@article{KreyenfelddiLegoPermanyeretal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and di Lego, Vanessa Gabrielle and Permanyer, Inaki and Potancokov{\´a}, Michaela and Sanchez Romero, Miguel}, title = {Introduction: Population inequality matters}, series = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, number = {1}, publisher = {Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag}, doi = {10.1553/p-5eef-bmjp}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {This Special Issue features 22 contributions that examine the interplay between population diversity and social inequality, thereby addressing the causes and consequences of socio-economic status (SES) differences in demographic behaviour. Among these 22 contributions, six are invited Debate articles that discuss selected contemporary challenges linked to population inequalities, including their measurement and assessment. These articles cover topics such as digitalisation, skills gaps, household arrangements, widow-hood, mortality inequalities and subnational population dynamics. A striking example underscoring the need to consider demographic developments in conjunction with social inequality is the correlation between longevity and education, income and wealth. The observation that socio-economic status (SES) determines how long we live is not only rele-vant for understanding demographic patterns, but is also highly pertinent for policymakers aiming to reduce social inequalities. The link between demographic processes and social inequality is also evident in research on family behaviour, which, for example, explores the extent to which growing labour market inequalities shape disparities in fertility and family dynamics. Migration has an obvious connection to social inequality and social stratification research, particularly regarding the unequal opportunities in income and education migrants face within receiving societies, as well as in migrants' demographic behaviour and its relation to SES. This Special Issue seeks to emphasise the importance of linking research on demographic diversity and social inequality. Demographic research contributes by providing hard numbers on population structure and societal change, and showing how these relate to social inequality. In doing so, this research informs policymakers about the areas where action is needed.}, language = {en} } @techreport{NiebergKrapfKreyenfeldetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Nieberg, Valeria and Krapf, Sandra and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Wolf, Katharina}, title = {Construction of a publication database of the scientific journal "Demography": how to identify author's gender and field of publication}, pages = {16}, abstract = {This Technical Report describes a database that has been established for the research project "Gendered authorship and demographic research - An analysis of 50 years of Demography". In this project, we have investigated whether gender determines field of publication. Our analysis was based on all papers published in "Demography" which is the flagship journal of the Population of America Association (PAA) and currently celebrates its 50th anniversary. We scrutinized all issues of „Demography" and compiled information on title, topic as well as gender of all authors. This Technical Report describes how we set up the resulting database. The Report is accompanied by the respective database (in STATA-format, version 13.0). (Keywords: Demography, gender, publication)}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldRasner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Rasner, A.}, title = {Demographic Change and Welfare State Restructuring}, series = {The problem-solving capacity of the modern state: governance challenges and administrative capacities}, booktitle = {The problem-solving capacity of the modern state: governance challenges and administrative capacities}, editor = {Wegrich, Kai and Lodge, Martin}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-0-19-871636-5}, pages = {143 -- 162}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldAnderssonMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Andersson, Gunnar and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark}, series = {Journal of Population Research}, volume = {31}, journal = {Journal of Population Research}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, issn = {1835-9469}, doi = {10.1007/s12546-014-9135-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16723}, pages = {287 -- 316}, abstract = {This study investigates the role of female labour-market attachment and earnings in childbearing progressions in two very different European contexts. By applying event-history techniques to German and Danish register data during 1981-2001, we demonstrate how female earnings relate to first, second and third birth propensities. Our study shows that female earnings are positively associated with first birth fertility in Denmark, while this is not the case in West Germany. We interpret our findings based on the fact that Danish social context and policy encourage women to establish themselves in the labour market before becoming mothers, while the German institutional context during the 1980s and 1990s was not geared towards encouraging maternal employment. For higher-order births, the results are less clearcut. For Denmark we find a slightly positive correlation between female earnings and second-birth fertility, while the association is somewhat negative for third-order births. In Germany, women tend to leave the labour market when becoming mothers. Non-employed mothers have elevated second and, in particular, third-birth rates. For the group of mothers who are employed, we find only a weak association between their earnings and higher-order fertility.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldWillekens, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Willekens, F.J.}, title = {Data bases and statistical systems: demography}, series = {International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences}, booktitle = {International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences}, editor = {Wright, James}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {978-0-08-097086-8}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.41013-5}, pages = {735 -- 741}, abstract = {This article deals with the availability of large-scale data for demographic analysis. The main sources of data that demographers work with are censuses data, microcensus data, population registers, other administrative data, survey data, and big data. Data of this kind can be used to generate demographic rates and study demographic processes, such as family formation, marriage, divorce, residential mobility, and death. The advantages and pitfalls of different types of data are summarized.