@misc{KreyenfeldTrappe, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Trappe, Heike}, title = {Parental Life Courses after Separation and Divorce in Europe}, publisher = {Springer Open}, isbn = {978-3-030-44575-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-44575-1}, abstract = {This open access book assembles landmark studies on divorce and separation in European countries, and how this affects the life of parents and children. It focuses on four major areas of post-separation lives, namely (1) economic conditions, (2) parent-child relationships, (3) parent and child well-being, and (4) health. Through studies from several European countries, the book showcases how legal regulations and social policies influence parental and child well-being after divorce and separation. It also illustrates how social policies are interwoven with the normative fabric of a country. For example, it is shown that father-child contact after separation is more intense in those countries which have adopted policies that encourage shared parenting. Correspondingly, countries that have adopted these regulations are at the forefront of more egalitarian gender role attitudes. Apart from a strong emphasis on the legal and social policy context, the studies in this volume adopt a longitudinal perspective and situate post-separation behaviour and well-being in the life course. The longitudinal perspective opens up new avenues for research to understand how behaviour and conditions prior or at divorce and separation affect later behaviour and well-being. As such this book is of special appeal to scholars of family research as well as to anyone interested in the role of divorce and separation in Europe in the 21st century.}, language = {en} } @article{SolazJalovaaraKreyenfeldetal., author = {Solaz, Anne and Jalovaara, Marika and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Meggiolaro, Silvia and Mortelmans, Dimitri and Pasteels, Inge}, title = {Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {32}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {1}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-368}, pages = {145 -- 176}, abstract = {Since the 1970s, several European countries have experienced high union dissolution risk as well as high unemployment rates. The extent to which adverse economic conditions are associated with union instability is still unknown. This study explores the relationship between both individual and aggregate unemployment and union dissolution risk in five European countries before the recent economic crisis. Using rich longitudinal data from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, and Italy, the empirical analysis, based on discrete-time event history models, shows that male unemployment consistently increases the risk of union dissolution. While a strong association is observed between male unemployment and separation at the micro level, no association is found between male unemployment and union dissolution at the macro level. The results for female unemployment are mixed, and the size of the impact of female unemployment is smaller in magnitude than that of male unemployment. In Germany and Italy, where until very recently work has been less compatible with family life than in other countries, female unemployment is not significantly associated with union dissolution.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KoeppenKreyenfeldTrappe, author = {K{\"o}ppen, Katja and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Trappe, Heike}, title = {Gender Differences in Parental Well-being After Separation: Does Shared Parenting Matter?}, series = {Parental Life Courses after Separation and Divorce in Europe. Life Course Research and Social Policies, vol 12}, booktitle = {Parental Life Courses after Separation and Divorce in Europe. Life Course Research and Social Policies, vol 12}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, isbn = {9783030445744 (print); 9783030445751 (online)}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-44575-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {235 -- 264}, abstract = {A large body of literature has examined how separation and divorce influence social and economic well-being. One consistent finding of the literature is that women and men are affected differently by divorce and separation. Women, and particularly mothers, are likely to suffer from a loss of income. Fathers frequently suffer from having reduced contact with their children, who usually continue to live with their mother after a union dissolution. This chapter uses 10 years of data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) to examine more closely the gender differences in life satisfaction after separation. In line with previous research, we show that following a separation, satisfaction with family life declines more among fathers than among mothers, and that mothers tend to experience a greater decline in their satisfaction with their financial situation than fathers. We also examine the role of shared parenting (Wechselmodell) in parents' life satisfaction. Our findings indicate that shared parenting is positively associated with well-being, but also that the association is not stable to the inclusion of socio-economic characteristics that explain the selection into shared parenting. The results are discussed in the context of the current German policy debate on shared parenting.}, language = {en} } @article{NisenKluesenerDahlbergetal., author = {Nis{\´e}n, Jessica and Kl{\"u}sener, Sebastian and Dahlberg, Johan and Dommermuth, Lars and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lappeg{\aa}rd, Trude and Li, Peng and Martikainen, Pekka and Neels, Karel and Riederer, Bernhard and te Riele, Saskia and Szab{\´o}, Laura and Trimarchi, Alessandra and Viciana, Francisco and Wilson, Ben and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, title = {Educational differences in cohort fertility across subnational regions in Europe}, series = {European Journal of Population}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, doi = {10.1007/s10680-020-09562-0}, abstract = {Educational differences in female cohort fertility vary strongly across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries to measure women's completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. We document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable regional variation in the gradient. The steepness of the gradient is inversely related to the economic development level. It is steepest in the least developed regions and close to zero in the most developed regions. This tendency is observed within countries as well as across all regions of all countries. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women's fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth sub-national-level fertility analyses by education.}, language = {en} } @article{BujardDiehlKreyenfeldetal., author = {Bujard, Martin and Diehl, Claudia and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Leyendecker, Birgit and Spieß, C. Katharina}, title = {Gefl{\"u}chtete, Familien und ihre Kinder: warum der Blick auf die Familien und die Kindertagesbetreuung entscheidend ist}, series = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, volume = {69}, journal = {Sozialer Fortschritt}, pages = {561 -- 577}, abstract = {Seit 2015 viele Menschen mit Fluchthintergrund nach Deutschland gezogen sind, stand h{\"a}ufig deren Arbeitsmarktintegration im Zentrum des gesellschaftlichen, politischen und wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Lebenslagen und Lebensformen der gefluchteten Familien wurden hingegen viel weniger thematisiert. Dieser Beitrag pr{\"a}sentiert familiendemografische Daten f{\"u}r Gefluchtete der Herkunftsl{\"a}nder Syrien, Afghanistan, Irak und Eritrea und verdeutlicht den großen Anteil von Familien mit kleinen Kindern unter den nach Deutschland Gefluchteten. Daten zur Nutzung von Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen von Kindern gefluchteter Familien zeigen, dass institutionelle Kinderbetreuung wesentlich zur Integration und Bildung beitragen kann. Der Wissenschaftliche Beirat f{\"u}r Familienfragen des BMFSFJ versucht, diesen f{\"u}r die Integration zentralen Aspekt in den Diskurs zu Fl{\"u}chtlingen einzubringen und evidenzbasierte Handlungsempfehlungen zu geben. Abstract in English: Since 2015, many refugees have moved to Germany. So far, scholarly and political interests have focused on the possibilities of their labour market integration. However, the well-being and living arrangements of refugee families have been less investigated. This paper provides family-demographic data on refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Eritrea, and illustrates the high proportion of families with young children among them. The literature review of refugee families' usage of public funded day care demonstrates the potential of positive effects of early childhood education and care services on the integration and education of refugee children. The Scientific Advisory Board of the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth aims to bring this important issue for integration into the discourse on refugees and to provide evidence-based policy advice.