@article{DitlmannSamiiZeitzoff, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Samii, Cyrus and Zeitzoff, Thomas}, title = {Addressing intergroup conflict from the bottom-up?}, series = {Social Issues and Policy Review}, volume = {11}, journal = {Social Issues and Policy Review}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1111/sipr.12027}, pages = {38 -- 77}, abstract = {How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen-oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual-level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual-level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups' access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannPurdieVaughnsDovidioetal., author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Dovidio, John F and Naft, Michael J}, title = {The implicit power motive in intergroup dialogues about the history of slavery}, series = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {112}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1037/pspp0000118}, pages = {116 -- 135}, abstract = {This research demonstrates that individual differences in the implicit power motive (i.e., the concern with impact, influence, and control) moderate how African Americans communicate with White Americans in challenging intergroup dialogues. In a study with African American participants we find that the higher their implicit power motive, the more they use an affiliation strategy to communicate with a White American partner in a conversation context that evokes the history of slavery (Study 1). In a study with White American participants we find that, in the same conversation context, they are more engaged (i.e., open, attentive, and motivated) if they receive an affiliation message rather than a no-affiliation message from an African American partner (Study 2). In interracial dyads we find that African American participants' implicit power motives moderate how much they intend to signal warmth to a White American discussion partner, how much they display immediacy behaviors and use affiliation imagery in the discussion, and with what level of engagement White American participants respond (Study 3). High but not low implicit power African Americans thus employ a communication strategy-expressing affiliation and warmth-that can be effective for engaging White Americans with uncomfortable, race-identity-relevant topics.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannKopfBeck, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Kopf-Beck, Johannes}, title = {The Meaning of Being German: An Inductive Approach to National Identity}, series = {Journal of Political and Social Psychology}, volume = {7}, journal = {Journal of Political and Social Psychology}, number = {1}, doi = {10.5964/jspp.v7i1.557}, pages = {423 -- 447}, abstract = {Germany is often cited as a paradigmatic case for an ethnic model of nationalism but in recent years introduced many civic elements into its citizenship policies. The goal of the current article is to explore how German citizens construct their national identity against this backdrop. Using an inductive approach, we asked 987 German citizens to describe what being German means for them. A latent class analysis of content-coded responses revealed four classes: a heritage-based identity class with a strong focus on language and culture (39\%), an ideology-based identity class that revolves around democracy, welfare, freedom, and economy and safety (19\%), a legal-formalistic identity class that is mostly concerned with the legal requirement for obtaining and holding citizenship of national identity (26\%), and a trait-based identity class describing personality-traits that are supposed to be typical for Germans (16\%). These findings expand upon and add nuance to the commonly used civic vs. ethnic national identity content typology.}, language = {en} } @article{HaesslerDitlmann, author = {H{\"a}ssler, Tabea and Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {A large-scale test for the link between intergroup contact and social change}, series = {Nature Human Behaviour}, volume = {4}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-019-0815-z}, pages = {380 -- 386}, abstract = {Guided by the early findings of social scientists, practitioners have long advocated for greater contact between groups to reduce prejudice and increase social cohesion. Recent work, however, suggests that intergroup contact can undermine support for social change towards greater equality, especially among disadvantaged group members. Using a large and heterogeneous dataset (12,997 individuals from 69 countries), we demonstrate that intergroup contact and support for social change towards greater equality are positively associated among members of advantaged groups (ethnic majorities and cis-heterosexuals) but negatively associated among disadvantaged groups (ethnic minorities and sexual and gender minorities). Specification-curve analysis revealed important variation in the size—and at times, direction—of correlations, depending on how contact and support for social change were measured. This allowed us to identify one type of support for change—willingness to work in solidarity— that is positively associated with intergroup contact among both advantaged and disadvantaged group members.