@article{KreyenfeldAnderssonMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Andersson, Gunnar and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark}, series = {Journal of Population Research}, volume = {31}, journal = {Journal of Population Research}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, issn = {1835-9469}, doi = {10.1007/s12546-014-9135-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16723}, pages = {287 -- 316}, abstract = {This study investigates the role of female labour-market attachment and earnings in childbearing progressions in two very different European contexts. By applying event-history techniques to German and Danish register data during 1981-2001, we demonstrate how female earnings relate to first, second and third birth propensities. Our study shows that female earnings are positively associated with first birth fertility in Denmark, while this is not the case in West Germany. We interpret our findings based on the fact that Danish social context and policy encourage women to establish themselves in the labour market before becoming mothers, while the German institutional context during the 1980s and 1990s was not geared towards encouraging maternal employment. For higher-order births, the results are less clearcut. For Denmark we find a slightly positive correlation between female earnings and second-birth fertility, while the association is somewhat negative for third-order births. In Germany, women tend to leave the labour market when becoming mothers. Non-employed mothers have elevated second and, in particular, third-birth rates. For the group of mothers who are employed, we find only a weak association between their earnings and higher-order fertility.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Erwerbst{\"a}tigkeit und Fertilit{\"a}t: Analysen mit der Versicherungskontenstichprobe der deutschen Rentenversicherung}, series = {Die Versicherungskontenstichprobe als Scientific Use File: Workshop des Forschungsdatenzentrums der Rentenversicherung (FDZ-RV) am 30. und 31. Oktober 2007 in W{\"u}rzburg (DRV-Schriften, 79)}, volume = {79}, booktitle = {Die Versicherungskontenstichprobe als Scientific Use File: Workshop des Forschungsdatenzentrums der Rentenversicherung (FDZ-RV) am 30. und 31. Oktober 2007 in W{\"u}rzburg (DRV-Schriften, 79)}, editor = {Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund,}, pages = {71 -- 95}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag diskutiert, inwiefern die Versicherungskontenstichprobe der deutschen Rentenversicherung (VSKT) f{\"u}r Fertilit{\"a}tsanalysen genutzt werden kann. Ausgangspunkt ist zun{\"a}chst ein Vergleich der Kinderzahl in den VSKT-Daten mit Informationen aus der amtlichen Statistik. Abgesehen von den j{\"u}ngeren Kohorten, Ausl{\"a}nderinnen und Personen mit ungekl{\"a}rten Konten bilden die VSKT-Daten die Fertilit{\"a}tsbiographien von Frauen relativ gut ab. Besonders geeignet ist der Datensatz f{\"u}r L{\"a}ngsschnittanalysen, die den Zusammenhang der weiblichen Erwerbssituation f{\"u}r Fertilit{\"a}tsprozesse thematisieren. Die hohen Fallzahlen, der lange Analysezeitraum und die monatsgenauen Angaben zur Erwerbssituation stellen ein einmaliges Analysepotential f{\"u}r Fertilit{\"a}tsanalysen dar, das wir in diesem Beitrag nur exemplarisch darstellen konnten.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldMikaRadenacker, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Mika, Tatjana and Radenacker, Anke}, title = {Der Gender Pension Gap in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Welchen Einfluss hat eine Scheidung auf die Alterssicherung?}, series = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, volume = {67/18}, journal = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, number = {11/12}, doi = {10.3790/sfo.67.11-12.973}, pages = {973 -- 996}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag untersucht den „Gender Pension Gap" in Deutschland auf Basis der sechsten Welle des „Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe" (SHARE-RV), welcher mit Registerdaten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung aus dem Jahr 2015 verbunden wurde. In die Untersuchung gehen Frauen und M{\"a}nner der Geburtsjahrg{\"a}nge 1930 bis 1955 ein. F{\"u}r diese Kohorten existiert in Westdeutschland ein erheblicher „Gender Pension Gap". Frauen dieser Geburtsjahrg{\"a}nge haben im Schnitt nur halb so hohe Anwartschaften in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung aufgebaut wie M{\"a}nner. Im Vergleich zu verheirateten und verwitweten Frauen k{\"o}nnen ledige und geschiedene Frauen in Westdeutschland deutlich h{\"o}here Altersrenten vorweisen. Geschiedene Frauen dieser Kohorten konnten vor allem aufgrund des Versorgungsausgleichs ihre Rentenanwartschaften um etwa 20 Prozent erh{\"o}hen. Bei westdeutschen M{\"a}nnern zeigt sich hingegen ein umgekehrter Zusammenhang, d.h. ledige und geschiedene M{\"a}nner erhalten im Vergleich zu anderen M{\"a}nnern stark unterdurchschnittliche Altersrenten. In Ostdeutschland existiert kein Zusammenhang zwischen Familienstand und Rentenniveau. Abstract: The Gender Pension Gap in East and West Germany: How Does Divorce Affect Old-Age Pensions? This study examines the gender pension gap in Germany based on data from the sixth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE-RV). This data has been combined with register data from the German Pension Fund of the year 2015. The analytical sample for our analysis includes women and men born between 1930 and 1955. We observe a substantial gender pension gap for West Germans of these cohorts. Women have earned only half of the pension credits of men. Comparing pension entitlements by family status, one finds that single and divorced West German women were able to collect much higher pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Divorced women could profit from the splitting of pension points that is conducted after divorce. The equalization of the pension points in the case of divorce increases West German women's pensions by about 20 percent. For West German men the relationship is vice versa: Single and divorced men are at a particular risk of receiving a low old age pension. There is no relationship between family status and pension entitlements in East Germany, though.