@article{MairMartiGanly, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi and Ganly, Kate}, title = {Institutional voids as spaces of opportunity}, series = {European Business Forum}, volume = {31}, journal = {European Business Forum}, issn = {1469-6460}, pages = {34 -- 39}, abstract = {The article discusses how institutional voids can be spaces of opportunity for companies. Institutional void refers to the absence of supporting institutions in certain economy. Institutions are shared conceptions and constraints that shape human interaction. They constitute the rules of the game, for doing business, for social interaction, and for human behavior in general. For motivated entrepreneurs, institutional voids is perceived as opportunities. Two examples are presented to illustrate the nature of institutional voids in Bangladesh and India.}, language = {en} } @article{MairMarti, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi}, title = {Entrepreneurship for social impact: Encouraging market access in rural Bangladesh}, series = {Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society}, volume = {7}, journal = {Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society}, number = {4}, issn = {1472-0701}, doi = {10.1108/14720700710820579}, pages = {493 -- 501}, abstract = {Purpose - In many developing countries those living in poverty are unable to participate in markets due to the weakness or complete absence of supportive institutions. This study aims to examine, in microcosm, such an institutional void and to illustrate the strategy and activities employed by an entrepreneurial actor in rural Bangladesh in addressing it. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on an in-depth case study. Data were gathered over two years from field interviews, archives, and secondary sources. Findings - The data illustrate how market access for the poorest of the poor is facilitated through the creation of platforms for participation in the economy and broader society. The authors conceptualize this process as the crafting of new institutional arrangements and as resource and institutional bricolage occurring in parallel. Practical implications - The study offers insights for development agencies, policy makers and companies on how to combat poverty, fight corruption, and stimulate social and economic change. Originality/value - The paper enriches current thinking on institutions and entrepreneurship as well as strategies for social impact.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSchoen, author = {Mair, Johanna and Schoen, Oliver}, title = {Successful social entrepreneurial business models in the context of developing economies: An explorative study}, series = {International Journal of Emerging Markets}, volume = {2}, journal = {International Journal of Emerging Markets}, number = {1}, issn = {1746-8809}, doi = {10.1108/17468800710718895}, pages = {54 -- 68}, abstract = {Purpose - Social entrepreneurial organizations have gained in awareness and interest among researchers, yet we know relatively little about how these organizations are able to create social and economic value. This paper seeks to understand how such organizations have managed to achieve scale and sustainability in developing economies - often lacking the institutions, networks and resources required to support their growth - whilst also maintaining their focus on a social mission. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a comparative case analysis of three social entrepreneurial organizations based in Bangladesh, Egypt and Spain that have been widely recognized as successful. It utilizes an explorative research approach with data gathered from many sources including published and unpublished articles, existing case studies, personal interviews and internet sources. Findings - Analysis of these three business models reveals common patterns in the use of strategic resources, in their value networks, and in customer interface. The findings suggest that successful social entrepreneurial organizations: proactively create their own value networks of companies that share their social vision; develop resource strategies as an integral part of the business model; and integrate their target groups into the social value network. Research limitations/implications - There are limitations in the sampling and data analysis approach, however, this study provides a first step towards a more inclusive empirical research agenda in the future. Practical implications - The paper offers interesting insights for existing for-profit multi-business companies to rethink their business models, particularly for developing country contexts. Originality/value - This paper encourages managers to think beyond the creation of economic value and demonstrates how social entrepreneurs achieve sustainable growth based on building complementary networks of stakeholders and resources integrated into the value chain. It provides propositions regarding the business models of successful social entrepreneurial organizations and hopes to stimulate managerial interest in alternative business models and future empirical research which builds on these qualitative findings.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Digital democracy}, series = {European Business Forum}, volume = {26}, journal = {European Business Forum}, issn = {1469-6460}, pages = {59 -- 61}, abstract = {Comite para Democratizacao da Informatica (CDI) is a non-political, non-profit, and non-governmental organization founded in Brazil in 1995. It aims to promote the social inclusion of less-privileged people, using information and communication technologies to teach them the basic concepts of self-esteem, citizenship and their rights as individuals. CDI executive director and founder Rodrigo Baggio's first step was to launch a campaign called "Computers for All", where companies were contacted and asked to donate used computers to the favelas. The next step was to create computer schools in the slums. In response to demand for new schools in other Brazilian states and beyond, CDI designed a "social franchise" model. The idea was to set up regional CDI offices to create new schools. Students are motivated to develop ideas that generate income and give them better employment prospects. The challenge now is for Baggio and his team to manage growth without losing the original vision of CDI.