}, language = {en} } @incollection{DitlmannWrightMayvillePurdieVaughns, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Wright Mayville, Elena and Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie}, title = {Organizational and individual colorblindness approaches to past injustice}, series = {Diversity ideologies in organizations}, booktitle = {Diversity ideologies in organizations}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, address = {New York}, isbn = {9781315852188}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {93 -- 117}, abstract = {This chapter focuses on diversity ideologies from a different part of the world, and it realizes that much of the extant diversity management knowledge emanates from United States and more recently Western Europe. Indeed, South Africa provides a particularly relevant context for exploring diversity ideology because most scholars conclude it is a deeply segmented society owing to its racial and cultural heterogeneity, complexity and history. South Africa is burdened with the legacy of centuries of racial discrimination and repression of ethnic groups originating in its colonization by two European powers, the British and Dutch. The situation in South Africa is also complicated by the constitution's recognition of traditional laws of different cultural/ethnic and religious groups. The goal of employment equity act is to achieve employment equity by promoting equal opportunity and fair treatment in employment through the elimination of unfair discrimination and implementing affirmative action to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups.}, language = {en} } @article{Ditlmann, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {The (identification) cards you are dealt: Biased treatment of Anglos and Latinos using municipal-issued versus unofficial ID Cards}, series = {Journal of Political Psychology}, volume = {35}, journal = {Journal of Political Psychology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1111/pops.12044}, pages = {539 -- 555}, abstract = {The current field experiment investigated if and how Latinos versus Anglos experience biased treatment in a setting where documentation is relevant. In an audit experiment, Latino customers were treated differently than a matched team of Anglo customers when making \$10 check payments at retail stores. Specifically, Latinos were asked to present an identification card (ID) more frequently than Anglo customers, were quoted a higher minimum-dollar amount for purchasing a gift certificate, and received more negative affect from salespersons. Among those who were asked for identification, a municipal-issued ID card was declined at equal rates from Latinos and Anglos, while an unofficial ID card was declined more from Anglos than Latinos. The association of Latino identity with foreignness and undocumented immigration, and the potential of municipal-ID card programs to serve undocumented immigrants are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannTurkoglu, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Turkoglu, Oguzhan}, title = {Authorities impact intergroup contact intentions}, series = {Political Psychology}, journal = {Political Psychology}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {0162-895X}, doi = {10.1111/pops.70007}, abstract = {Two studies examined the impact of authoritys positions on intentions for inter-group contact. In Study 1, a conjoint experiment with 1000 participants revealed that discouragement from government, business and church authorities strongly decreased intentions for contact with immigrants. Conversely, encouragement had a positive but weaker effect. Additionally, indirect support signaled by policies supportive versus non-supportive of immigrants increased contact intentions. Study 2, a natural field experiment with a large dataset (N = 12,489), demonstrated that the entry of a far-right party into the German federal parliament reduced majority Germans' intentions for intergroup contact with refugees. Overall, these findings underscore the crucial role of authorities in shaping intergroup contact intentions and emphasize their importance in psychological research on prejudice.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannFirestoneTurkoglu, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Firestone, Berenike and Turkoglu, Oguzhan}, title = {Participating in a Digital-History Project Mobilizes People for Symbolic Justice and Better Intergroup Relations Today}, series = {Psychological Science}, volume = {36}, journal = {Psychological Science}, number = {4}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, doi = {10.1177/09567976251331040}, pages = {249 -- 264}, abstract = {Awareness of past atrocities is widely seen as critical for restoring justice and building resilient democracies. Going beyond information provision, an increasing number of memorial sites, museums, and historical archives offer opportunities for public participation. Yet little empirical evidence exists on the impact of participation in the collective remembrance of past atrocities. Two experimental studies, a field-in-the-lab study with 552 university students in Germany and an online randomized control trial with 900 digital workers in Germany, showed that participating in a large-scale, digital-history project about Nazi persecution increased peoples' collective-action intentions for further commemoration activities and for activities that strengthen intergroup relations today. These effects persisted for 2 weeks. The findings suggest that digital-history projects can motivate collective action that is critical for symbolic justice and positive intergroup relations, thus contributing to well-functioning, pluralistic democracies.}, language = {en} } @article{BarronDitlmannGehrigetal., author = {Barron, Kai and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Gehrig, Stefan and Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian}, title = {Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment}, series = {Management Science}, journal = {Management Science}, issn = {0025-1909 (print)}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2022.01229}, abstract = {This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely, when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design.}, language = {en} } @article{AlizadeDancygierDitlmann, author = {Alizade, Jeyhun and Dancygier, Rafaela and Ditlmann, Ruth K.