@techreport{ShaikhBlankart, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Blankart, Katharina}, title = {Finanzierung und Ver­g{\"u}tung eines nachhaltigen Gesundheitssystems - Ans{\"a}tze und M{\"o}glichkeiten}, language = {de} } @techreport{ShaikhHaarmann, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Haarmann, Alexander}, title = {Die Leistungserbringung im Gesundheitssystem der Zukunft}, language = {de} } @techreport{ShaikhHaarmannKlapper, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Haarmann, Alexander and Klapper, Bernadette}, title = {Patienten-Typologien im Gesundheitssystem von morgen}, language = {de} } @techreport{ShaikhHaarmannKlapper, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Haarmann, Alexander and Klapper, Bernadette}, title = {Megatrends - wie sie die Zukunft der Gesundheitsversorgung beeinflussen}, language = {de} } @article{VanGestelShaikhVermijsetal., author = {Van Gestel, Raf and Shaikh, Mujaheed and Vermijs, Flore and Riumallo-Herl, Carlos}, title = {Health programme spillover effects on childhood vaccination in India: a difference-in-differences analysis of the Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts Programme using retrospective demographic health surveys data}, series = {BMJ Public Health}, volume = {3}, journal = {BMJ Public Health}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1136/bmjph-2024-001743}, abstract = {Background Childhood immunisation coverage has stagnated globally and even declined in some countries during recent decades. We aimed to evaluate whether a public health programme targeted at diarrhoeal disease also impacted, as a spillover effect from the programme, immunisation coverage. Methods Retrospective data from the 2015/2016 Indian Demographic Health Survey were obtained on 142 921 children, born to mothers in the 5 years leading up to the survey. A difference-in-differences study was performed to compare the completed child vaccination rates before and after the Clinton Health Access Initiative Zinc (CHAI)/Oral Rehydration Salts Programme in 2012, and between covered (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh) and non-covered states. Results The CHAI programme was associated with an increase in basic child vaccination coverage (one dose of BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gu{\´e}rin) and measles, and three doses of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) and polio vaccines) of 5.27 percentage points (95\% CI 3.48 to 7.05). This increase was concentrated among male children, and no differences were found by wealth quintiles, maternal education or sanitation. Different intensities of the CHAI initiative across districts in Uttar Pradesh were not associated with different vaccination coverage rates. Conclusions Existing studies rarely evaluate spillover effects or unintended consequences of public health campaigns. We find that a public health programme to reduce diarrhoeal diseases was associated with increased vaccination coverage in India. These findings highlight the potential horizontal health effects of disease-specific public campaigns and household behaviour responses to the programme. The evidence shows that actionable approaches to improve immunisation coverage exist that do not exclusively rely on vaccination campaigns.}, language = {en} } @article{Shaikh, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed}, title = {Mit KI gegen den Terminnotstand bei {\"A}rzten}, series = {Tagesspiegel Background}, journal = {Tagesspiegel Background}, edition = {16.10.2019}, abstract = {Besonders in Großst{\"a}dten ist es f{\"u}r Patienten {\"a}ußerst schwierig, einen Arzttermin zu bekommen. K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz k{\"o}nnte k{\"u}nftig dabei helfen, Engp{\"a}sse zu verhindern, schreibt Mujaheed Shaikh. Großbritannien zeige bereits, wie das funktionieren k{\"o}nnte.}, language = {de} } @article{ShaikhTymoszukWilliamonetal., author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Tymoszuk, Urszula and Williamon, Aaron and Miraldo, Marisa}, title = {Socio-economic inequalities in arts engagement and depression among older adults in the United Kingdom: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing}, series = {Public Health}, volume = {198}, journal = {Public Health}, issn = {0033-3506}, doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.044}, pages = {307 -- 314}, abstract = {Objectives Arts engagement has been positively linked with mental health and well-being; however, socio-economic inequalities may be prevalent in access to and uptake of arts engagement reflecting on inequalities in mental health. This study estimated socio-economic inequality and horizontal inequity (unfair inequality) in arts engagement and depression symptoms of older adults in England. Trends in inequality and inequity were measured over a period of ten years. Study design This is a repeated cross-sectional study. Methods In this analysis, we used data from six waves (waves 2 to 7) of the nationally representative English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We estimated socio-economic