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Economic uncertainty and fertility}, series = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, volume = {67}, journal = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, number = {S1}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1861-891X}, doi = {10.1007/s11577-015-0325-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16760}, pages = {59 -- 80}, abstract = {Sociologists and demographers have long been interested in the role of economic uncertainty in family behavior. Despite the prevailing "bourgeois conviction" that economic uncertainty discourages people from having children, the empirical evidence on this issue is mixed. In this paper, I summarize the recent empirical evidence, and discuss the potential limitations of previous investigations. Among the possible shortcomings of these studies is that many relied exclusively on unemployment as an operational definition of labor market uncertainty. Subjective indicators of economic uncertainty, which measure the individual's perception of his or her economic situation more directly, often were not available to researchers. Moreover, few of these studies explored group-specific differences in behavior. In this paper, we seek to overcome some of the limitations of these earlier analyses. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we study the role of perceived economic uncertainty in transitions to first and higher order births for the period 1990-2013. In addition, we examine how different population subgroups (stratified by education, parity, and age) respond to economic uncertainty.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KreyenfeldHeintzMartin, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Heintz-Martin, Valerie}, title = {Fertility after separation: second births in higher order unions in Germany}, series = {FamiliesAndSocieties working paper series 28}, volume = {2015}, journal = {FamiliesAndSocieties working paper series 28}, number = {28}, publisher = {Stockholm University}, address = {Stockholm}, pages = {21}, abstract = {This paper uses recent data from the German family panel (pairfam) to examine the fertility behavior after separation. More specifically, we focus on the transition to the second child and compare the behavior of respondents in ongoing partnerships (couples who are still partnered with the mother/father of their first child) with those who have experienced family dissolution after the first birth. The investigation reveals strong gender differences in postseparation fertility behavior. We also find large regional differences. Eastern Germans had much lower second birth rates than western Germans. However, they were more prone than western Germans to have their second child with a parent who was not the father or the mother of their firstborn child. This result is in line with descriptive findings on the diversity of family structures in eastern Germany.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Maternal and paternal employment across the life course}, series = {Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: an interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource}, booktitle = {Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: an interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken, NJ}, isbn = {eISBN 978-1-118-90077-2}, abstract = {This essay provides a condensed summary of major findings in trends in maternal and paternal employment patterns. Key theoretical concepts (such as cultural approaches, welfare state approaches, preference theory, economic approaches, and life course theory) are briefly summarized. The increase in maternal employment rates in most European countries, and the extent to which this increase has been related to growth in part-time and marginal employment, are also discussed. In studying the dynamics of the employment behavior of mothers, empirical researchers have mainly looked at the amount of time it takes for women to return to work after childbirth. While these studies often capture only a snapshot of the life course—namely, the period between childbirth and labor market reentry—new approaches (so-called sequence analyses) that map the lifetime employment patterns of women have been developed. The analysis of the employment patterns of fathers is an emerging field of research as well. However, little is known so far about how fatherhood affects men's lifetime employment patterns, and how paternal employment varies in different cultural and social policy contexts.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KrapfKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Krapf, Sandra and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Fertility assessment with the Own-Children Method: a validation with data from the German Mikrozensus}, pages = {14}, abstract = {The German Mikrozensus is a data set that is frequently used to study fertility behavior. With its large sample size, the dataset also offers the opportunity to investigate childbearing among population subgroups, such as particular migrant groups. Because birth histories are not surveyed in the Mikrozensus, scholars have frequently employed the Own-Children Method (OCM) to generate fertility schedules from this data. The OCM draws on information on the number and ages of the co-residential children in order to estimate the fertility schedule of women. It is clear that this method leads to an underestimation of fertility, because children do not necessarily live with their biological mother. It is also clear that the bias is stronger for older women, because children may have left parental home. In the past, it was not possible to assess the bias. With the Mikrozensus 2008, we are able to validate the OCM by relying on respondent's own report on the total number of children. We furthermore examine whether the OCM leads to worse estimates for migrants and non-migrants. The results show that the OCM provides reasonable fertility estimates for women in western Germany up to age 40, irrespective of migrant background. For eastern Germany, there is a stronger bias at later ages than in western Germany. This relates to the early age at childbirth in this region and the more diverse family structures.