}, language = {de} } @incollection{JalovaaraKreyenfeld, author = {Jalovaara, Marika and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Childbearing across partnerships in Finland and Germany}, series = {Divorce in Europe. New Insights in Trends, Causes and Consequences of Relation Break-ups}, booktitle = {Divorce in Europe. New Insights in Trends, Causes and Consequences of Relation Break-ups}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {9783030258375 (print), 9783030258382 (online)}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-25838-2}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {315 -- 335}, abstract = {This chapter examines gender differences in "multipartner fertility" - i.e., having children with several partners - in Germany and Finland. The analyses focus on women and men born around 1970 who are followed until age 41. We show that multipartner fertility is more common in Finland than in Germany. However, there are large East-West differences within Germany. East Germans are less likely to have a second or third child than West Germans, but those East Germans who progress to a higher order birth often have this child with a new partner. We also find some gender differences in behaviour. Men display lower transition rates than women of having a second child with a new partner. Further, having a first child at an early age is strongly and positively associated with multipartner fertility. No consistent relationship between education and multipartner fertility was found for Germany. In Finland, however, low education is associated with elevated risks of having children with different partners.}, language = {en} } @article{KeckRadenackerBrueggmannetal., author = {Keck, Wolfgang and Radenacker, Anke and Br{\"u}ggmann, Daniel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Statutory Pension Insurance Accounts and Divorce: A New Scientific Use File}, series = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik}, volume = {240}, journal = {Jahrb{\"u}cher f{\"u}r National{\"o}konomie und Statistik}, number = {6}, issn = {0021-4027}, doi = {10.1515/jbnst-2019-0064}, language = {en} } @book{SchneiderKreyenfeld, author = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham, UK}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {480}, abstract = {Exploring how family life has radically changed in recent decades, this comprehensive Research Handbook tracks the latest developments and trends in scholarly work on the family. With a particular focus on the European context, it addresses current debates and offers insights into key topics including: the division of housework, family forms and living arrangements, intergenerational relationships, partner choice, divorce and fertility behaviour.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldZinn, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Zinn, Sabine}, title = {Coronacrisis and care: How the coronavirus crisis affected fathers' involvement in Germany (Introduction to the Special Issue)}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {44 - Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.4}, pages = {100 -- 122}, abstract = {BACKGROUND Some have hypothesized that the coronavirus crisis may result in a retraditionalization of behaviour. This paper examines this hypothesis by analyzing how the time fathers and mothers spent with their children changed during the first lockdown in the case of Germany. METHODS Data for this investigation come from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The outcome variable is the time spent on childcare tasks. We investigate how this time changed between 2019 and spring 2020 and how these patterns differed by gender, education, and employment situation. As a method, we employ linear panel regressions where the dependent variable is the change in childcare time between the two survey years. RESULTS We find that fathers and mothers expanded the time they spent on childcare to similar degrees between 2019 and spring 2020, which marks the period of the first lockdown. However, we also observe large differences by level of education. We find that men with low and medium levels of education spent more time with their children than they did before the onset of the crisis. CONTRIBUTION Our study provides novel evidence on the effect of the coronavirus crisis on fathers' involvement in childcare. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, we find that fathers expanded the time they were spending with their children during the first lockdown. While we also find that women continue to perform the bulk of childcare tasks, our results cast a positive light on the potential of paternal involvement in contemporary societies.}, language = {en} } @article{SprengholzDiehlGieseckeetal., author = {Sprengholz, Maximilian and Diehl, Claudia and Giesecke, Johannes and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-492}, pages = {1 -- 32}, abstract = {Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labour market performance of different arrival cohorts of non-German women and men who immigrated to (western) Germany. Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses of the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men were consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, this pattern reversed due to a considerable decline in the average working hours of migrant women across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants increased across the arrival cohorts, corresponding to higher levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of the arrival cohorts tended to decline during their initial years of residence, and to stagnate thereafter. This pattern seems to be due in part to selective outmigration. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labour market performance of immigrants varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applied especially to migrant women.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldDiehlKrohetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Diehl, Claudia and Kroh, Martin and Giesecke, Johannes}, title = {Female employment and migration in European countries}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-700}, abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Female Employment and Migration in European Countries". Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market performance of male migrants, women's employment behaviour after migration has only recently moved into the focus of attention. Method: This Special Issue draws on various research methods and data sources, including register, census, and survey data. Some of the studies focus on specific national contexts, such as the German, Spanish, Dutch, and Belgian situations. Other studies compare female migrants across European countries and between origin and destination countries. Results: The contributions in this Special Issue help to disentangle the complex interplay of socio-economic factors, family and fertility behaviour, gender role attitudes, and institutional constraints and policies that shape the employment behaviour of migrant women after they migrate. Conclusion: In many European countries, the employment rates of first-generation female migrants, and particularly those of women from non-EU countries of origin, lag behind the employment rates of native women. While prior research has often reported that socio-economic and cultural factors play a role in shaping the employment behaviour of female migrants, the contributions in this volume also emphasise the strong relevance of institutional factors in the receiving country, including migration, family, and labour market policies.}, language = {en} } @article{KonietzkaFeldhausKreyenfeldetal., author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Feldhaus, Michael and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Trappe, Heike}, title = {Family and intimate relationships}, series = {Soziologische Revue}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Soziologische Revue}, editor = {Hollstein, Betina and Greshoff, Rainer and Schimank, Uwe and Weiß, Anja}, doi = {10.1515/9783110627275-008}, pages = {99 -- 116}, abstract = {This article provides an overview on research on intimate relationships and the family in Germany since the turn of the millennium. It is argued that "German family sociology" has undergone major changes in various ways. In theoretical terms, micro-theoretical approaches have largely replaced former macro-sociological debates on de-institutionalization and pluralization of the family. In empirical research, the application of a life course perspective and the use of longitudinal data have become more and more established. In substantial terms, researchers have pursued integrative research perspectives that link family dynamics to other life domains. Not least, publication strategies shifted in favor of English language and international journals. In sum, these developments have fundamentally changed the German researchlandscape on intimate relationships and the family.