}, language = {en} } @article{MairMarti, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi}, title = {Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight}, series = {Journal of World Business}, volume = {41}, journal = {Journal of World Business}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1090-9516}, doi = {10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002}, pages = {36 -- 44}, abstract = {Social entrepreneurship, as a practice and a field for scholarly investigation, provides a unique opportunity to challenge, question, and rethink concepts and assumptions from different fields of management and business research. This article puts forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship is seen as differing from other forms of entrepreneurship in the relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. To stimulate future research the authors introduce the concept of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical perspectives for the study of social entrepreneurship.}, language = {en} } @techreport{SeelosMair, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Seelos, Christian and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Social entrepreneurship. The contribution of individual entrepreneurs to sustainable development}, series = {Working Paper, WP No 553}, journal = {Working Paper, WP No 553}, publisher = {IESE Business School}, address = {Barcelona}, pages = {19}, abstract = {Social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that has resisted attempts to establish a clear definition. A focus on organizational structures and/or what constitutes a worthy social cause has created a diverse set of terminology. Observing the positive social impact of entrepreneurs catering to basic needs, this paper recognizes their unique role in efficiently contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals. From this perspective, the term social can be much better defined. The frameworks proposed in this paper should guide much-needed further research and facilitate decision making about more focused support from a financial as well as a learning perspective.}, language = {en} } @article{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Exploring the determinants of unit performance : The role of middle managers in stimulating profit growth}, series = {Group \& Organization Management}, volume = {30}, journal = {Group \& Organization Management}, number = {3}, issn = {1059-6011}, doi = {10.1177/1059601104269113}, pages = {263 -- 288}, abstract = {This article sets out to identify the origins of performance differences between units within the same organizational and industry context. Building on and reconciling diverse research streams, it empirically tests the effect of strategic, individual, and context factors on performance over time. The study complements traditional research in strategy by advancing a middle manager perspective. More specifically, it highlights the importance of middlemanagers' actions aligned with strategy, their demographic characteristics, and their immediate competitive environment in stimulating performance. Data on 119 managers and units of a European financial services firm suggest that how middle managers enact strategy, who they are, and where they are significantly affect profit growth in their units.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelosBorwankar, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian and Borwankar, Anjaney}, title = {Social entrepreneurial initiatives within the sustainable development landscape}, series = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education}, volume = {2}, journal = {International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education}, number = {4}, issn = {1649-2269}, pages = {431 -- 452}, abstract = {Over the last few years many business schools have been active in developing courses on social entrepreneurship. The case studies used are typically based on non-profit initiatives aimed at alleviating social problems in the community. Yet social entrepreneurship is not limited in scope and structure. It is neither geographically nor culturally centered. To avoid the dilemma of defining what social entrepreneurship is or what it is not, we argue that the most fruitful approach is to adopt a specific perspective that illuminates the role and the unique contribution of social entrepreneurship. The perspective we propose is 'sustainable development'. This approach also permits the positioning of social entrepreneurship alongside existing organizations that participate in the global efforts to achieve sustainable development. We describe initiatives by social entrepreneurs and established corporations, highlight the social, economic and environmental impact, and draw out commonalities from the examples given.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Sustainable development, sustainable profit}, series = {European Business Forum}, volume = {20}, journal = {European Business Forum}, issn = {1469-6460}, pages = {49 -- 53}, abstract = {Social entrepreneurship can be a powerful tool for corporations to gain entry and build loyalty in developing markets. While economic growth has led to tremendous improvements in personal freedoms and well-being for people in industrialised societies, it has left too many behind. The images of hunger, disease and human misery refuse to disappear from our television screens. How can growth be made more sustainable while at the same time including and benefiting all of society? The paradox is painful: while traditional markets are saturated, billions of people are desperately waiting for companies to cater to their most basic needs and wants. Social entrepreneurs act as change agents that enable the poor to participate in economic life. Entrepreneurs invent business models that can be scaled up and possibly repeated elsewhere: the Grameen Bank model has been replicated all over the world, with huge success. Social entrepreneurship initiatives also constitute local resources that lend themselves to new configurations for novel forms of value creation.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Social Entrepreneurship : Creating new business models to serve the poor}, series = {Business Horizons}, volume = {48}, journal = {Business Horizons}, number = {3}, issn = {0007-6813}, doi = {10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.006}, pages = {241 -- 246}, abstract = {The term "social entrepreneurship" (SE) is used to refer to the rapidly growing number of organizations that have created models for efficiently catering to basic human needs that existing markets and institutions have failed to satisfy. Social entrepreneurship combines the resourcefulness of traditional entrepreneurship with a mission to change society. One social entrepreneur, Ibrahim Abouleish, recently received the "Alternative Nobel Prize" for his Sekem initiative; in 2004, e-Bay founder Jeff Skoll donated 4.4 million pounds to set up a social entrepreneurship research center; and many social entrepreneurs have mingled with their business counterparts at the World Economic Forum in Davos. Social entrepreneurship offers insights that may stimulate ideas for more socially acceptable and sustainable business strategies and organizational forms. Because it contributes directly to internationally recognized sustainable development (SD) goals, social entrepreneurship may also encourage established corporations to take on greater social responsibility.