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KreyenfeldBastin, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Bastin, Sonja}, title = {Blurred memory, deliberate misreporting, or "true tales"? How different survey methods affect respondents' reports of partnership status at first birth}, pages = {34}, abstract = {This paper examines the reliability of biographical information gathered retrospectively. It draws on data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), which collected information on the partnership status at first birth using two different methods. The first method is based on data on partnership and fertility histories collected retrospectively. The second method uses data gathered through the use of a "landmark question" on the respondents' partnership status when their first children were born. We find that in almost 20 percent of the cases, the information collected using the first method did not correspond with the information collected using the second method. Partnership dissolution and "turbulence" in the partnership biography are strong predictors for discrepancies in the information gathered through the two different survey methods. We conclude by drawing attention to the limitations of the retrospective collection of partnership histories at a time when divorce and separation rates are increasing.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldMartin, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Martin, Valerie}, title = {Economic conditions of stepfamilies from a cross-national perspective}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung (ZfF)}, volume = {23}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung (ZfF)}, number = {2}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen [u.a.]}, issn = {0935-4018}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9624}, pages = {128 -- 153}, abstract = {This paper investigates the economic conditions of stepfamilies in Germany, the Russian Federation and France using data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). The analysis shows that stepfamilies more often report economic hardship than nuclear families in France and western Germany. Socio-demographic differences between family types — particularly the fact that stepfamilies tend to be larger families — explain the differences in economic well-being between families in France. For western Germany, differences between nuclear and stepfamilies remain after controlling for socio-economic composition of different family types. For the Russian Federation and eastern Germany, we do not find any statistically significant differences in economic well-being between stepfamilies and nuclear families. The major dividing line for these regions runs between single parents and other types of families.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldGeisler, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Geisler, Esther}, title = {Against all odds: Fathers' use of parental leave in Germany}, series = {Journal of European Social Policy}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of European Social Policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage Publications}, address = {New York, NY [u.a.]}, issn = {0958-9287}, doi = {10.1177/0958928710385732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9631}, pages = {88 -- 99}, abstract = {This paper investigates fathers' usage of parental leave in Germany based on data from the microcensuses of 1999—2005. Special attention is given to the role that education has in leave-taking behaviour. Our empirical results show that educational differences between the partners are strong predictors of fathers' usage of parental leave. A father is more likely to take parental leave if he has a partner who is more highly educated or older. We also find that employment through a temporary working contract substantially lowers the chances that a man will take advantage of parental leave, while being employed in the public sector increases the likelihood that a man will use his parental leave entitlement.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldScholzPetersetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Scholz, Rembrandt and Peters, Frederik and Wlosnewski, Ines}, title = {Order specific fertility rates for Germany: Estimates from Perinatal Statistics for the period 2001-2008}, series = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, volume = {35}, journal = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, number = {2}, publisher = {Bundesinstitut f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungsforschung}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1869-8980}, doi = {10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-06en}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9642}, pages = {207 -- 224}, abstract = {Until 2008, Germany's vital statistics did not include information on the biological order of each birth. This resulted in a dearth of important demographic indicators, such as the mean age at fi rst birth and the level of childlessness. Researchers have tried to fill this gap by generating order-specifi c birth rates from survey data, and by combining survey data with vital statistics. This paper takes a different approach by using Perinatal Statistics to generate birth order-specific fertility rates for the period 2001 to 2008. Perinatal Statistics includes information on births that took place in German hospitals. Out-of-hospital births, which account for about 2 \% of all births, are not included in the Perinatal Statistics. In a sensitivity analysis, we show how robust our estimates are to the inclusion of out-of-hospital births. Our general assessment is that the Perinatal Statistics is a valuable source for generating order-specific fertility rates, regardless of whether out-of-hospital births are included.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldPerelliHarrisSigleRushtonetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Perelli-Harris, Brienna and Sigle-Rushton, Wendy and Lappegard, Trude and Berghammer, Caroline and Keizer, Renske}, title = {The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe}, series = {Population and Development Review}, volume = {36}, journal = {Population and Development Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.]