@article{HaesslerDitlmann, author = {H{\"a}ssler, Tabea and Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {A large-scale test for the link between intergroup contact and social change}, series = {Nature Human Behaviour}, volume = {4}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-019-0815-z}, pages = {380 -- 386}, abstract = {Guided by the early findings of social scientists, practitioners have long advocated for greater contact between groups to reduce prejudice and increase social cohesion. Recent work, however, suggests that intergroup contact can undermine support for social change towards greater equality, especially among disadvantaged group members. Using a large and heterogeneous dataset (12,997 individuals from 69 countries), we demonstrate that intergroup contact and support for social change towards greater equality are positively associated among members of advantaged groups (ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals) but negatively associated among disadvantaged groups (ethnic minorities and sexual and gender minorities). Specification-curve analysis revealed important variation in the size—and at times, direction—of correlations, depending on how contact and support for social change were measured. This allowed us to identify one type of support for change—willingness to work in solidarity— that is positively associated with intergroup contact among both advantaged and disadvantaged group members.}, language = {en} } @incollection{DitlmannWrightMayvillePurdieVaughns, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Wright Mayville, Elena and Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie}, title = {Organizational and individual colorblindness approaches to past injustice}, series = {Diversity ideologies in organizations}, booktitle = {Diversity ideologies in organizations}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, address = {New York}, isbn = {9781315852188}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {93 -- 117}, abstract = {This chapter focuses on diversity ideologies from a different part of the world, and it realizes that much of the extant diversity management knowledge emanates from United States and more recently Western Europe. Indeed, South Africa provides a particularly relevant context for exploring diversity ideology because most scholars conclude it is a deeply segmented society owing to its racial and cultural heterogeneity, complexity and history. South Africa is burdened with the legacy of centuries of racial discrimination and repression of ethnic groups originating in its colonization by two European powers, the British and Dutch. The situation in South Africa is also complicated by the constitution's recognition of traditional laws of different cultural/ethnic and religious groups. The goal of employment equity act is to achieve employment equity by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment in employment through the elimination of unfair discrimination and implementing affirmative action to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups.}, language = {en} } @article{Ditlmann, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {The (identification) cards you are dealt: Biased treatment of Anglos and Latinos using municipal-issued versus unofficial ID Cards}, series = {Journal of Political Psychology}, volume = {35}, journal = {Journal of Political Psychology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1111/pops.12044}, pages = {539 -- 555}, abstract = {The current field experiment investigated if and how Latinos versus Anglos experience biased treatment in a setting where documentation is relevant. In an audit experiment, Latino customers were treated differently than a matched team of Anglo customers when making \$10 check payments at retail stores. Specifically, Latinos were asked to present an identification card (ID) more frequently than Anglo customers, were quoted a higher minimum-dollar amount for purchasing a gift certificate, and received more negative affect from salespersons. Among those who were asked for identification, a municipal-issued ID card was declined at equal rates from Latinos and Anglos, while an unofficial ID card was declined more from Anglos than Latinos. The association of Latino identity with foreignness and undocumented immigration, and the potential of municipal-ID card programs to serve undocumented immigrants are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannTurkoglu, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Turkoglu, Oguzhan}, title = {Authorities impact intergroup contact intentions}, series = {Political Psychology}, journal = {Political Psychology}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0162-895X}, doi = {10.1111/pops.70007}, abstract = {Two studies examined the impact of authoritys positions on intentions for inter-group contact. In Study 1, a conjoint experiment with 1000 participants revealed that discouragement from government, business and church authorities strongly decreased intentions for contact with immigrants. Conversely, encouragement had a positive but weaker effect. Additionally, indirect support signaled by policies supportive versus non-supportive of immigrants increased contact intentions. Study 2, a natural field experiment with a large dataset (N = 12,489), demonstrated that the entry of a far-right party into the German federal parliament reduced majority Germans' intentions for intergroup contact with refugees. Overall, these findings underscore the crucial role of authorities in shaping intergroup contact intentions and emphasize their importance in psychological research on prejudice.