}, title = {National Penalties Reversed: The Local Politics of Citizenship and Politician Responsiveness to Immigrants}, series = {The Journal of Politics}, journal = {The Journal of Politics}, doi = {10.1086/711056}, abstract = {Local politicians can play an important role in promoting citizenship, but their helpfulness varies considerably across local councils. Do politicians discriminate against immigrants seeking to naturalize in ways that public opinion and national citizenship debates would suggest? In two correspondence studies fielded in Germany, we find no evidence that features that are salient in national debates and public opinion predict responsiveness. Specifically, signals of national identification and attachment play no role. Instead, we document a reversed national penalty: politicians are 50\% more likely to assist a large low-status group (Turks) than a small high status-group (Canadians). When probing mechanisms via elite interviews, we find that the desire to promote integration and electoral participation can counteract biases that typically generate discrimination. Among politicians, factors associated with group size can therefore help reverse penalties against low-status groups. Research on citizenship and discrimination must consider these disconnects between public perceptions, national debates, and local politics.}, language = {en} } @article{AsimovicDitlmannSamii, author = {Asimovic, Nejla and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Samii, Cyrus}, title = {Estimating the effect of intergroup contact over years: evidence from a youth program in Israel}, series = {Political Science Research and Methods}, journal = {Political Science Research and Methods}, issn = {2049-8470}, doi = {10.1017/psrm.2024.8}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {We study how an intervention combining youth intergroup contact and sports affects intergroup relations in the context of an active conflict. We first conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of one-year program exposure in Israel. To track effects of a multiyear exposure, we then use machine-learning techniques to fuse the RCT with the observational data gathered on multiyear participants. This analytical approach can help overcome frequent limitations of RCTs, such as modest sample sizes and short observation periods. Our evidence cannot affirm a one-year effect on outgroup regard and ingroup regulation, although we estimate benefits of multiyear exposure among Jewish-Israeli youth, particularly boys. We discuss implications for interventions in contexts of active conflict and group status asymmetry.}, language = {en} } @article{DovidioGluszekJohnetal., author = {Dovidio, John F. and Gluszek, Agata and John, Melissa-Sue and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Lagunes, Paul}, title = {Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion}, series = {Journal of Social Issues}, volume = {66}, journal = {Journal of Social Issues}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x}, pages = {59 -- 78}, abstract = {White-Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos' bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice.}, language = {en} } @article{PurdieVaughnsSteeleDaviesetal., author = {Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Steele, Claude M. and Davies, Paul G. and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Crosby, Jennifer Randall}, title = {Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions}, series = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {94}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615}, pages = {615 -- 630}, abstract = {This research demonstrates that people at risk of devaluation based on group membership are attuned to cues that signal social identity contingencies--judgments, stereotypes, opportunities, restrictions, and treatments that are tied to one's social identity in a given setting. In 3 experiments, African American professionals were attuned to minority representation and diversity philosophy cues when they were presented as a part of workplace settings. Low minority representation cues coupled with colorblindness (as opposed to valuing diversity) led African American professionals to perceive threatening identity contingencies and to distrust the setting (Experiment 1). The authors then verified that the mechanism mediating the effect of setting cues on trust was identity contingent evaluations (Experiments 2 \& 3). The power of social identity contingencies as they relate to underrepresented groups in mainstream institutions is discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannPurdieVaughnsEibach, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Eibach, Richard P.}, title = {Heritage and ideology-based national identities and their implications for immigrant citizen relations in the United States and in Germany}, series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations}, volume = {35}, journal = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.07.002}, pages = {395 -- 405}, abstract = {The present research examines the meaning of national identity in the United States and Germany and its implications for immigrant citizen relations. In Study 1, American and German participants responded to the question "What does it mean to be American [German]?" Results revealed that the American national identity is ideology-based as characterized by an endorsement of a core set of transcendent and abstract values. The German national identity is heritage-based as characterized by self-descriptive traits and cultural traditions. In Study 2, American participants were less likely than German participants to express exclusion from national identity in response to an immigrant who gave affective versus pragmatic reasons for becoming a citizen. The reverse was true for German participants. In sum, culture shapes national identity and responses to immigrants.}, language = {en} }