inequality using concentration curves that plot the distribution of arts engagement and depression symptoms against the distribution of wealth. A concentration index was used to measure the magnitude of the inequality. Unfair inequality was then calculated for need-standardised arts engagement using a horizontal inequity index (HII). Results The study sample included adults aged 50 years and older from waves 2 (2004/2005, n = 6620) to 7 (2014/2015, n = 3329). Engagement with cinema, galleries and theatre was pro-rich unequal, i.e. concentrated among the wealthier, but inequality in depression was pro-poor unequal, i.e. concentrated more among the less wealthy. While pro-rich inequality in arts engagement decreased from wave 2 (conc. index: 0·291, 95\% confidence interval 0·27 to 0·31) to wave 7 (conc. index: 0·275, 95\% confidence interval 0·24 to 0·30), pro-poor inequality in depression increased from wave 2 (conc. index: -0·164, 95\% confidence interval -0·18 to -0·14) to wave 7 (conc. index: -0·189, 95\% confidence interval -0·21 to -0·16). Depression-standardised arts engagement showed horizontal inequity that increased from wave 2 (HII: 0·455, 95\% confidence interval 0·42 to 0·48) to wave 7 (HII: 0·464, 95\% confidence interval 0·42 to 0·50). Conclusions Our findings suggest that while socio-economic inequality in arts engagement might appear to have reduced over time, once arts engagement is standardised for need, inequality has actually worsened over time and can be interpreted as inequitable (unfair). Relying on need-unstandardised estimates of inequality might thus provide a false sense of achievement to policy makers and lead to improper social prescribing interventions being emplaced.}, language = {en} } @article{SpitzerShaikh, author = {Spitzer, Sonja and Shaikh, Mujaheed}, title = {Health misperception and healthcare utilisation among older Europeans}, series = {Journal of Economics of Ageing}, volume = {22}, journal = {Journal of Economics of Ageing}, number = {100383}, doi = {10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100383}, abstract = {Health misperception can have serious consequences on health. Despite their relevance, the role of such biases in determining healthcare utilisation is severely underexplored. Here we study the relationship between health perception and doctor visits for the population 50+ in Europe. We conceptualise health misperception as arising from either overconfidence or underconfidence, where overconfidence is measured as overestimation of health and underconfidence is measured as underestimation of health. Comparing objective performance measures and their self-reported equivalents from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we find that individuals who overestimate their health visit the doctor 17.0\% less often than individuals who correctly assess their health, which is crucial for preventive care such as screenings. In contrast, individuals who underestimate their health visit the doctor more often (21.4\% more). Effects are similar for dentist visits, but we find no effects on hospital stays. The results are robust to several sensitivity tests and, more important, to various conceptualisations of the health perception measure.}, language = {en} } @article{SpitzerShaikhWeber, author = {Spitzer, Sonja and Shaikh, Mujaheed and Weber, Daniela}, title = {Older Europeans' health perception and their adaptive behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic}, series = {European Journal of Public Health}, volume = {32}, journal = {European Journal of Public Health}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1093/eurpub/ckab221}, pages = {322 -- 327}, abstract = {Background Although older adults are more vulnerable to the COVID-19 virus, a significant proportion of them do not follow recommended guidelines concerning preventive actions during the ongoing pandemic. This article analyses the role of biased health beliefs for adaptive health behaviour such as reduced mobility, protection in public spaces and hygiene measures, for the population aged 50 and older in 13 European countries. Methods Health perception is measured based on the difference between self-reported health and physical performance tests for over 24 000 individuals included in the most recent Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Logistic regressions are employed to explore how over- and underestimating health are related to preventive behaviours. Results Results suggest that older adults who underestimate their health are more likely to show adaptive behaviour related to mobility reductions. In particular, they are more likely to stay at home, shop less and go for walks less often. In contrast, overestimating health is not significantly associated with reduced mobility. Protective behaviour in public spaces and adopting hygiene measures do not vary systematically between health perception groups. Conclusion As health beliefs appear relevant for the adoption of preventive health behaviours related to mobility, they have serious consequences for the health and well-being of older Europeans. Although adaptive behaviour helps to contain the virus, exaggerated mobility reduction in those who underestimate their health might be contributing to the already high social isolation and loneliness of older adults during the ongoing pandemic.