@article{O’SullivanAlonsoPerezFaerberetal., author = {O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and F{\"a}rber, Francesca and Fuellen, Georg and Rudolf, Henrik and Heisig, Jan Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Onset of Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 50 and older in Europe: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy}, series = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, volume = {16}, journal = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1758-5996}, doi = {10.1186/s13098-024-01533-3}, abstract = {Background Disparities in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are associated with various social determinants, including sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education, and household income. This study applied an intersectional perspective to map social disparities and investigate intersectional effects regarding the onset of T2D among older adults across Europe. Methods We used data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to conduct an Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (I-MAIHDA) of T2D onset. Individuals aged 50 years or older without known T2D at Wave 4 (2011, baseline) were included and followed through Waves 5 (2013), 6 (2015), 7 (2016), and 8 (2019-2020). Intersectional models were used to estimate additive main effects of sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education level, and household income and intersectional interactions. Results A total of 39,108 individuals were included (age at baseline M = 65.18 years (SD = 9.62), 57.4\% women). T2D onset was reported for 9.2\% of the sample over the 9-year observation period. In the fully adjusted model, all social determinants showed significant additive associations with T2D onset, while the discriminatory accuracy of the social strata was found to be low (Variance Partition Coefficient = 0.3\%). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive mapping of intersectional disparities in onset of T2D among older adults in Europe. The results highlight the risk heterogeneity within the population and show social disadvantages faced by certain groups. However, while the T2D risks were higher in some strata than in others, the intersectional effects were small overall and mostly attributable to the additive main effects. The results suggest that public health strategies to prevent T2D should be universal but tailored to meet the specific situation of the different intersectional strata.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BebloBollBergetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Beblo, Miriam and Boll, Christina and Berg, Mathias and Geene, Raimund and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lenze, Anne and Scheiwe, Kirsten and Schober, Pia S. and Stichnoth, Holger}, title = {Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterst{\"u}tzung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder — Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen}, edition = {Deutscher Bundestag - 20. Wahlperiode Drucksache 20/14510}, publisher = {Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {448}, language = {de} } @techreport{KreyenfeldGellert, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Policy implications of the greying of family diversity}, series = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, journal = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, publisher = {Academy of Social Sciences}, address = {London}, language = {en} } @techreport{LambertKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lambert, Philippe and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility}, edition = {LIDAM Discussion Paper IBA 2023/06}, publisher = {ISBA}, address = {Louvain-la-Neuve}, language = {en} } @techreport{FischerFreundGeigeretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Fischer, Julia and Freund, Alexandra M. and Geiger, Harmut and Kempermann, Gerd and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Luy, Marc}, title = {Demografischen Wandel und Altern gestalten. Interdisziplin{\"a}re Impulse f{\"u}r einen ressort{\"u}bergreifenden Ansatz}, publisher = {Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina}, address = {Halle (Saale)}, doi = {10.26164/leopoldina_03_01256}, pages = {38}, abstract = {Der demografische Wandel ist eine der gr{\"o}ßten Herausforderungen, mit denen Deutschland konfrontiert ist. Die anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten, verbunden mit einer steigenden Lebenserwartung, f{\"u}hren zu einer starken Alterung der Gesellschaft. Daraus ergibt sich ein sehr großer Anpassungsbedarf in Pflege und Gesundheit, den sozialen Sicherungssystemen und auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In den letzten Jahren wurde die Demografiepolitik innerhalb der Bundesregierung nur wenig koordiniert und gesteuert. Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Diskussionspapiers empfehlen, die Demografiepolitik als politisches Schwerpunktthema f{\"u}r die kommende Legislaturperiode zu verankern. Das Papier formuliert daf{\"u}r konkrete Handlungsans{\"a}tze.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {46}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, issn = {1869-8999}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2021-10}, abstract = {This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmaukMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The gender pension gap in Germany: Is divorce a gender-equaliser?