}, language = {en} } @misc{MairRobinsonHockerts, author = {Mair, Johanna and Robinson, Jeffrey and Hockerts, Kai}, title = {International Perspectives on Social Entrepreneurship Research}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {Basingstoke}, isbn = {9780230543157}, pages = {XVI, 232}, language = {en} } @misc{MairRobinsonHockerts, author = {Mair, Johanna and Robinson, Jeffrey and Hockerts, Kai}, title = {Social Entrepreneurship}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK}, address = {Basingstoke}, isbn = {978-1-349-54553-7}, doi = {10.1057/9780230625655}, pages = {XVI, 280}, abstract = {Social Entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon that impacts the lives of citizens by using innovative approaches to solving social problems. This book offers a comprehensive examination of this growing area of research and provides an excellent introduction to social entrepreneurship theory and a framework for future research.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairMarti, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi}, title = {Bringing change into the lives of the poor: Entrepreneurship outside traditional boundaries}, series = {Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations}, booktitle = {Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations}, editor = {Lawrence, Thomas B. and Suddaby, Simon Roy and Leca, Bernard}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, isbn = {9780511590351}, pages = {92 -- 119}, abstract = {The powerful imagery of entrepreneurship as a means to induce and explain institutional change is gaining momentum (Greenwood \& Suddaby, 2006; Lawrence \& Suddaby, 2006). In response to criticisms that institutional theory was chiefly being used to explain homogeneity and persistence, important efforts have been devoted to restoring human agency in explanations of endogenous institutional change (DiMaggio, 1988; Sewell, 1992; Emirbayer \& Mische, 1998). However, the image of the entrepreneur as institutional change agent has also been a source of controversy among institutional theorists, especially when accompanied by voluntarist, un-embedded conceptions of individual action (Holm, 1995; Leca \& Naccache, 2006). As a result we observe vivid scholarly discussions on how to solve the "paradox of embedded agency"- i.e. on explaining how institutional change is possible if actors are fully conditioned by the institutions that they wish to change (Holm, 1995; Seo \& Creed, 2002; Greenwood \& Suddaby, 2006). The current debate is important and we welcome more agent-oriented views on institutions. The purpose of this chapter is to advance institutional theory by rethinking various aspects of institutional work (Lawrence \& Suddaby, 2006; DiMaggio, 1988) and thereby to contribute new insights into the paradox of embedded agency. We do so by challenging and breaking dominant patterns in current empirical research. While previous research on institutional entrepreneurship has predominantly looked at elite and/or powerful actors (DiMaggio, 1988; Fligstein \& Mara-Drita, 1996) who assume either peripheral (Leblebici, Salancik, Copay \& King, 1991) or central (Greenwood \& Suddaby, 2006) positions, we focus instead on institutional work carried out by actors with limited power and very few resources.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Hope for Sustainable Development: How Social Entrepreneurs Make It Happen}, series = {An Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship: Voices, Preconditions and Contexts}, booktitle = {An Introduction to Social Entrepreneurship: Voices, Preconditions and Contexts}, editor = {Ziegler, Rafeal}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781848443068}, doi = {10.4337/9781848446229.00021}, pages = {228 -- 246}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairMarti, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi}, title = {Social entrepreneurship as institution building}, series = {International Perspectives on Social Entrepreneurship Research}, booktitle = {International Perspectives on Social Entrepreneurship Research}, editor = {Mair, Johanna and Robinson, Jeffrey and Hockerts, K.}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {Basingstoke}, isbn = {978-0-230-54315-7}, pages = {144 -- 159}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairMitchell, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mitchell, Jordan}, title = {Waste Concern: Turning a Problem into a Resource}, series = {Mainstreaming Corporate Responsibility}, booktitle = {Mainstreaming Corporate Responsibility}, editor = {Smith, N. Craig and Lenssen, Gilbert}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.}, address = {Chichester}, isbn = {978-0470753941}, pages = {332 -- 351}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {How social entrepreneurs enable human, social, and economic development}, series = {Business Solutions for the Global Poor: Creating Social and Economic Value}, booktitle = {Business Solutions for the Global Poor: Creating Social and Economic Value}, editor = {Rangan, V. Kashturi and Quelch, John A. and Herrero, Gustavo and Barton, Brooke}, publisher = {Jossey-Bass}, address = {San Francisco}, isbn = {978-0-7879-8216-4}, pages = {271 -- 294}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {The Sekem initiative: a holistic vision to develop people}, series = {New Social Entrepreneurship : What awaits social entrepreneurship ventures?}, booktitle = {New Social Entrepreneurship : What awaits social entrepreneurship ventures?}, editor = {Perrini, Francesco}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781845427818}, pages = {210 -- 223}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairNoboa, author = {Mair, Johanna and Noboa, Ernesto}, title = {Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed}, series = {Social Entrepreneurship}, booktitle = {Social Entrepreneurship}, editor = {Mair, Johanna and Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K.