}, language = {en} } @techreport{NaujoksKreyenfeldDummert, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Naujoks, Tabea and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Dummert, Sandra}, title = {The Coronavirus Crisis, Fathers' Short-Time Work, and the Division of Child Care in Couples}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-3870}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-38700}, pages = {50}, abstract = {Objective. This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background. Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method. We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger (n=811). We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to August 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from the coronavirus crisis suggests that changes in men's work patterns have the potential to shift the gendered division of care in the household.}, language = {en} } @article{BrueggmannKreyenfeld, author = {Br{\"u}ggmann, Daniel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Die Einkommensverl{\"a}ufe von M{\"a}nnern nach Scheidung: Welchen Einfluss haben Kinder und Ex-Partnerinnen?}, series = {RV aktuell}, volume = {11/12}, journal = {RV aktuell}, language = {de} } @incollection{SchneiderKreyenfeld, author = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Introduction: The sociology of the family - towards a European perspective}, series = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, editor = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544.00007}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {2 -- 20}, language = {en} } @incollection{KonietzkaKreyenfeld, author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Life course sociology: Key concepts and applications in family sociology}, series = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, editor = {Schneider, Norbert and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544.00012}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {73 -- 87}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Bev{\"o}lkerung}, series = {Lehrbuch der Soziologie}, booktitle = {Lehrbuch der Soziologie}, editor = {Joas, Hans and Mau, Steffen}, publisher = {Campus}, address = {Frankfurt /M.}, isbn = {9783593503462}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {789 -- 830}, language = {de} } @techreport{WalperKreyenfeldBebloetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Hahlweg, Kurt and Nebe, Katja and Schuler-Harms, Margarete and Fegert, J{\"o}rg M.}, title = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @techreport{BaykaraKrummeBebloDethlofetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Baykara-Krumme, Helen and Beblo, Miriam and Dethlof, Nina and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Pl{\"u}nnecke, Axel and Pollak, Reinhard and Walper, Sabine}, title = {Neunter Familienbericht der Bundesregierung}, pages = {721}, abstract = {Der Neunte Familienbericht widmet sich dem Thema "Eltern sein in Deutschland" und bietet einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Trends, die das Familienleben und die Situation von Eltern in Deutschland bestimmen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Eltern als Weichensteller f{\"u}r das Leben ihrer Kinder. Anspr{\"u}che, Anforderungen und Angebote, denen sich Eltern bei wachsender Vielfalt gegen{\"u}bersehen, werden W{\"u}nschen und Zielen gegen{\"u}bergestellt, um daraus Empfehlungen f{\"u}r eine wirksame Politik f{\"u}r Familien abzuleiten. In ihrer Stellungnahme zum Sachverst{\"a}ndigenbericht legt die Bundesregierung dar, welche Schwerpunkte sie in der politischen Umsetzung der Ergebnisse und Empfehlungen des Berichts zuk{\"u}nftig setzt, damit Familien ihr Familienleben entsprechend ihren Vorstellungen und mit mehr Zeitsouver{\"a}nit{\"a}t gestalten k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @techreport{Kreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Stellungnahme zum „Entwurf eines Gesetzes {\"u}ber die statistische Erhebung der Zeitverwendung (Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz - ZVEG)}, pages = {10}, language = {de} } @article{MejiaKreyenfeld, author = {Mejia, Cristina Samper and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {33}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {2}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-491}, pages = {439 -- 466}, abstract = {Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany's migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.}, language = {en} } @article{KasrinKreyenfeldLenzeetal., author = {Kasrin, Zein and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lenze, Anne and Zabel, Cordula}, title = {Alleinerziehende M{\"u}tter im SGB II-Bezug: Welche Bedeutung hat Unterhalt und Unterhaltsvorschuss f{\"u}r die Existenzsicherung?}, series = {Neue Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienrecht}, volume = {12}, journal = {Neue Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienrecht}, number = {8/2025}, issn = {2198-2333}, pages = {378 -- 382}, language = {de} } @article{MolinaAlonsoPerezKreyenfeld, author = {Molina, Stefania and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Divorce and Mental Health: Is Late Divorce Particularly Harmful for Women with Low Earnings?}, series = {Social Indicators Research}, journal = {Social Indicators Research}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, doi = {10.1007/s11205-025-03721-8}, abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between divorce and mental health, with a focus on how this association is stratified by sex, age, and individual income. In particular, we test the hypothesis that divorce at advanced ages (50-59) is particularly harmful for women with insufficient personal earnings. Data is drawn from German register data, which includes marital histories of divorcees and diagnosed health outcomes. The analytical sample includes persons aged 30-59 in 2015 (n = 23,426,639). The outcome is the annual incidence of mental disease diagnosis which is examined from an intersectional approach by drawing on MAIHDA (Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy). Our findings indicate that women are at a higher risk of receiving a mental health diagnosis than men. Divorce significantly amplifies this risk. Additionally, low income poses a heightened risk for both women and men, particularly when divorce occurs at advanced ages.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Kreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Stellungnahme zum „Entwurf eines Gesetzes {\"u}ber die statistische Erhebung der Zeitverwendung (Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz - ZVEG)"}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-3781}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-37818}, pages = {14}, abstract = {Die Zeitverwendungsstudie ist, neben Mikrozensus und Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe, eine der zentralen amtlichen Befragungen, die ein differenziertes Bild {\"u}ber die Zeitverwendung der Bev{\"o}lkerung nach sozio-demographischen Merkmalen liefert. Da schon Personen ab 10 Jahren befragt werden, ist sie zudem eine der wenigen Befragungen, die Einblicke in den Tagesablauf, die Zeitpr{\"a}ferenzen und auch den Zeitstress von Kindern und Jugendlichen liefert. Die Befragung umfasst Zeitinformationen f{\"u}r unterschiedlichste Bereiche - u.a. Freizeit, Pflege, Ehrenamt, Mobilit{\"a}t und Kinderbetreuung -, die in anderen Befragungen unterbelichtet sind. Zu Recht wird auf das Potenzial dieses Datensatzes verwiesen alternative Wohlstandsmaße bereitzustellen. Im vorliegenden Gesetzesentwurf werden vor allem die Erhebungsmerkmale festgelegt. Neben etablierten Fragebatterien werden auch neue Batterien aufgenommen. Mit der Integration einer neuen Frage zum „Kontakt zu eigenen Kindern, die nicht im Haushalt leben", sollen erstmalig auch haushalts{\"u}bergreifende Informationen zu Kindern erhoben werden. Dieser Schritt ist zu begr{\"u}ßen. Dennoch kann die Zeitverwendungsstudie in der vorgesehenen Form die Lebenswirklichkeiten von Trennungseltern und -kindern nicht hinreichend abbilden. Konkret wurden folgende Punkte in dieser Stellungnahme hervorgehoben: • Erstens wurde angeregt, Anstrengungen zu unternehmen Stieffamilien abzugrenzen. Dies w{\"u}rde es nicht nur erm{\"o}glichen, die Lebens- und Familienformen zeitgem{\"a}ß zu erfassen, sondern ebenfalls das v{\"a}terliche Engagement in der Kinderbetreuung ad{\"a}quater abzubilden. • Zweitens wurde kritisch vermerkt, dass Trennungseltern, die von ihren Kindern getrennt leben, nicht abgegrenzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Es kann auch nicht quantifiziert werden, in welcher Weise diese Eltern Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen. Es wird zwar dezidiert abgefragt, in welcher Weise „Unterst{\"u}tzung f{\"u}r andere Personen geleistet werden, die nicht Teil der Haushaltsgemeinschaft sind". Die Betreuungsleistungen, die dem eigenen getrennt lebenden Kind entgegen gebracht werden, werden hingegen nicht erfasst (bzw. gehen in dieser Item-Batterie unter). Gleichermaßen gilt dies f{\"u}r die Betreuungsleistungen, die ein Haushalt durch den getrennt lebenden Elternteil empf{\"a}ngt. • Drittens wurde vermerkt, dass eine Erfassung von migrationsspezifischen Indikatoren in Befragungen (wie Sprache, Geburtsland der Eltern) grunds{\"a}tzlich sinnvoll ist. Jedoch wurde kritisch hinterfragt, ob dies ebenfalls f{\"u}r die Zeitverwendungsstudie gilt, in der keine Substichprobe f{\"u}r Personen mit Migrationshintergrund vorgesehen ist und die Befragung nur in deutscher Sprache durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. • Viertens wurde angeregt, nicht nur die Erhebungsmerkmale in den Blick zu nehmen, sondern auch Augenmerk auf die Methodenweiterentwicklung zu richten. Gleichermaßen sollten M{\"o}glichkeiten von L{\"a}ngsschnittbefragungen und „abgespeckten" Befragungen in k{\"u}rzeren Befragungswellen ausgelotet werden.