}, series = {Ageing \& Society}, journal = {Ageing \& Society}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X21001513}, abstract = {Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of 'divorce splitting'. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries' monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts.}, language = {en} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Rentenanspr{\"u}che von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von M{\"a}nnern zur{\"u}ck}, series = {DIW Wochenbericht}, volume = {92}, journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, number = {12}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1860-8787}, doi = {10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1}, pages = {183 -- 189}, abstract = {Frauen verdienen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als M{\"a}nner. Im Jahr 2024 betrug der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, der den Unterschied der Bruttostundenl{\"o}hne misst, in Deutschland 16 Prozent.info Da die Rentenanspr{\"u}che aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland direkt von den L{\"o}hnen abh{\"a}ngen, {\"u}bertr{\"a}gt sich diese Lohndifferenz auch auf Unterschiede bei den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen. Der Unterschied zwischen M{\"a}nnern und Frauen wird als Gender Pension Gap bezeichnet.info Die unterschiedlichen L{\"o}hne sind aber nur ein Faktor f{\"u}r die Differenz. Weitere Gr{\"u}nde sind h{\"a}ufige Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Frauen, beispielsweise wegen Kinderbetreuung oder der Pflege von Angeh{\"o}rigen, Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarktinfo oder Unterschieden bei der Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, die sich auf geschlechtsspezifische soziale Normen und Stereotype zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren lassen.info Mit der Einf{\"u}hrung der Kindererziehungszeiten im Jahr 1986, die durch mehrere Reformen ausgeweitet wurden, sollten die individuellen Rentenanspr{\"u}che von M{\"u}ttern erh{\"o}ht werden. Damit sollte langfristig der Gender Pension Gap und auch der Motherhood Pension Gap, also der Unterschied zwischen den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von Frauen mit und ohne Kinder, reduziert werden.info In diesem Wochenbericht werden auf Basis der Versichertenkontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung die Unterschiede bei den gesetzlichen Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von M{\"a}nnern und Frauen sowie f{\"u}r Frauen nach Anzahl der Kinder untersucht (Kasten 1). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigen die Auswertungen, welche Rolle die Kindererziehungszeiten knapp 40 Jahre nach ihrer Einf{\"u}hrung spielen.}, language = {de} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The Gender Pension Gap Grows the More Children a Woman Has}, series = {DIW Weekly Report}, volume = {15}, journal = {DIW Weekly Report}, number = {12+13}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2568-7697}, doi = {10.18723/diw_dwr:2025-12-1}, pages = {79 -- 85}, abstract = {The gender pension gap, the difference in pension entitlements between men and women, is 32 percent for 60-yearolds according to data from the German Pension Insurance (Deutsche Rentenversicherung). In addition, there is a considerable motherhood pension gap: Statutory pension entitlements for mothers and childless women differ greatly. Pensionrelated childcare credits, which were introduced in 1986 and have been modified many times since, counteract this gap. Recognition of pension-related childcare credits reduce the difference in pension entitlements between childless women and mothers considerably, albeit only in the immediate years following the birth of a child. For the birth cohorts from 1952 to 1959, the motherhood pension gap for 60-year-olds in western Germany is 26 percent; pension-related childcare credits could not close the gap. Further social and tax policy measures supporting an equal division of care work and paid work are necessary. In addition to expanding public child care, reforms to joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting (Ehegattensplitting) and reducing subsidies for jobs with few working hours (Minijobs) as well as a restructuring of the workplace to be more caretaker-friendly are required.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauk, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah}, title = {Widowhood and grey divorce}, series = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, editor = {Mortelmans, Dimitri and Bernardi, Laura and Perelli-Harris, Brienna}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd}, isbn = {9781803923383}, doi = {10.4337/9781803923383.00022}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {178 -- 190}, abstract = {The death of a partner and union dissolution both mark the endpoint of a partnership. However, as these events previously primarily occurred at different life course stages, they have generally been investigated in separate strands of literature. With the growing prevalence of divorce at later ages, however, research on widowhood and "grey divorce" has moved closer together. This chapter examines whether and to what extent the findings on the consequences of grey divorce mirror the existing results on the consequences of widowhood. Attention is also given to the different ways in which welfare states buffer the adverse effects of the death of a partner and divorce on individuals' economic wellbeing at advanced ages. While this chapter seeks to summarize achievements regarding grey divorce research, we conclude with a critical discussion, which, among other things, reflects on the use of universal and fixed cut-off ages (such as age 50) to define grey divorce.