}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {Basingstoke}, isbn = {978-1-4039-9664-0}, doi = {10.1057/9780230625655}, pages = {121 -- 135}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairSeelosGanly, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian and Ganly, Kate}, title = {Social entrepreneurs directly contribute to global development goals}, series = {Social Entrepreneurship}, booktitle = {Social Entrepreneurship}, editor = {Mair, Johanna and Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K.}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {Basingstoke}, isbn = {978-1-4039-9664-0}, doi = {10.1057/9780230625655}, pages = {235 -- 275}, language = {en} } @incollection{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Entrepreneurial behavior in a large traditional firm: Exploring key drivers}, series = {Corporate entrepreneurship and venturing}, volume = {International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 10}, booktitle = {Corporate entrepreneurship and venturing}, editor = {Elfring, Tom}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, isbn = {978-0-387-24850-9}, doi = {10.1007/b106351}, pages = {49 -- 72}, language = {en} } @incollection{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {How much do middle managers really matter? An Empirical Study on their Impact on Sustained Superior Performance}, series = {Restructuring Strategy: New Networks and Industry Challenges}, booktitle = {Restructuring Strategy: New Networks and Industry Challenges}, editor = {Cool, Karen O. and Henderson, James E. and Abate, Rene}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, address = {Oxford, UK}, isbn = {978-1405126014}, pages = {236 -- 250}, language = {en} } @article{MairHuysentruytStephan, author = {Mair, Johanna and Huysentruyt, Marieke and Stephan, Ute}, title = {Market-Oriented and Mission-Focused: Social Enterprises around the Globe}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, abstract = {Social enterprises contribute significantly to the economy, and simultaneously are fiercely social mission-driven.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {When Innovation Goes Wrong}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, volume = {14}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, number = {4}, issn = {1542-7099}, pages = {27 -- 33}, abstract = {Efforts by social enterprises to develop novel interventions receive a great deal of attention. Yet these organizations often stumble when it comes to turning innovation into impact. As a result, they fail to achieve their full potential. Here's a guide to diagnosing and preventing several "pathologies" that underlie this failure.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Quand le business devient un outil contre la pauvret{\´e}}, series = {Business Digest, French edition}, journal = {Business Digest, French edition}, edition = {193}, abstract = {{\`A} l'heure o{\`u} tout nouveau d{\´e}bouch{\´e} est un enjeu strat{\´e}gique de taille, peut-on ignorer {\`a} la masse de consommateurs des pays du Sud ? Focus r{\´e}alis{\´e} d'apr{\`e}s « Profitable Business Models and Market Creation in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View », de Christian Seelos et Johanna Mair, Academy of Management Perspectives, novembre 2007, et l'interview d'Iqbal Quadir, fondateur et directeur du Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship (US), f{\´e}vrier 2009.}, language = {fr} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {When business becomes a tool for fighting poverty}, series = {Business Digest, UK edition}, journal = {Business Digest, UK edition}, edition = {193}, abstract = {Can we continue to categorically dismiss consumers in Southern countries at a time when companies are struggling to find new markets? Based on « Profitable Business Models and Market Creation in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View », by Christian Seelos and Johanna Mair, Academy of Management Perspectives, November 2007, and the interviews of Iqbal Quadir, founder and director of the Legatum Center for Development and Entrepreneurship at MIT (USA), February 2009.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {El negocio de beneficiar los pobres}, series = {Liderazgo, Estrategia \& Actualidad (Bolivia)}, journal = {Liderazgo, Estrategia \& Actualidad (Bolivia)}, language = {es} } @article{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Kein Hype von Champagnersozialisten}, series = {Handelsblatt}, journal = {Handelsblatt}, pages = {3}, language = {de} } @article{MairGanly, author = {Mair, Johanna and Ganly, Kate}, title = {Freeplay}, series = {Executive Digest}, journal = {Executive Digest}, language = {en} } @article{MairMarti, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mart{\´i}, Ignasi}, title = {Must social-entrepreneurship be nonprofit?}, series = {Business Week}, journal = {Business Week}, language = {en} } @article{MairMoschieri, author = {Mair, Johanna and Moschieri, Caterina}, title = {"Unbundling" incentiva a ascens{\~a}o de novos neg{\´o}cios}, series = {Di{\´a}rio Econ{\´o}mico}, journal = {Di{\´a}rio Econ{\´o}mico}, language = {es} } @article{MairMoschieri, author = {Mair, Johanna and Moschieri, Caterina}, title = {Unbundling frees business for take off}, series = {Financial Times, Special Series on Mastering Transactions}, journal = {Financial Times, Special Series on Mastering Transactions}, language = {en} } @article{MairThurner, author = {Mair, Johanna and Thurner, Claudia}, title = {The view from the middle}, series = {The Economist}, journal = {The Economist}, language = {en} } @article{MairNoboa, author = {Mair, Johanna and Noboa, Ernesto}, title = {Emprendedores sociales: C{\´o}mo se forma la intenci{\´o}n para crear una iniciativa de car{\´a}cter social iniciativa}, series = {Iniciativa emprendedora y empresa familiar}, volume = {48}, journal = {Iniciativa emprendedora y empresa familiar}, issn = {1136-9752}, pages = {23 -- 39}, language = {es} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Crear espirales de desarrollo}, series = {Iniciativa Emprendedora}, volume = {48}, journal = {Iniciativa Emprendedora}, pages = {99 -- 108}, language = {es} } @article{MairNoboa, author = {Mair, Johanna and Noboa, Ernesto}, title = {A new kind of company}, series = {Strategy \& Business}, volume = {35}, journal = {Strategy \& Business}, pages = {138 -- 139}, language = {en} } @article{MairReischauer, author = {Mair, Johanna and Reischauer, Georg}, title = {Capturing the dynamics of the sharing economy: Institutional research on the plural forms and practices of sharing economy organizations}, series = {Technological Forecasting \& Social Change}, volume = {125}, journal = {Technological Forecasting \& Social Change}, number = {December 2017}, doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.023}, pages = {11 -- 20}, abstract = {To date, management research