}, language = {de} } @techreport{AlonsoPerezMcEvoyRamosetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Alonso-Perez, Enrique and McEvoy, Olan and Ramos, Vincent and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Liebig, Stefan and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lersch, Philipp and Bazzani, Giacomo and Guetto, Raffaele and Vignoli, Daniele and Heisig, Jan and Solga, Heike and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Cognitive Pretest of a Factorial Survey Experiment on Future Narratives and Family Care}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-4174}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-41744}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Within the Preparation Module for the Einstein Center for Population Diversity (ECPD), diverse research institutions came together to provide new survey instruments for the innovation sample in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-IS). With the goal of collecting insightful information about future narratives and family care, central topics of the ECPD research endeavor, factorial survey was chosen as a suitable method. A preliminary set of vignettes was designed conjointly, and before proceeding with the large-scale survey, a series of cognitive pretests were conducted to examine comprehensibility and context effects. In this study we describe the design and analysis of these cognitive pretests, with a special focus on the process of designing the final survey informed by the pretests' feedback.}, language = {en} } @article{NaujoksKreyenfeldDummert, author = {Naujoks, Tabea and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Dummert, Sandra}, title = {The division of child care during the coronavirus crisis in Germany: How did short-time work affect fathers' engagement?}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-717}, abstract = {Objective: This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background: Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method: We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger. We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to October 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. The positive effect of short-time work on the division of child care is moderated by the level of education. Fathers with low or medium education are more likely to increase their child care share when receiving short-time work benefits compared to fathers with high education. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that men's working time is a major vehicle to change the gendered division of care in couple households.}, language = {en} } @article{AlonsoPerezGellertKreyenfeldetal., author = {Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Gellert, Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine}, title = {Family Structure and Family Climate in Relation to Health and Socioeconomic Status for Older Adults: A Longitudinal Moderated Mediation Analysis}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {19}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {18}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph191811840}, abstract = {Family characteristics are associated with individuals' health and wellbeing. However, the link between family structure (e.g., operationalized via marital status) and health outcomes is ambiguous, and whether family climate mediates the relationship is unclear. This study uses the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM) to investigate the association of older adults' family structure with later health, the mediating role of family climate and mental health and how these links vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Using data from n = 29,457 respondents aged over 50 in Waves 4, 5 and 6 (2011, 2013 and 2015) of the Survey of Health, Retirement and Ageing in Europe (SHARE), the BBFM was applied in a longitudinal mediation analysis of family structure and health, including both indicators of mental and physical health. Structural equation modeling was applied, and a multigroup analysis was performed to test the role of SES in a moderated mediation. Family climate and mental health mediated the relationship between family structure and subsequent physical health. Good levels of family climate were found to be consistently associated with improved mental and physical health. These relationships were significantly moderated by SES, showing that the association of family climate and health was weaker for those in low SES positions. Family climate and mental health should be considered as potential mechanisms linking family structure to later physical health outcomes across time; however, these associations are diminished for those with low SES.}, language = {en} } @periodical{ZartlerSuwadaKreyenfeld, author = {Zartler, Ulrike and Suwada, Katarzyna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Family Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {1}, edition = {43}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-2022-34-1}, language = {en} } @periodical{KreyenfeldDiehlKrohetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Diehl, Claudia and Kroh, Martin and Giesecke, Johannes}, title = {Employment and Family Behaviour after Migration}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {33}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-2021-33-2}, language = {en} } @article{WalperKreyenfeld, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {The intensification of parenting in Germany: The role of socioeconomic background and family form}, series = {Social Sciences}, volume = {11 (3)}, journal = {Social Sciences}, number = {134}, doi = {10.3390/socsci11030134}, abstract = {Drawing on the international discourse on the intensification of parenting and new data from Germany, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the unique challenges that parents face in the 21st century. We used data from the survey "Parenthood Today", which was conducted in 2019 to examine parents' views on parenting in Germany. The data comprised standardized interviews with 1652 mothers and fathers. We focused on three dimensions of parental pressures: namely, time pressure, financial pressure, and pressure that emanates from the educational system. Time pressure referred to the pressure currently felt, whereas financial pressure and pressure from the educational system referred to changes across time. In each of these domains, more than 60\% of the parents experienced high (time) or increasing (education and financial) pressure. Binary logistic regressions showed that while parental education was a strong predictor of experiencing an increase in financial pressure, parental education did not matter for other realms of parenting. However, employment and family form were strongly related to parental time pressure. Full-time employed lone mothers, but also non-resident fathers, reported experiencing heavy pressure when trying to balance their roles as a worker and as a carer. Our results draw attention to the importance of better integrating the needs of post-separation families, including of non-resident fathers, in the debate on the "intensification of parenting".}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Sozialstruktur und Familienformen}, series = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, editor = {Hill, Paul B. and Kopp, Johannes}, publisher = {Springer VS}, isbn = {978-3-658-02276-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-02276-1_12}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {345 -- 373}, abstract = {Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundz{\"u}ge des sozialstrukturellen Wandels der Lebensformen in Deutschland. Zun{\"a}chst werden Konzepte und theoretische Ans{\"a}tze zur Erkl{\"a}rung von Lebensformen und familialen Verhaltensweisen skizziert. Anschließend werden Strukturen und Wandel der Lebens- und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 1990 auf der Grundlage des Mikrozensus und des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) empirisch untersucht. Dargestellt werden die altersspezifische Verteilung der Lebensformen, der Wandel der Familienformen von Frauen und M{\"a}nnern seit den 1990er Jahren sowie bildungsspezifische Entwicklungen. Weiterhin beleuchtet der Artikel an den Beispielen des {\"U}bergangs zur Mutterschaft und der nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft die kohortenspezifi sche Lebenslaufdynamik von Familienformen. Schließlich wird mit Stieff amilien ein in der empirischen Forschung bislang wenig untersuchter Aspekt der Differenzierung der Familienformen aufgegriffen.