}, issn = {0098-7921}, pages = {775 -- 801}, abstract = {Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany}, series = {European Sociological Review}, volume = {26}, journal = {European Sociological Review}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0266-7215}, doi = {10.1093/esr/jcp026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9661}, pages = {351 -- 366}, abstract = {This paper investigates whether uncertainties in female employment careers result in a postponement of family formation. Data for this analysis comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which provides longitudinal information on economic uncertainty and fertility for the period 1984 to 2006. We employ objective measures of uncertainty (unemployment) as well as subjective measures (whether the respondent is worried about her economic situation, whether she is worried about the security of her job). We find little evidence that uncertainties in female employment careers generally lead to a postponement of parenthood. Hence, the relationship between economic uncertainty and first birth varies by level of education. While more highly educated postpone parenthood when subject to employment uncertainties, women with low levels of education often respond to these situations by becoming mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The growing educational divide in mother's employment: An investigation based on the German micro-censuses 1976-2004}, series = {Work, Employment and Society}, volume = {24}, journal = {Work, Employment and Society}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {Los Angeles [u.a.]}, issn = {0950-0170}, doi = {10.1177/0950017010362140}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9678}, pages = {260 -- 278}, abstract = {This article investigates whether the increase in the labour force participation of mothers in western Germany has been accompanied by growing social inequalities in maternal employment. The focus is on education-related differences in full-time, part-time and marginal employment, and, in particular, changes therein over time. It is assumed that worsening labour market opportunities for the less educated and a 'familialistic' social policy context have resulted in growing differentials in mothers' employment by education. Data from the scientific use files of the German micro-censuses for the years 1976 to 2004 show that the part-time and marginal employment rates of mothers have increased, while full-time employment rates have declined. Reductions in full-time employment are most pronounced among less educated mothers, resulting in growing educational differences in the employment of mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldHoem, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hoem, Jan M.}, title = {Anticipatory analysis and its alternativies in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {15}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2006.15.16}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9715}, pages = {461 -- 484}, abstract = {Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless the practice is often used, not least because it easily produces useful summary measures like the median age at first childbearing and the per cent permanently childless in various educational groups, defined by ultimate attainment. We use an empirical example to demonstrate the issues involved and to propose an alternative "non-anticipatory" research strategy, which, however, does not equally easily provide summary measures.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldZabel, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Zabel, Cordula}, title = {Female education and the second child: Great Britain and Western Germany compared}, series = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, volume = {125}, journal = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, number = {1}, publisher = {Duncker und Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0342-1783}, pages = {145 -- 156}, abstract = {This paper compares the determinants of the transition to the second child in Western Germany and Great Britain, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We test a number of explanations for the positive effect of educational attainment on second birth risks; this effect has been reported for both countries. Owing to differences in the welfare state context, we expect that the factors responsible for the positive education effect differ between the two countries. Our findings, however, provide only partial support for this expectation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An Analysis with Data from the German Fertility and Family Survey}, series = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, volume = {3}, journal = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.11}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9743}, pages = {275 -- 318}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to compare family policies and fertility patterns in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the German Federal Republic (FRG). Among other aspects, both societies particularly differed in the integration of women into the labor market. By contrasting the fertility development in these two societies, this paper aims to illuminate how women's education and employment relates to fertility decisions in societal contexts that support (in the case of the GDR) and hamper (in the case of the FRG) the compatibility between work and family life. Data for this analysis comes from the German Fertility and Family Survey (of the year 1992). We provide descriptive statistics for all birth parities, but we limit the multivariate event history analysis to first births only}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Crisis or adaptation - reconsidered: a comparison of East and West German fertility patterns in the first six years after the 'Wende'}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {19}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0168-6577}, doi = {10.1023/A:1024992712815}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9775}, pages = {303 -- 329}, abstract = {Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a 'crisis' andan 'adaptation' to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961-1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West.}, language = {en} }