has paid little attention to dynamics of the sharing economy: how markets for sharing resources emerge and change, and the intended and unintended consequences of resource sharing. We propose a definition of the sharing economy that brings the role of organizations as infrastructure providers to the fore and helps us to assess the culturally rooted pluralism of forms and practices in these organizations. We introduce two perspectives in research on organizational institutionalism that focus on culture and pluralism - institutional complexity and institutional work - and argue that unpacking the pluralism of organizational forms and practices is critical to examine the dynamics of the sharing economy. We propose an agenda for research to capture the dynamics of the sharing economy at the organizational, field, and inter-field level. Such an agenda helps to document and analyze how the sharing economy manifests and evolves across various economic systems and has the potential to refine and recast existing management theory.}, language = {en} } @article{MairMoschieri, author = {Mair, Johanna and Moschieri, Caterina}, title = {Corporate Entrepreneurship: Partial Divestitures as Real Option}, series = {European Management Review}, volume = {14}, journal = {European Management Review}, number = {1}, issn = {17404754}, pages = {67 -- 82}, abstract = {Scholars in strategy and entrepreneurship have discussed the benefits and difficulties of keeping ventures inside the firm versus separating them through divestitures and the balance between control and autonomy. Using an in-depth analysis of cases of partial divestitures, this study examines the organizational arrangement that arises from divestitures with a retained parent-unit relationship. The emerging framework connects the parent-unit relationship and its modifications along the divestiture's objective - specifically, the exploration carried out by the unit. Partial divestitures are designed as real options, for firms to manage corporate venturing, taking advantage of the flexibility that such arrangement may grant.}, language = {en} } @article{MairWolfSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Wolf, Miriam and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Scaffolding: A Process of Transforming Patterns of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies}, series = {Academy of Management Journal}, volume = {59}, journal = {Academy of Management Journal}, number = {6}, issn = {0001-4273}, doi = {10.5465/amj.2015.0725}, pages = {2021 -- 2044}, abstract = {This study advances research on organizational efforts to tackle multidimensional, complex, and interlinked societal challenges. We examine how social inequality manifests in small-scale societies, and illustrate how it inheres in entrenched patterns of behavior and interaction. Asking how development programs can be organizing tools to transform these patterns of inequality, we use a program sponsored by an Indian non-governmental organization as our empirical window and leverage data that we collected over a decade. We identify "scaffolding" as a process that enables and organizes the transformation of behavior and interaction patterns. Three interrelated mechanisms make the transformation processes adaptive and emerging alternative social orders robust: (1) mobilizing institutional, social organizational, and economic resources; (2) stabilizing new patterns of interaction that reflect an alternative social order; and (3) concealing goals that are neither anticipated nor desired by some groups. Through this analysis, we move beyond conventional thinking on unintended consequences proposed in classic studies on organizations, complement contemporary research about how organizations effect positive social change by pursuing multiple goals, and develop portable insights for organizational efforts in tackling inequality. This study provides a first link between the study of organizational efforts to alleviate social problems and the transformation of social systems.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairAmisMunir, author = {Mair, Johanna and Amis, John and Munir, Kamal}, title = {Institutions and Economic Inequality}, series = {The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism}, booktitle = {The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism}, edition = {2}, publisher = {Greenwood, Royston; Oliver, Christine; Lawrence, Thomas B.; Meyer, Renate E.}, address = {Los Angeles; London; New Delhi; Singapore; Washington, DC; Melbourne}, isbn = {9781412961967}, doi = {10.17863/CAM.8689}, pages = {705 -- 736}, language = {en} } @incollection{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Middle managers and corporate entrepreneurship: unpacking strategic roles and assessing performance implications}, series = {Handbook of Middle Management Strategy Process Research}, booktitle = {Handbook of Middle Management Strategy Process Research}, publisher = {Floyd, Steven W.; Wooldridge, Bill}, address = {Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA}, isbn = {978 1 78347 324 3}, doi = {10.4337/9781783473250}, pages = {448 -- 472}, abstract = {This chapter examines the strategic roles of 150 middle managers in different units of a large European financial services firm. The study takes place in the context of a major corporate initiative aimed at creating a more entrepreneurial culture within the firm. Drawing on insights from 40 exploratory interviews, a survey instrument is used to identify four unique middle manager roles in corporate entrepreneurship; leader, broker, businessman, and architect. These roles are interpreted relative to existing literature. Associations between three roles (architect, leader, broker) and organizational performance are highlighted. The chapter adds insight into the roles of middle managers in corporate entrepreneurship initiatives and how these roles connect to organizational performance.