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Getrennte Eltern, geteilte Betreuung}, series = {DJI Impulse}, volume = {1/22}, journal = {DJI Impulse}, pages = {38 -- 41}, language = {de} } @techreport{WalperKreyenfeldBebloetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Hahlweg, Kurt and Nebe, Katja and Schuler-Harms, Margarete and Fegert, J{\"o}rg M. and f{\"u}r Familienfragen, Wissenschaftliche Beirat}, title = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, abstract = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen" ist das Thema des heute ver{\"o}ffentlichten Gutachtens des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim BMFSFJ. Das Gutachten gibt einen umfassenden {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber Trennungsfamilien in Deutschland. Immer mehr Eltern w{\"u}nschen sich vor, aber auch nach einer Trennung ihre Kinder gemeinsam zu betreuen. Deshalb legt das Gutachten den Fokus auf Familien, die eine geteilte (asymmetrische wie symmetrische) Betreuung leben. Internationale Vergleiche zeigen, wie geteilte Betreuung anderswo gelebt wird und wo es Reformbedarf gibt.}, language = {de} } @article{ZartlerSuwadaKreyenfeld, author = {Zartler, Ulrike and Suwada, Katarzyna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Family lives during the COVID-19 pandemic in European Societies: Introduction to the Special Issue}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {1}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-808}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Family Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies". Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities.}, language = {en} } @article{BrueggmannKreyenfeld, author = {Br{\"u}ggmann, Daniel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Earnings Trajectories After Divorce: The Legacies of the Earner Model During Marriage}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {42}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-023-09756-4}, abstract = {Divorce marks the legal endpoint of a marital union. While divorce is increasingly seen as a 'clean break', the past marital history of the couple may nevertheless shape their present conditions. In particular, there may be a legacy of a highly gendered division of labour during marriage that may affect the ex-spouses' earning trajectories beyond the date of divorce. Using register data from the German Pension Fund, we examine the earning trajectories of heterosexual couples who filed for a divorce in 2013 (24,616 men and 24,616 women). Using fixed-effects and matching techniques, we compare the earning trajectories of divorcees with those of a control group of married persons in the period spanning two years before and two years after divorce. In particular, we examine how the earner models divorcees followed during marriage shaped their future earning trajectories. Our results show that, on average, the earnings of a divorced woman in a male breadwinner constellation increased after divorce, while the earnings of her male ex-spouse declined. Nevertheless, large gender differences in earnings persisted: 2 years after separation, a divorced woman who had been in a male breadwinner constellation was, on average, earning 72\% less than her ex-spouse. We discuss our findings against the background of recent policy reforms in Germany, which assume that ex-partners should be economically 'self-reliant' after divorce.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSprengholzSchieckoff, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Sprengholz, Maximilian and Schieckoff, Bentley}, title = {Frauen. Arbeit mit Hindernissen}, series = {Atlas der Migration: Neue Daten und Fakten {\"u}ber Menschen in Bewegung}, booktitle = {Atlas der Migration: Neue Daten und Fakten {\"u}ber Menschen in Bewegung}, editor = {Bussemer, Johanna and Albrecht, Franziska and Riethm{\"u}ller, Dorit and Jakob, Christian}, publisher = {Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {42 -- 43}, language = {de} } @techreport{LambertKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lambert, Philippe and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility}, publisher = {arXiv}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2302.00331}, abstract = {Extended cure survival models enable to separate covariates that affect the probability of an event (or `long-term' survival) from those only affecting the event timing (or `short-term' survival). We propose to generalize the bounded cumulative hazard model to handle additive terms for time-varying (exogenous) covariates jointly impacting long- and short-term survival. The selection of the penalty parameters is a challenge in that framework. A fast algorithm based on Laplace approximations in Bayesian P-spline models is proposed. The methodology is motivated by fertility studies where women's characteristics such as the employment status and the income (to cite a few) can vary in a non-trivial and frequent way during the individual follow-up. The method is furthermore illustrated by drawing on register data from the German Pension Fund which enabled us to study how women's time-varying earnings relate to first birth transitions.}, language = {en} } @article{MolinaWagnerKreyenfeld, author = {Molina, Stefania and Wagner, Lena and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Women's economic independence and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during separation}, series = {PLOS One}, volume = {20}, journal = {PLOS One}, number = {6}, publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0326529}, abstract = {A growing number of studies have addressed the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV). While some studies have shown that women's economic independence reduces the risk of physical IPV, the empirical evidence is still inconclusive. In particular, little is known about the factors that are associated with the likelihood of experiencing physical IPV during the immediate separation process. We use data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) for the years 2009-2022. The analytical sample consists of women who went through a separation since the last interview (n = 786 person-years). We use logistic regression models to examine the determinants of physical IPV during separation. We find that mothers with minor children have significantly higher odds of experiencing physical IPV during separation than women who do not have minor children (OR=1.96, p=.006), controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. Low education as well as non-employment are associated with higher risks of physical IPV during separation for both women with and without minor children. However, non-employment is a particular risk factor for mothers with lower levels of education. Divorce and separation, especially when minor children are involved, can be a highly stressful time when partner conflict escalates and, in some cases, culminates in violence against the partner. This paper highlights the importance of maternal labor market integration and economic independence as a lever to potentially reduce physical IPV and conflict during separation.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauckMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauck, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Der Wandel der Lebensformen und seine Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Alterssicherung in Deutschland}, series = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, booktitle = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, editor = {Karger-Kroll, Anna and Sch{\"a}fers, Lars}, publisher = {Nomos}, isbn = {978-3-7560-1712-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzkaLambertetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk and Lambert, Philippe and Ramos, Vincent Jerald}, title = {Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {39}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, doi = {10.1007/s10680-023-09656-5}, abstract = {Building on a thick strand of the literature on the determinants of higher-order births, this study uses a gender and class perspective to analyse second birth progression rates in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1990 to 2020, individuals are classified based on their occupation into: upper service, lower service, skilled manual/higher-grade routine nonmanual, and semi-/unskilled manual/lower-grade routine nonmanual classes. Results highlight the "economic advantage" of men and women in service classes who experience strongly elevated second birth rates. Finally, we demonstrate that upward career mobility post-first birth is associated with higher second birth rates, particularly among men.