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannFirestoneTurkoglu, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Firestone, Berenike and Turkoglu, Oguzhan}, title = {Participating in a Digital-History Project Mobilizes People for Symbolic Justice and Better Intergroup Relations Today}, series = {Psychological Science}, volume = {36}, journal = {Psychological Science}, number = {4}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, doi = {10.1177/09567976251331040}, pages = {249 -- 264}, abstract = {Awareness of past atrocities is widely seen as critical for restoring justice and building resilient democracies. Going beyond information provision, an increasing number of memorial sites, museums, and historical archives offer opportunities for public participation. Yet little empirical evidence exists on the impact of participation in the collective remembrance of past atrocities. Two experimental studies, a field-in-the-lab study with 552 university students in Germany and an online randomized control trial with 900 digital workers in Germany, showed that participating in a large-scale, digital-history project about Nazi persecution increased peoples' collective-action intentions for further commemoration activities and for activities that strengthen intergroup relations today. These effects persisted for 2 weeks. The findings suggest that digital-history projects can motivate collective action that is critical for symbolic justice and positive intergroup relations, thus contributing to well-functioning, pluralistic democracies.}, language = {en} } @article{BarronDitlmannGehrigetal., author = {Barron, Kai and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Gehrig, Stefan and Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian}, title = {Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment}, series = {Management Science}, journal = {Management Science}, issn = {0025-1909 (print)}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2022.01229}, abstract = {This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely, when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design.}, language = {en} } @article{AlizadeDancygierDitlmann, author = {Alizade, Jeyhun and Dancygier, Rafaela and Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {National Penalties Reversed: The Local Politics of Citizenship and Politician Responsiveness to Immigrants}, series = {The Journal of Politics}, journal = {The Journal of Politics}, doi = {10.1086/711056}, abstract = {Local politicians can play an important role in promoting citizenship, but their helpfulness varies considerably across local councils. Do politicians discriminate against immigrants seeking to naturalize in ways that public opinion and national citizenship debates would suggest? In two correspondence studies fielded in Germany, we find no evidence that features that are salient in national debates and public opinion predict responsiveness. Specifically, signals of national identification and attachment play no role. Instead, we document a reversed national penalty: politicians are 50\% more likely to assist a large low-status group (Turks) than a small high status-group (Canadians). When probing mechanisms via elite interviews, we find that the desire to promote integration and electoral participation can counteract biases that typically generate discrimination. Among politicians, factors associated with group size can therefore help reverse penalties against low-status groups. Research on citizenship and discrimination must consider these disconnects between public perceptions, national debates, and local politics.}, language = {en} } @article{AsimovicDitlmannSamii, author = {Asimovic, Nejla and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Samii, Cyrus}, title = {Estimating the effect of intergroup contact over years: evidence from a youth program in Israel}, series = {Political Science Research and Methods}, journal = {Political Science Research and Methods}, issn = {2049-8470}, doi = {10.1017/psrm.2024.8}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {We study how an intervention combining youth intergroup contact and sports affects intergroup relations in the context of an active conflict. We first conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of one-year program exposure in Israel. To track effects of a multiyear exposure, we then use machine-learning techniques to fuse the RCT with the observational data gathered on multiyear participants. This analytical approach can help overcome frequent limitations of RCTs, such as modest sample sizes and short observation periods. Our evidence cannot affirm a one-year effect on outgroup regard and ingroup regulation, although we estimate benefits of multiyear exposure among Jewish-Israeli youth, particularly boys. We discuss implications for interventions in contexts of active conflict and group status asymmetry.}, language = {en} } @article{DovidioGluszekJohnetal., author = {Dovidio, John F. and Gluszek, Agata and John, Melissa-Sue and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Lagunes, Paul}, title = {Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion}, series = {Journal of Social Issues}, volume = {66}, journal = {Journal of Social Issues}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x}, pages = {59 -- 78}, abstract = {White-Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos' bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice.}, language = {en} } @article{PurdieVaughnsSteeleDaviesetal., author = {Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Steele, Claude M. and Davies, Paul G. and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Crosby, Jennifer Randall}, title = {Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions}, series = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {94}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615}, pages = {615 -- 630}, abstract = {This research demonstrates that people at risk of devaluation based on group membership are attuned to cues that signal social identity contingencies--judgments, stereotypes, opportunities, restrictions, and treatments that are tied to one's social identity in a given setting. In 3 experiments, African American professionals were attuned to minority representation and diversity philosophy cues when they were presented as a part of workplace settings. Low minority representation cues coupled with colorblindness (as opposed to valuing diversity) led African American professionals to perceive threatening identity contingencies and to distrust the setting (Experiment 1). The authors then verified that the mechanism mediating the effect of setting cues on trust was identity contingent evaluations (Experiments 2 \& 3). The power of social identity contingencies as they relate to underrepresented groups in mainstream institutions is discussed.}, language = {en} }