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Water is Power}, series = {Impact India. Stanford Social Innovation Review}, volume = {2}, journal = {Impact India. Stanford Social Innovation Review}, number = {Spring 2017}, pages = {24 -- 29}, language = {en} } @article{ReischauerMair, author = {Reischauer, Georg and Mair, Johanna}, title = {How Organizations Strategically Govern Online Communities: Lessons from the Sharing Economy}, series = {Academy of Management Discoveries}, volume = {4}, journal = {Academy of Management Discoveries}, number = {3}, doi = {10.5465/amd.2016.0164}, pages = {220 -- 247}, language = {en} } @article{ReischauerMair, author = {Reischauer, Georg and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Platform Organizing in the New Digital Economy: Revisiting Online Communities and Strategic Responses}, series = {Research in the Sociology of Organizations}, volume = {57}, journal = {Research in the Sociology of Organizations}, pages = {113 -- 135}, abstract = {We are currently witnessing a new wave of the digital economy. A prime example is the sharing economy where an organization operates a platform for its online community, the sum of individuals who interact to exchange goods and services. The sharing economy blurs several boundaries of economic life - a fact that extant theory on platform organizing has yet paid little attention. We argue to consider two aspects of the sharing economy and revisit related theory to address this lacuna. First, we revive the concept of hybrid community to denote a variant of an online community that mirrors the boundary-blurring nature of the sharing economy. In a hybrid community, individuals interact both online and offline (instead of only online) and consume as well as produce. Second, we revisit the range of strategic responses suggested by extant literature to minimize the dependence of a platform organization on its hybrid community and show that the sharing economy requires management research to adapt and potentially recast existing claims.}, language = {en} } @incollection{RadekeMairSeelos, author = {Radeke, Joanna and Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Waste Concern: Fixing Market Failures}, series = {Managing Sustainable Business}, booktitle = {Managing Sustainable Business}, editor = {Lenssen, Gilbert G. and Smith, N. Craig}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, isbn = {978-94-024-1142-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-94-024-1144-7}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {557 -- 574}, language = {en} } @incollection{HehenbergerMairSeganti, author = {Hehenberger, Lisa and Mair, Johanna and Seganti, Sara}, title = {Impact Investing: Financing Social Entrepreneurs}, series = {Entrepreneurial Finance. The Art and Science of Growing Ventures}, booktitle = {Entrepreneurial Finance. The Art and Science of Growing Ventures}, editor = {Alemany, Luisa and Andreoli, Job J.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, isbn = {9781108368070}, doi = {10.1017/9781108368070}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {485 -- 527}, language = {en} } @article{NusserMairFuerst, author = {Nusser, Harald and Mair, Johanna and F{\"u}rst, Michael}, title = {Opinion: The coming evaluation revolution in corporate responsibility}, series = {Devex}, journal = {Devex}, language = {en} } @article{SeelosMair, author = {Seelos, Christian and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Mastering System Change}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, number = {Fall 2018}, language = {en} } @misc{BattilanaKimseyZogbietal., author = {Battilana, Julie and Kimsey, Marissa and Zogbi, Priscilla and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Associa{\c{c}}{\~a}o Sa{\´u}de Crian{\c{c}}a: Trying to Break the Cycle of Poverty and Illness at Scale}, publisher = {Harvard Business School Case Study}, abstract = {Dr. Vera Cordeiro founded the NGO Associa{\c{c}}{\~a}o Sa{\´u}de Crian{\c{c}}a in 1991 to try to help poor families break the cycle of poverty and illness in Brazil. She and her team of employees and volunteers developed a holistic methodology to address the multidimensional sources of poverty based on the pillars of health, housing, citizenship, income, and education. After introducing the seeds of this approach, the case examines the evolution of the organization's attempts to grow its social impact in Brazil and beyond—including a loose network of sister organizations, social franchising, licensing agreements, and government adoption.}, language = {en} } @article{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {Alternative organizing with social purpose: revisiting institutional analysis of market-based activity}, series = {Socio-Economic Review}, volume = {19}, journal = {Socio-Economic Review}, number = {2}, issn = {1475-147X}, doi = {10.1093/ser/mwz031}, pages = {817 -- 836}, abstract = {Given rampant economic inequality, social exclusion and overconsumption, organizing in markets increasingly focuses on leveraging commercial activity for a social purpose. Alternative forms of organizing have developed to overcome the deficiencies of contemporary capitalism. They have become prevalent in numerous institutional contexts through types of organizations such as social enterprises, cooperatives and platform-based sharing economy organizations. Our objective is to ignite research on alternative organizing. We build on two important institutional perspectives, Neo-institutionalism and Comparative Capitalism, to investigate how these organizations diverge from the archetypal corporation. In addition, we develop a framework to guide institutional analysis of the origins, enabling conditions and consequences of alternative organizing in contemporary markets and society. We conclude by laying out pathways for future research.}, language = {en} } @article{WolfMair, author = {Wolf, Miriam and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Purpose, Commitment and Coordination Around Small Wins: A Proactive Approach to Governance in Integrated Hybrid Organizations}, series = {VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {30}, journal = {VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1007/s11266-019-00116-5}, pages = {535 -- 548}, abstract = {Integrated hybrid organizations, for instance social enterprises that pursue both social and economic goals through a single activity, are seen by many as promising vehicles to create social value while remaining economically sustainable. At the same time, they are said to run the risk of mission drift—losing sight of their social mission while navigating market and political pressures. While organizational governance mechanisms that ensure the overall direction, control and accountability of the organization are considered key to avoiding mission drift, scholars have argued that traditional governance mechanisms may not work in the context of social enterprises. Drawing on the legacy of old institutional theory, this article proposes a proactive approach to governance in social enterprises. We complement and go beyond control and compliance approaches and introduce a governance approach focused on purpose, commitment and coordinating around small wins. We propose that these three interlocking governance mechanisms allow social enterprises to mitigate the risk of mission drift in a proactive rather than reactive manner.