}, language = {en} } @article{AlonsoPerezHeisigKreyenfeldetal., author = {Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Heisig, Jan Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine}, title = {Intersectional inequalities in the transition to grandparenthood and cognitive functioning: A longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA)}, series = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbae088}, abstract = {Objectives In aging societies, more people become vulnerable to experiencing cognitive decline. Simultaneously, the role of grandparenthood is central for older adults and their families. Our study investigates inequalities in the level and trajectories of cognitive functioning among older adults, focusing on possible intersectional effects of social determinants and grandparenthood as a life course transition that may contribute to delaying cognitive decline. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we analyzed a sample of 19,953 individuals aged 50-85 without grandchildren at baseline. We applied Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy to investigate variation in cognitive functioning across 48 intersectional strata, defined by sex/gender, migration, education, and occupation. We allowed the impact of becoming a grandparent on cognitive functioning trajectories to vary across strata by including random slopes. Results Intersectional strata accounted for 17.43\% of the overall variance in cognitive functioning, with most of the stratum-level variation explained by additive effects of the stratum-defining characteristics. Transition to grandparenthood was associated with higher cognitive functioning, showing a stronger effect for women. Stratum-level variation in the grandparenthood effect was modest, especially after accounting for interactions between grandparenthood and the stratum-defining variables. Discussion This study highlights the importance of social determinants for understanding heterogeneities in older adults' level of cognitive functioning and its association with the transition to grandparenthood. Cumulative disadvantages negatively affect cognitive functioning, hence adopting an intersectional lens is useful to decompose inequalities and derive tailored interventions to promote equal healthy aging.}, language = {en} } @article{BoguszMatysiakKreyenfeld, author = {Bogusz, Honorata and Matysiak, Anna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Structural labour market change, cognitive work, and entry to parenthood in Germany}, series = {Population Studies}, journal = {Population Studies}, doi = {10.1080/00324728.2024.2372018}, abstract = {Technological change and globalization have caused unprecedented transformations of labour markets, resulting in a growing division between workers who perform cognitive vs non-cognitive tasks. To date, only few studies have addressed the fertility effects of these long-term structural changes. This study fills that gap. We measure the cognitive task content of occupations using data from the Employment Survey of the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, which we link to individual histories from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984-2018. We find that women and men with non-cognitive jobs are increasingly less likely to enter parenthood; this is reflected in lower first-birth intensities but also in higher probabilities of childlessness compared with workers in highly cognitive jobs. These findings imply that structural shifts in the labour market are exacerbating disparities between low-skilled and highly skilled individuals, not only within the labour market but also in the realm of family formation.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldNaujoks, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Naujoks, Tabea}, title = {Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und soziale Ungleichheit}, series = {Handbuch Sozialstrukturanalyse}, booktitle = {Handbuch Sozialstrukturanalyse}, editor = {B{\"o}hnke, Petra and Konietzka, Dirk}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-39759-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-39759-3_49-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {Im Zentrum des folgenden Beitrags steht die Darstellung des Zusammenhangs von Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und sozialer Ungleichheit. Dabei behandeln wir nicht nur die Aufteilung von Haus- und Sorgearbeit in bestehenden Partnerschaften, sondern gehen auch auf die Bedeutung der geschlechtlichen Arbeitsteilung f{\"u}r soziale Ungleichheit nach Trennung und Scheidung ein. Wir diskutieren dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Rolle sozialpolitischer Rahmenbedingungen die Anreize f{\"u}r eine geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in Paarhaushalten setzen, und die individuellen Kosten dieser in der Nachtrennungszeit bestimmen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Sozialstruktur und Familienformen}, series = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, editor = {Arr{\´a}nz Becker, Oliver and Hank, Karsten and Steinbach, Anja}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-35218-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_26}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {657 -- 674}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag gibt auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber den Wandel der Familienformen in Deutschland. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit alleinerziehende, nichteheliche und eheliche Familien sozialstrukturell differenziert sind und in welchem Ausmaß sich die {\"o}konomische Lebenslage der verschiedenen Familienformen unterscheidet.}, language = {de} } @article{O’SullivanAlonsoPerezFaerberetal., author = {O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and F{\"a}rber, Francesca and Fuellen, Georg and Rudolf, Henrik and Heisig, Jan Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Onset of Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 50 and older in Europe: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy}, series = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, volume = {16}, journal = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1758-5996}, doi = {10.1186/s13098-024-01533-3}, abstract = {Background Disparities in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are associated with various social determinants, including sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education, and household income. This study applied an intersectional perspective to map social disparities and investigate intersectional effects regarding the onset of T2D among older adults across Europe. Methods We used data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to conduct an Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (I-MAIHDA) of T2D onset. Individuals aged 50 years or older without known T2D at Wave 4 (2011, baseline) were included and followed through Waves 5 (2013), 6 (2015), 7 (2016), and 8 (2019-2020). Intersectional models were used to estimate additive main effects of sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education level, and household income and intersectional interactions. Results A total of 39,108 individuals were included (age at baseline M = 65.18 years (SD = 9.62), 57.4\% women). T2D onset was reported for 9.2\% of the sample over the 9-year observation period. In the fully adjusted model, all social determinants showed significant additive associations with T2D onset, while the discriminatory accuracy of the social strata was found to be low (Variance Partition Coefficient = 0.3\%). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive mapping of intersectional disparities in onset of T2D among older adults in Europe. The results highlight the risk heterogeneity within the population and show social disadvantages faced by certain groups. However, while the T2D risks were higher in some strata than in others, the intersectional effects were small overall and mostly attributable to the additive main effects. The results suggest that public health strategies to prevent T2D should be universal but tailored to meet the specific situation of the different intersectional strata.