}, language = {en} } @article{RamosKreyenfeldAlonsoPerezetal., author = {Ramos, Vincent Jerald and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Gellert, Paul and Heisig, Jan Paul and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine}, title = {Future Caregiving Responsibilities, Employment Uncertainties, and Expected Childbearing Behavior: Survey Experimental Evidence from Germany}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {44}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-025-09969-9}, abstract = {In societies experiencing declining birth rates, understanding factors that influence childbearing decisions is of interest. We used a factorial survey experiment to investigate how scenarios of future caregiving responsibilities toward aging parents and employment uncertainties shape the expected childbearing behavior of a fictitious couple. Respondents from the nationally representative German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS) (n = 1,750) were randomly assigned to five vignettes, each describing a hypothetical couple with varying levels of caregiving responsibilities towards an aging parent and employment uncertainties. Respondents subsequently rated their expectations about the hypothetical couple's childbearing behavior within the next three years using an 11-point scale. Results show that high caregiving responsibilities and dual employment uncertainties reduce expected childbearing behavior by 2.8 and 1.9 units respectively, compared to when these are absent. The negative effect of high caregiving responsibilities is more pronounced among women, while respondents' own caregiving and employment experiences do not moderate these effects. These results demonstrate how both future-oriented caregiving responsibilities and employment uncertainties alter expectations about family formation and highlight the scenarios that are regarded as more or less favorable for childbearing.}, language = {en} } @periodical{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Special issue: Population inequality matters}, series = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, number = {1}, editor = {S{\´a}nchez-Romero, Miguel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Permanyer, I{\~n}aki and Potančokov{\´a}, Michaela and di Lego, Vanessa}, publisher = {Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag}, address = {Vienna}, abstract = {The 2025 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research focuses on the role of population inequality in demographic research, particularly, on the interplay between population diversity and social inequality. Besides classical markers of heterogeneity in individual behavior, such as gender, age, education, family status, migration background, urban-rural residence and socio-economic status, other sources of inequality are covered in the volume. They include marginalized populations, such as homeless people, generational and spatial factors as well as emerging trends, such as digitalization. Understanding population inequality is key for modeling population developments and projecting them into the future. Equally important is to understand how and why different types of inequality arise and evolve, and what policy challenges they impose for socio-economic development, welfare systems and social cohesion.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Reflections on CPoS: A Journey Across Five Decades}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {50}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2025-11}, pages = {xxiii -- xxvi}, abstract = {In this editorial, Michaela Kreyenfeld, former board member, author and reviewer, reflects on her own experiences with and the evolution and significance of Comparative Population Studies (CPoS), formerly Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaft (ZfB), highlighting its role as a dedicated, rigorous platform for demographic and population research. CPoS embraces core demographic topics as well as interdisciplinary approaches, exemplified for example by seminal works on fertility, demographic transitions, and sociological theory. Valued for fairness, accessibility, and intellectual integrity, CPoS offers a respected venue for both emerging and established scholars. * This article belongs to a series celebrating the journal's 50th anniversary.