@article{Henke, author = {Henke, Marina}, title = {The Rotten Carrot: Reexamining U.S.-Turkish Bargaining Failure over Iraq in 2003}, series = {Security Studies}, volume = {27}, journal = {Security Studies}, doi = {10.1080/09636412.2017.1360077}, abstract = {Side-payments are commonly used in international relations to alter the foreign policies of states. Despite their frequent usage, however, our understanding is very limited when it comes to why certain side-payment negotiations succeed while others fail. This article tries to remedy this shortcoming. It argues that social embeddedness between actors involved in the negotiations has a major bearing on bargaining outcomes. Under ideal circumstances, social relationships can be used to reduce information asymmetries and increase trust. Nevertheless, in the presence of fractured social networks, social ties can foster information bias and distrust thus ultimately increasing the likelihood of bargaining failure. This article uses U.S.-Turkish bargaining failure over the Iraq intervention in 2003 to illustrate and test this theory.}, language = {en} } @article{Henke, author = {Henke, Marina}, title = {The Politics of Diplomacy: How the United States builds Multilateral Military Coalitions}, series = {International Studies Quarterly}, volume = {61}, journal = {International Studies Quarterly}, doi = {10.1093/isq/sqx017}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {The conventional wisdom advances that formal alliance structures guide military coalition-building processes: allies band together because they share threat perceptions, political ideology, norms and values. This article suggests otherwise. It proposes that U.S.-led coalition-building is first and foremost a diplomatic process influenced by bilateral and multilateral institutions other than formal alliances. The breadth of institutions matters because it allows accessing information on the potential coalition partner's deployment preferences that are not only related to the security aspect of the operation but also its political, economic and other facets. In addition, diplomatic embeddedness offers linkage opportunities between military and non-military interests, which facilitates the construction of side-payments.}, language = {en} } @article{Henke, author = {Henke, Marina}, title = {Why did France intervene in Mali? Examining the Role of Intervention Entrepreneurs}, series = {Canadian Foreign Policy Journal}, volume = {23}, journal = {Canadian Foreign Policy Journal}, issn = {2157-0817}, doi = {10.1080/11926422.2017.1352004}, pages = {18}, abstract = {Intervention Entrepreneurs are the key to understanding the political processes leading up to a military intervention and thus ultimately why military interventions come about. Intervention entrepreneurs are private citizens, bureaucrats, associations and groups which lobby for intervention. In this process they follow a similar playbook to promote their intervention proposal. This playbook contains five different tasks: (1) creating a narrative for intervention; (2) selling the narrative; (3) building a domestic coalition supportive of the intervention; (4) creating faits accomplis that accelerate the path toward intervention and (5) lobbying the head of state in favor of the intervention proposal. This article illustrates these five tasks by means of a case study of the decision-making process that led to the French intervention in Mali (2013).}, language = {en} } @article{Henke, author = {Henke, Marina}, title = {UN Fatalities 1948-2015: A New Dataset}, series = {Conflict Management and Peace Science}, volume = {36}, journal = {Conflict Management and Peace Science}, doi = {10.1177/0738894216686789}, pages = {1 -- 18}, abstract = {This article presents a new dataset on UN peacekeeping fatalities that occurred during 1948-2015. The data includes five types of fatality counts: total fatalities, fatalities caused by accidents, illness, malicious acts (i.e., hostile deaths) and a fourth category marked 'other incident types.' For every UN operation during 1948-2015, data on the number of these four types of UN fatalities are coded at the yearly as well as monthly level. The monthly data also indicate the nationality of the deceased.}, language = {en} }