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BebloBollBergetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Beblo, Miriam and Boll, Christina and Berg, Mathias and Geene, Raimund and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lenze, Anne and Scheiwe, Kirsten and Schober, Pia S. and Stichnoth, Holger}, title = {Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterst{\"u}tzung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder — Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen}, edition = {Deutscher Bundestag - 20. Wahlperiode Drucksache 20/14510}, publisher = {Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {448}, language = {de} } @techreport{KreyenfeldGellert, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Policy implications of the greying of family diversity}, series = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, journal = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, publisher = {Academy of Social Sciences}, address = {London}, language = {en} } @techreport{LambertKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lambert, Philippe and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility}, edition = {LIDAM Discussion Paper IBA 2023/06}, publisher = {ISBA}, address = {Louvain-la-Neuve}, language = {en} } @techreport{FischerFreundGeigeretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Fischer, Julia and Freund, Alexandra M. and Geiger, Harmut and Kempermann, Gerd and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Luy, Marc}, title = {Demografischen Wandel und Altern gestalten. Interdisziplin{\"a}re Impulse f{\"u}r einen ressort{\"u}bergreifenden Ansatz}, publisher = {Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina}, address = {Halle (Saale)}, doi = {10.26164/leopoldina_03_01256}, pages = {38}, abstract = {Der demografische Wandel ist eine der gr{\"o}ßten Herausforderungen, mit denen Deutschland konfrontiert ist. Die anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten, verbunden mit einer steigenden Lebenserwartung, f{\"u}hren zu einer starken Alterung der Gesellschaft. Daraus ergibt sich ein sehr großer Anpassungsbedarf in Pflege und Gesundheit, den sozialen Sicherungssystemen und auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In den letzten Jahren wurde die Demografiepolitik innerhalb der Bundesregierung nur wenig koordiniert und gesteuert. Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Diskussionspapiers empfehlen, die Demografiepolitik als politisches Schwerpunktthema f{\"u}r die kommende Legislaturperiode zu verankern. Das Papier formuliert daf{\"u}r konkrete Handlungsans{\"a}tze.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {46}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, issn = {1869-8999}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2021-10}, abstract = {This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmaukMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The gender pension gap in Germany: Is divorce a gender-equaliser?}, series = {Ageing \& Society}, journal = {Ageing \& Society}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X21001513}, abstract = {Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of 'divorce splitting'. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries' monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts.}, language = {en} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Rentenanspr{\"u}che von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von M{\"a}nnern zur{\"u}ck}, series = {DIW Wochenbericht}, volume = {92}, journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, number = {12}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1860-8787}, doi = {10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1}, pages = {183 -- 189}, abstract = {Frauen verdienen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als M{\"a}nner. Im Jahr 2024 betrug der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, der den Unterschied der Bruttostundenl{\"o}hne misst, in Deutschland 16 Prozent.info Da die Rentenanspr{\"u}che aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland direkt von den L{\"o}hnen abh{\"a}ngen, {\"u}bertr{\"a}gt sich diese Lohndifferenz auch auf Unterschiede bei den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen. Der Unterschied zwischen M{\"a}nnern und Frauen wird als Gender Pension Gap bezeichnet.info Die unterschiedlichen L{\"o}hne sind aber nur ein Faktor f{\"u}r die Differenz. Weitere Gr{\"u}nde sind h{\"a}ufige Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Frauen, beispielsweise wegen Kinderbetreuung oder der Pflege von Angeh{\"o}rigen, Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarktinfo oder Unterschieden bei der Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, die sich auf geschlechtsspezifische soziale Normen und Stereotype zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren lassen.info Mit der Einf{\"u}hrung der Kindererziehungszeiten im Jahr 1986, die durch mehrere Reformen ausgeweitet wurden, sollten die individuellen Rentenanspr{\"u}che von M{\"u}ttern erh{\"o}ht werden. Damit sollte langfristig der Gender Pension Gap und auch der Motherhood Pension Gap, also der Unterschied zwischen den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von Frauen mit und ohne Kinder, reduziert werden.info In diesem Wochenbericht werden auf Basis der Versichertenkontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung die Unterschiede bei den gesetzlichen Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von M{\"a}nnern und Frauen sowie f{\"u}r Frauen nach Anzahl der Kinder untersucht (Kasten 1). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigen die Auswertungen, welche Rolle die Kindererziehungszeiten knapp 40 Jahre nach ihrer Einf{\"u}hrung spielen.}, language = {de} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The Gender Pension Gap Grows the More Children a Woman Has}, series = {DIW Weekly Report}, volume = {15}, journal = {DIW Weekly Report}, number = {12+13}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2568-7697}, doi = {10.18723/diw_dwr:2025-12-1}, pages = {79 -- 85}, abstract = {The gender pension gap, the difference in pension entitlements between men and women, is 32 percent for 60-yearolds according to data from the German Pension Insurance (Deutsche Rentenversicherung). In addition, there is a considerable motherhood pension gap: Statutory pension entitlements for mothers and childless women differ greatly. Pensionrelated childcare credits, which were introduced in 1986 and have been modified many times since, counteract this gap. Recognition of pension-related childcare credits reduce the difference in pension entitlements between childless women and mothers considerably, albeit only in the immediate years following the birth of a child. For the birth cohorts from 1952 to 1959, the motherhood pension gap for 60-year-olds in western Germany is 26 percent; pension-related childcare credits could not close the gap. Further social and tax policy measures supporting an equal division of care work and paid work are necessary. In addition to expanding public child care, reforms to joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting (Ehegattensplitting) and reducing subsidies for jobs with few working hours (Minijobs) as well as a restructuring of the workplace to be more caretaker-friendly are required.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauk, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah}, title = {Widowhood and grey divorce}, series = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, editor = {Mortelmans, Dimitri and Bernardi, Laura and Perelli-Harris, Brienna}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd}, isbn = {9781803923383}, doi = {10.4337/9781803923383.00022}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {178 -- 190}, abstract = {The death of a partner and union dissolution both mark the endpoint of a partnership. However, as these events previously primarily occurred at different life course stages, they have generally been investigated in separate strands of literature. With the growing prevalence of divorce at later ages, however, research on widowhood and "grey divorce" has moved closer together. This chapter examines whether and to what extent the findings on the consequences of grey divorce mirror the existing results on the consequences of widowhood. Attention is also given to the different ways in which welfare states buffer the adverse effects of the death of a partner and divorce on individuals' economic wellbeing at advanced ages. While this chapter seeks to summarize achievements regarding grey divorce research, we conclude with a critical discussion, which, among other things, reflects on the use of universal and fixed cut-off ages (such as age 50) to define grey divorce.}, language = {en} } @article{RamosKreyenfeldAlonsoPerezetal., author = {Ramos, Vincent Jerald and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Gellert, Paul and Heisig, Jan Paul and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine}, title = {Future Caregiving Responsibilities, Employment Uncertainties, and Expected Childbearing Behavior: Survey Experimental Evidence from Germany}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {44}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-025-09969-9}, abstract = {In societies experiencing declining birth rates, understanding factors that influence childbearing decisions is of interest. We used a factorial survey experiment to investigate how scenarios of future caregiving responsibilities toward aging parents and employment uncertainties shape the expected childbearing behavior of a fictitious couple. Respondents from the nationally representative German Socio-Economic Panel Innovation Sample (SOEP-IS) (n = 1,750) were randomly assigned to five vignettes, each describing a hypothetical couple with varying levels of caregiving responsibilities towards an aging parent and employment uncertainties. Respondents subsequently rated their expectations about the hypothetical couple's childbearing behavior within the next three years using an 11-point scale. Results show that high caregiving responsibilities and dual employment uncertainties reduce expected childbearing behavior by 2.8 and 1.9 units respectively, compared to when these are absent. The negative effect of high caregiving responsibilities is more pronounced among women, while respondents' own caregiving and employment experiences do not moderate these effects. These results demonstrate how both future-oriented caregiving responsibilities and employment uncertainties alter expectations about family formation and highlight the scenarios that are regarded as more or less favorable for childbearing.