}, language = {en} } @article{WagnerMolinaAlonsoPerezetal., author = {Wagner, Lena and Molina, Stefania and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {What difference does it make? Parental relationship quality and child wellbeing in step- and nuclear families}, series = {Genus}, volume = {81}, journal = {Genus}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, doi = {10.1186/s41118-025-00269-w}, abstract = {This study adopts a dyadic perspective to explore how parental partnership quality relates to the wellbeing of children living with both biological parents versus those with a biological parent and a stepparent. We apply multivariable linear regression and a mediation analysis on dyadic data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) to understand the relationship between family structure, step- and biological parents' partnership quality, and children's self-reported wellbeing, operationalised over the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-scores). We differentiate two separate dimensions of parental partnership quality, namely the frequency of conflict and esteem between the (step-) parents. The results show that children living with a stepparent exhibit higher total difficulties scores as compared to children living with both their biological parents. However, parental conflict occurs less and esteem more frequently in stepfamilies than in nuclear families. Mediation analysis indicates that frequency of esteem between parents partially mediates the impact of family structure on SDQ-scores. Our analysis suggests that the negative effect of living with stepparents on children's social and behavioural problems is slightly mitigated by increased parental esteem in these unions.}, language = {en} } @article{NisenKluesenerDahlbergetal., author = {Nis{\´e}n, Jessica and Kl{\"u}sener, Sebastian and Dahlberg, Johan and Dommermuth, Lars and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lappeg{\aa}rd, Trude and Li, Peng and Martikainen, Pekka and Neels, Karel and Riederer, Bernhard and te Riele, Saskia and Sulak, Harun and Szab{\´o}, Laura and Trimarchi, Alessandra and Viciana, Francisco and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, title = {Economic Conditions, Education and Parity-Specific Fertility: A Sub-National Regional Study Across 15 Countries in Europe}, series = {Population, Space and Place}, volume = {31}, journal = {Population, Space and Place}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/psp.70074}, abstract = {There is a longstanding interest in the link between economic conditions and fertility levels. Most research measuring economic development has focused on national-level patterns and period total fertility levels. We aim to extend existing knowledge by carrying out a sub-national regional analysis of the link between economic conditions and parity-specific cohort fertility, while taking into account heterogeneity by educational level. We study three fertility outcomes by women's education: the share of women who remain childless, the mean number of children per mother and the mean number of children per woman. For this analysis, we harmonised register, census and large-scale survey data from 15 European countries, with a focus on women born in the late 1960s. Women's fertility was measured at the end of their reproductive careers and combined with contextual information, including information on the regional GDP (per capita). In our multiple regression models that controlled for country-level factors, we found that GDP was positively associated with childlessness among women with medium and high levels of education. However, GDP was negatively associated with the number of children per mother among women with low levels of education. These findings show that the relationship between economic conditions and fertility varies depending on the level of education of the women, and it differs between childlessness and continued childbearing. High-income contexts may be less supportive of continued childbearing for women with lower levels of education.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BollKreyenfeldMolinaetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Boll, Christina and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Molina, Stefania and Wagner, Lena}, title = {FReDA Module: Causes and Consequences of Economic Abuse in Intimate Partnerships}, publisher = {SocArXiv}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/uatqp_v1}, pages = {13}, abstract = {This document describes a newly developed module on economic abuse in intimate partnerships that will be integrated into Wave 6 of the FReDA (Family Research and Demographic Analysis) panel study. The module aims to capture key dimensions of economic abuse within intimate relationships and to expand the analytical potential of the FReDA data in this field. It comprises three conceptual batteries: economic control (Wirtschaftliche Kontrolle / Ressourcennutzungsverhinderung), economic sabotage (Wirtschaftliche Sabotage / Ressourcenaneignungsverhinderung), and economic exploitation (Wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung / Ressourcenmissbrauch). Together, these batteries provide a comprehensive and systematic measurement of economic abuse, enabling detailed empirical analyses of its prevalence, forms, and consequences.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldBebloBoll, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Boll, Christina}, title = {Was bedeutet die Diversit{\"a}t der Familienformen f{\"u}r den Arbeitsmarkt?}, series = {Was wird aus der Arbeit?}, booktitle = {Was wird aus der Arbeit?}, editor = {Hassel, Anke and Schroeder, Wolfgang}, publisher = {Campus}, address = {Frankfurt}, isbn = {9783593520377}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {107 -- 112}, language = {de} }