}, language = {de} } @article{RadenackerKreyenfeldStrackeetal., author = {Radenacker, Anke and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Stracke, Elmar and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Der Ausschluss des Versorgungsausgleichs. Hintergr{\"u}nde und Trends.}, series = {Neue Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienrecht}, journal = {Neue Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienrecht}, number = {21}, issn = {2198-2333}, pages = {937 -- 941}, language = {de} } @article{KeckRadenackerBrueggmannetal., author = {Keck, Wolfgang and Radenacker, Anke and Br{\"u}ggmann, Daniel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Statutory Pension Insurance Accounts and Divorce: A New Scientific Use File}, series = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik}, volume = {240}, journal = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik}, number = {6}, issn = {0021-4027}, doi = {10.1515/jbnst-2019-0064}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauckMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauck, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Der Wandel der Lebensformen und seine Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Alterssicherung in Deutschland}, series = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, booktitle = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, editor = {Karger-Kroll, Anna and Sch{\"a}fers, Lars}, publisher = {Nomos}, isbn = {978-3-7560-1712-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmaukMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The gender pension gap in Germany: Is divorce a gender-equaliser?}, series = {Ageing \& Society}, journal = {Ageing \& Society}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X21001513}, abstract = {Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of 'divorce splitting'. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries' monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts.}, language = {en} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Rentenanspr{\"u}che von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von M{\"a}nnern zur{\"u}ck}, series = {DIW Wochenbericht}, volume = {92}, journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, number = {12}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1860-8787}, doi = {10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1}, pages = {183 -- 189}, abstract = {Frauen verdienen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als M{\"a}nner. Im Jahr 2024 betrug der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, der den Unterschied der Bruttostundenl{\"o}hne misst, in Deutschland 16 Prozent.info Da die Rentenanspr{\"u}che aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland direkt von den L{\"o}hnen abh{\"a}ngen, {\"u}bertr{\"a}gt sich diese Lohndifferenz auch auf Unterschiede bei den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen. Der Unterschied zwischen M{\"a}nnern und Frauen wird als Gender Pension Gap bezeichnet.info Die unterschiedlichen L{\"o}hne sind aber nur ein Faktor f{\"u}r die Differenz. Weitere Gr{\"u}nde sind h{\"a}ufige Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Frauen, beispielsweise wegen Kinderbetreuung oder der Pflege von Angeh{\"o}rigen, Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarktinfo oder Unterschieden bei der Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, die sich auf geschlechtsspezifische soziale Normen und Stereotype zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren lassen.info Mit der Einf{\"u}hrung der Kindererziehungszeiten im Jahr 1986, die durch mehrere Reformen ausgeweitet wurden, sollten die individuellen Rentenanspr{\"u}che von M{\"u}ttern erh{\"o}ht werden. Damit sollte langfristig der Gender Pension Gap und auch der Motherhood Pension Gap, also der Unterschied zwischen den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von Frauen mit und ohne Kinder, reduziert werden.info In diesem Wochenbericht werden auf Basis der Versichertenkontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung die Unterschiede bei den gesetzlichen Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von M{\"a}nnern und Frauen sowie f{\"u}r Frauen nach Anzahl der Kinder untersucht (Kasten 1). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigen die Auswertungen, welche Rolle die Kindererziehungszeiten knapp 40 Jahre nach ihrer Einf{\"u}hrung spielen.}, language = {de} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The Gender Pension Gap Grows the More Children a Woman Has}, series = {DIW Weekly Report}, volume = {15}, journal = {DIW Weekly Report}, number = {12+13}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2568-7697}, doi = {10.18723/diw_dwr:2025-12-1}, pages = {79 -- 85}, abstract = {The gender pension gap, the difference in pension entitlements between men and women, is 32 percent for 60-yearolds according to data from the German Pension Insurance (Deutsche Rentenversicherung). In addition, there is a considerable motherhood pension gap: Statutory pension entitlements for mothers and childless women differ greatly. Pensionrelated childcare credits, which were introduced in 1986 and have been modified many times since, counteract this gap. Recognition of pension-related childcare credits reduce the difference in pension entitlements between childless women and mothers considerably, albeit only in the immediate years following the birth of a child. For the birth cohorts from 1952 to 1959, the motherhood pension gap for 60-year-olds in western Germany is 26 percent; pension-related childcare credits could not close the gap. Further social and tax policy measures supporting an equal division of care work and paid work are necessary. In addition to expanding public child care, reforms to joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting (Ehegattensplitting) and reducing subsidies for jobs with few working hours (Minijobs) as well as a restructuring of the workplace to be more caretaker-friendly are required.}, language = {en} }