}, language = {en} } @periodical{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Special issue: Population inequality matters}, series = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, number = {1}, editor = {S{\´a}nchez-Romero, Miguel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Permanyer, I{\~n}aki and Potančokov{\´a}, Michaela and di Lego, Vanessa}, publisher = {Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag}, address = {Vienna}, abstract = {The 2025 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research focuses on the role of population inequality in demographic research, particularly, on the interplay between population diversity and social inequality. Besides classical markers of heterogeneity in individual behavior, such as gender, age, education, family status, migration background, urban-rural residence and socio-economic status, other sources of inequality are covered in the volume. They include marginalized populations, such as homeless people, generational and spatial factors as well as emerging trends, such as digitalization. Understanding population inequality is key for modeling population developments and projecting them into the future. Equally important is to understand how and why different types of inequality arise and evolve, and what policy challenges they impose for socio-economic development, welfare systems and social cohesion.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Reflections on CPoS: A Journey Across Five Decades}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {50}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2025-11}, pages = {xxiii -- xxvi}, abstract = {In this editorial, Michaela Kreyenfeld, former board member, author and reviewer, reflects on her own experiences with and the evolution and significance of Comparative Population Studies (CPoS), formerly Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaft (ZfB), highlighting its role as a dedicated, rigorous platform for demographic and population research. CPoS embraces core demographic topics as well as interdisciplinary approaches, exemplified for example by seminal works on fertility, demographic transitions, and sociological theory. Valued for fairness, accessibility, and intellectual integrity, CPoS offers a respected venue for both emerging and established scholars. * This article belongs to a series celebrating the journal's 50th anniversary.}, language = {en} } @article{WagnerMolinaAlonsoPerezetal., author = {Wagner, Lena and Molina, Stefania and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {What difference does it make? Parental relationship quality and child wellbeing in step- and nuclear families}, series = {Genus}, volume = {81}, journal = {Genus}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, doi = {10.1186/s41118-025-00269-w}, abstract = {This study adopts a dyadic perspective to explore how parental partnership quality relates to the wellbeing of children living with both biological parents versus those with a biological parent and a stepparent. We apply multivariable linear regression and a mediation analysis on dyadic data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) to understand the relationship between family structure, step- and biological parents' partnership quality, and children's self-reported wellbeing, operationalised over the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-scores). We differentiate two separate dimensions of parental partnership quality, namely the frequency of conflict and esteem between the (step-) parents. The results show that children living with a stepparent exhibit higher total difficulties scores as compared to children living with both their biological parents. However, parental conflict occurs less and esteem more frequently in stepfamilies than in nuclear families. Mediation analysis indicates that frequency of esteem between parents partially mediates the impact of family structure on SDQ-scores. Our analysis suggests that the negative effect of living with stepparents on children's social and behavioural problems is slightly mitigated by increased parental esteem in these unions.}, language = {en} } @article{NisenKluesenerDahlbergetal., author = {Nis{\´e}n, Jessica and Kl{\"u}sener, Sebastian and Dahlberg, Johan and Dommermuth, Lars and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lappeg{\aa}rd, Trude and Li, Peng and Martikainen, Pekka and Neels, Karel and Riederer, Bernhard and te Riele, Saskia and Sulak, Harun and Szab{\´o}, Laura and Trimarchi, Alessandra and Viciana, Francisco and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, title = {Economic Conditions, Education and Parity-Specific Fertility: A Sub-National Regional Study Across 15 Countries in Europe}, series = {Population, Space and Place}, volume = {31}, journal = {Population, Space and Place}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/psp.70074}, abstract = {There is a longstanding interest in the link between economic conditions and fertility levels. Most research measuring economic development has focused on national-level patterns and period total fertility levels. We aim to extend existing knowledge by carrying out a sub-national regional analysis of the link between economic conditions and parity-specific cohort fertility, while taking into account heterogeneity by educational level. We study three fertility outcomes by women's education: the share of women who remain childless, the mean number of children per mother and the mean number of children per woman. For this analysis, we harmonised register, census and large-scale survey data from 15 European countries, with a focus on women born in the late 1960s. Women's fertility was measured at the end of their reproductive careers and combined with contextual information, including information on the regional GDP (per capita). In our multiple regression models that controlled for country-level factors, we found that GDP was positively associated with childlessness among women with medium and high levels of education. However, GDP was negatively associated with the number of children per mother among women with low levels of education. These findings show that the relationship between economic conditions and fertility varies depending on the level of education of the women, and it differs between childlessness and continued childbearing. High-income contexts may be less supportive of continued childbearing for women with lower levels of education.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BollKreyenfeldMolinaetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Boll, Christina and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Molina, Stefania and Wagner, Lena}, title = {FReDA Module: Causes and Consequences of Economic Abuse in Intimate Partnerships}, publisher = {SocArXiv}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/uatqp_v1}, pages = {13}, abstract = {This document describes a newly developed module on economic abuse in intimate partnerships that will be integrated into Wave 6 of the FReDA (Family Research and Demographic Analysis) panel study. The module aims to capture key dimensions of economic abuse within intimate relationships and to expand the analytical potential of the FReDA data in this field. It comprises three conceptual batteries: economic control (Wirtschaftliche Kontrolle / Ressourcennutzungsverhinderung), economic sabotage (Wirtschaftliche Sabotage / Ressourcenaneignungsverhinderung), and economic exploitation (Wirtschaftliche Ausbeutung / Ressourcenmissbrauch). Together, these batteries provide a comprehensive and systematic measurement of economic abuse, enabling detailed empirical analyses of its prevalence, forms, and consequences.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldBebloBoll, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Boll, Christina}, title = {Was bedeutet die Diversit{\"a}t der Familienformen f{\"u}r den Arbeitsmarkt?}, series = {Was wird aus der Arbeit?}, booktitle = {Was wird aus der Arbeit?}, editor = {Hassel, Anke and Schroeder, Wolfgang}, publisher = {Campus}, address = {Frankfurt}, isbn = {9783593520377}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {107 -- 112}, language = {de} }