}, language = {en} } @incollection{BattilanaButlerKimseyetal., author = {Battilana, Julie and Butler, Brittany and Kimsey, Marissa and Mair, Johanna and Marquis, Christopher and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Problem, person, and pathway: A framework for social innovators}, series = {Handbook of Inclusive Innovation}, booktitle = {Handbook of Inclusive Innovation}, editor = {George, Gerard and Baker, Ted and Tracey, Paul and Joshi, Havovi}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781786436009}, doi = {10.4337/9781786436016}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {61 -- 74}, language = {en} } @article{RommeAnsellBucketal., author = {Romme, Georges and Ansell, Chris and Buck, John and Choi, Younghoon and van der Eyden, Rob and Figueroa Huencho, Ver{\´o}nica and John, Edwin and Kunkler, Tracy and Mair, Johanna and Meijer, Albert and Meyer, Renate and Stephenson, Karen and V{\"a}likangas,, Liisa and Whitestone, Nathaniel and Yu, Cordelia}, title = {United People: Designing a New Model of Global Governance}, series = {Journal of Asian Scientific Research}, volume = {8}, journal = {Journal of Asian Scientific Research}, number = {4}, issn = {2223-1331}, doi = {10.18488/journal.2.2018.84.152.170}, pages = {152 -- 170}, language = {en} } @incollection{ZilberAmisMair, author = {Zilber, Tammar B. and Amis, John M. and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Dismantling the Master's House Using the Master's Tools: On the Sociology of Organizational Knowledge}, series = {Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Volume 59)}, volume = {59}, booktitle = {Research in the Sociology of Organizations (Volume 59)}, editor = {Zilber, Tammar B. and Amis, John M. and Mair, Johanna}, isbn = {978-1-78769-184-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {19}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairReischauer, author = {Mair, Johanna and Reischauer, Georg}, title = {Plurality and Effects of the Sharing Economy}, series = {Atlas of Social Innovation}, booktitle = {Atlas of Social Innovation}, publisher = {oekoem verlag}, address = {Munich}, isbn = {9783962381578}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {30 -- 33}, language = {en} } @article{HehenbergerMairMetz, author = {Hehenberger, Lisa and Mair, Johanna and Metz, Ashley}, title = {The Assembly of a Field Ideology: An Idea-Centric Perspective on Systemic Power in Impact Investing}, series = {Academy of Management Journal}, volume = {62}, journal = {Academy of Management Journal}, number = {6}, doi = {10.5465/amj.2017.1402}, pages = {1672 -- 1704}, abstract = {We advance a novel idea-centric perspective to study power-laden aspects of institutional life in fields. Our study includes data from the field of impact investing in Europe from 2006-2018, collected from the inside and analyzed collaboratively by inside and outside researchers. We develop an analytical tool based on dichotomies to detect latent forms of conflict that easily remain unnoticed and to see how some ideas become dominant while others are abandoned or sidelined. We display the assembly of a field ideology—a coherent system of ideas that shapes thinking, reasoning and acting in a field. Furthermore, we specify suppression as a mechanism that gives rise to and perpetuates systemic power in fields, restricting options and shaping what is valued. Our study provides insights into the dynamic nature of institutional life in fields, including alternative paths not taken and possible futures.}, language = {en} } @article{UzoMairAdewusi, author = {Uzo, Uchenna and Mair, Johanna and Adewusi, Adedeji}, title = {Relational activities and channel contracts: Insights from channel intermediaries in Nigeria}, series = {Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation}, volume = {4}, journal = {Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation}, number = {1-2}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2055563619867341}, pages = {75 -- 97}, abstract = {This article explains how relational activities affect the design of seemingly paradoxical contractual arrangements among groups of channel intermediaries in Nigeria. The study used a grounded theory approach to investigate and analyze the contractual processes of three groups of channel intermediaries representing three diverse industries. Findings reveal that social relational activities trigger a higher prevalence of word-of-mouth agreements among channel intermediaries, whereas a blend of commercial and social relational activities trigger a higher prevalence of written agreements. Furthermore, we find that negotiation domains moderate the relationship between relational activities and the design of contractual arrangements. Insights from our work offer contributions to the literature on paradoxes, relational embeddedness, and international business.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Social Entrepreneurship: Research as Disciplined Exploration}, series = {The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook}, booktitle = {The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook}, editor = {Powell, Walter W. and Bromley, Patricia}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, address = {Stanford}, isbn = {9781503608047}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {Social enterprises address social problem by means of markets. Over the last two decades they have become increasingly popular across geographies. During this time open contestation and ideological debates over the promise, intention and meaning of social entrepreneurship have dominated public discourse but also inhibited the development of a solid knowledge base on social enterprises as a form of organizing in the spectrum of private action for public purpose. The dominant way of seeing social enterprises as pursuing dual - commercial and social - goals and as ideal sites to study the battle of logics confines our way of looking and limit the theorizing potential around social enterprise. In this chapter I advocate for disciplined exploration approach to study social enterprises to expose this potential. I draw from a collaborative research project involving 1,045 social enterprises across nine countries and show patterns and common features of social enterprises regarding their choice of legal form, their participation in the market for public purpose, their social footprint, and their role in changing local institutional arrangements. I argue that embracing rather than taming the diversity of social enterprises opens opportunities for developing new but more importantly for recasting, refining and connecting existing theories.