}, language = {en} } @article{LaliotisShaikhStavropoulouetal., author = {Laliotis, Ioannis and Shaikh, Mujaheed and Stavropoulou, Charitini and Kourouklis, Dimitrios}, title = {Retirement and Household Expenditure in Turbulent Times}, series = {Journal of Family and Economic Issues}, journal = {Journal of Family and Economic Issues}, doi = {10.1007/s10834-022-09884-7}, abstract = {We examine how expenditure changes at retirement during an institutionally and economically uncertain period when a series of pension reforms and cuts were implemented. Overall, we fail to confirm that consumption declines at retirement using data from Greece (2008-2018). Any estimated declines come from turbulent years when major pension cuts were applied. Expenditure drops at retirement were due to pension income shocks, especially for those who were particularly dependent on pension income. Further checks support the presence of an income shock mechanism for retirees who are relatively more treated during the crisis sub-period. Given an aging population and the ongoing global turbulence, our results offer valuable insights.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmittHaarmannShaikh, author = {Schmitt, Tugce and Haarmann, Alexander and Shaikh, Mujaheed}, title = {Strengthening health system governance in Germany: looking back, planning ahead}, series = {Health Economics, Policy and Law}, volume = {18}, journal = {Health Economics, Policy and Law}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1017/S1744133122000123}, pages = {14 -- 31}, abstract = {Health system governance has been receiving increasing attention in health system research since the 1980s. The contemporary challenges that the German health system is faced with are often closely linked to governance issues. Although Germany has the highest health expenditure as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the European Union (EU), the spending on healthcare is out of proportion to the health outcomes of the population. The reason for this lies mainly in the complexity of the German health system which is hard to steer due to several administrative levels in the country and numerous policy actors to whom the decision-making power on healthcare provision is delegated. In this paper, we present the results of focus group discussions on governance and build upon the insights gained through the Neustart project of the Robert Bosch Foundation. Based on an internationally recognised health governance framework from the World Health Organization (WHO), experts who work in, on or for the German health system addressed health governance challenges. They provided evidence-based recommendations for the new legislative period (2021-2025) on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity and capacity of the German health system.}, language = {en} } @article{ShaikhOtaVanGestel, author = {Shaikh, Mujaheed and Ota, Elsa and Van Gestel, Raf}, title = {Childhood immunization and competing mortality risks in Kenya: A longitudinal analysis for multiparous mothers}, series = {The Journal of Pediatrics}, journal = {The Journal of Pediatrics}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113590}, abstract = {Objective To assess the relationship between childhood immunization and mortality risks for non-vaccine-preventable diseases (Competing Mortality Risks or CMR) in Kenya. Study Design A combination of the Global Burden of Disease and Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data is used to measure basic vaccination status, CMR, and control variables for each child in the DHS data. A longitudinal analysis was performed. This uses within-mother variation between children to compare the vaccine decisions for different children, who are exposed to different mortality risks. The analysis also distinguishes between overall and disease-specific risks. Results The study included 15,881 children born between 2009 and 2013, who were at least 12 months old at the time of interview and not part of a twin birth. Mean basic vaccination rates ranged from 27.1\% to 90.2\% and mean CMR from 85.80 to 913.63 deaths per 100,000 across different counties. A one-unit increase in mortality risk from diarrhea, the most prevalent disease among children in Kenya, is associated with a 1.1 percentage point decline in basic vaccination status. On the other hand, mortality risks for other diseases and HIV increase the likelihood of vaccination. The effect of CMR was found to be stronger for children with higher birth orders. Conclusions A significant negative correlation between severe CMR and vaccination status is found, which has important implications for immunization policies, particularly in Kenya. Interventions aimed at reducing the most severe CMR, such as diarrhea, and targeted towards multiparous mothers may improve childhood immunization coverage.}, language = {en} }