal, political, and civic dynamics that continuously shape and reshape this vibrant area of law. In this Essay, I underscore two important trends in contemporary IHRL scholarship that these books highlight. First, these works share a strong emphasis on agency, understood as human action that makes a difference in the world, be it the agency of individuals, domestic civil society organizations, transnational organizations, or courts. Highlighting agency, rather than overarching political, economic, and social structures, in turn shifts the attention from human rights law and doctrine “in the books” to an understanding of human rights law as a purposive and dynamic practice.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">American Journal of International Law</parentTitle>
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    <identifier type="doi">10.1017/ajil.2024.3</identifier>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
    <submitter> Whitney-Hirschmann</submitter>
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      <language>eng</language>
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      <value>Centre for Fundamental Rights</value>
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    <publishedYear>2023</publishedYear>
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    <completedDate>2024-04-26</completedDate>
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    <title language="eng">Human Rights Ideas, Law, and Institutions in Europe</title>
    <abstract language="eng">This chapter introduces the contribution of Europe to the development of human rights ideas, law, and institutions. In a spirit of ‘provincialising Europe’, it argues that Europe’s contributions to human rights are ambivalent and dynamic. The chapter first examines natural rights and rights of citizens as twin, but also potentially conflicting, developments in demarcating Europe’s contributions to human rights. Europe is historically a home of human rights ideas as well as strong critiques and double standards in the use of these ideas. The chapter then examines European contributions to the legalization of human rights with a focus on two institutional Europes: that of the Council of Europe and the European Union. Finally, the chapter reviews contemporary human rights debates, against the backdrop of authoritarianization in Europe on the one hand and demands for new human rights to tackle the climate crisis, and digitalization of modern societies on the other.</abstract>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Europe</parentTitle>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
    <editor>Anne van Aaken</editor>
    <submitter>Ubaida Ansari</submitter>
    <editor>Pierre d'Argent</editor>
    <editor>Lauri Mälksoo</editor>
    <editor>Johann Justus Vasel</editor>
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      <language>eng</language>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <completedDate>2024-04-26</completedDate>
    <publishedDate>--</publishedDate>
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    <title language="eng">The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Turkey</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level: Twenty Years On</parentTitle>
    <identifier type="isbn">9789004377653</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.1163/9789004377653_021</identifier>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
    <editor>Christof Heyns</editor>
    <submitter>Ubaida Ansari</submitter>
    <author>Betül Durmuş</author>
    <editor>Frans Jacobus Viljoen</editor>
    <author>İlayda Eskitaşçıoğlu</author>
    <editor>Rachel Murray</editor>
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    <publishedYear>2024</publishedYear>
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    <title language="eng">Global Constitutionalism and the Individual</title>
    <parentTitle language="eng">The Individual in International Law: History and Theory</parentTitle>
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    <author>Başak Çalı</author>
    <editor>Anne Peters</editor>
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