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SeelosMair, author = {Seelos, Christian and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Social Innovation: Specifying Pathways for Impact}, series = {Research Handbook of Responsible Management}, booktitle = {Research Handbook of Responsible Management}, editor = {Laasch, Oliver and Jamali, Dima and Freeman, R. E. and Suddaby, Roy}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham,UK}, isbn = {9781788971959}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {Outlining both historical foundations and the latest research trends, this Research Handbook offers a unique and cutting-edge overview of the numerous avenues to responsible management. Opening with a conceptual mapping of the field, thought leaders such as Henry Mintzberg and Archie Carroll present foundational and controversial views. Frameworks such as sustainability management, responsible leadership, humanistic and biomimetic management are introduced. Glocal approaches include responsible management with Chinese characteristics, West African Yoruba, and American Pragmatism. Exploring frameworks for the responsible management process, such as theories of practice, and for responsible management learning and innovation, readers are introduced to key methods responsible management research, such as participatory action research. Groundbreaking in scope and depth, this Handbook caters to the responsible management research community, particularly to the Academy of Management and to United Nations PRME signatory business schools. Policymakers and practitioners will benefit from its insight into the latest advances in responsible management research.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MaurerMairOberg, author = {Maurer, Indre and Mair, Johanna and Oberg, Achim}, title = {Variety and Trajectories of New Forms of Organizing in the Sharing Economy: A Research Agenda}, series = {Theorizing the Sharing Economy: Varieties and Trajectories of New Forms of Organizing, Research in the Sociology of Organizations}, booktitle = {Theorizing the Sharing Economy: Varieties and Trajectories of New Forms of Organizing, Research in the Sociology of Organizations}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, address = {Bingley, UK}, isbn = {9781787561809}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {1 -- 23}, abstract = {The sharing economy is one of the most influential developments of the last decade. The emergence of new forms of organizing it brings with it has affected modern (business) life at multiple levels: Sharing organizations have blurred the distinction between the individual roles of provider, user, and employee; they have introduced organizational practices of coordinating members and communities; and they have sparked societal, political, and economic debates in multiple fields. These dynamics at the individual, organizational, and field level provide an opportunity for organization scholars to take stock of and theorize the sharing economy. This volume takes advantage of this opportunity by presenting a collection of empirical and conceptual work that explores the variety and the trajectories of new forms of organizing in the sharing economy, and in doing so builds on, rejuvenates, and refines existing organization theories. Together, the chapters included in this volume offer a comprehensive overview of theoretically grounded research that deepens our understanding of new forms of organizing and indicates future avenues for research.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {Social Entrepreneurship: Prospects for the Study of Market Based Activity and Social Change}, series = {The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological and Organizational Perspectives}, booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological and Organizational Perspectives}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {9780198802280}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {359 -- 373}, abstract = {Corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to grow as an area of interest in academia and business. Encompassing broad topics such as the relationship between business, society, and government, environmental issues, globalization, and the social and ethical dimensions of management and corporate operation, CSR has become an increasingly interdisciplinary subject relevant to areas of economics, sociology, and psychology, among others. New directions in CSR research include advanced 'micro' based investigations in organizational behaviour and human resource management, additional studies of environmental social responsibility and sustainability, further research on 'strategic' CSR, connections between social responsibility and entrepreneurship, and improvements in methods and data analysis as the field matures. Through authoritative contributions from international scholars across the social sciences, this Handbook provides a cohesive overview of this recent expansion. It introduces new perspectives, new methodologies, and new evidence from a range of disciplines to encourage and facilitate interdisciplinary research and global implementation of corporate social responsibility.}, language = {en} } @misc{MaurerMairOberg, author = {Maurer, Indre and Mair, Johanna and Oberg, Achim}, title = {Theorizing the Sharing Economy: Varieties and Trajectories of New Forms of Organizing.}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, address = {Bingley, UK}, isbn = {9781787561809}, pages = {304}, abstract = {The sharing economy is one of the most influential developments of the last decade. The emergence of new forms of organizing it brings with it has affected modern (business) life at multiple levels: Sharing organizations have blurred the distinction between the individual roles of provider, user, and employee; they have introduced organizational practices of coordinating members and communities; and they have sparked societal, political, and economic debates in multiple fields. These dynamics at the individual, organizational, and field level provide an opportunity for organization scholars to take stock of and theorize the sharing economy. This volume takes advantage of this opportunity by presenting a collection of empirical and conceptual work that explores the variety and the trajectories of new forms of organizing in the sharing economy, and in doing so builds on, rejuvenates, and refines existing organization theories. Together, the chapters included in this volume offer a comprehensive overview of theoretically grounded research that deepens our understanding of new forms of organizing and indicates future avenues for research.}, language = {en} } @misc{ZilberAmisMair, author = {Zilber, Tammar B. and Amis, John M. and Mair, Johanna}, title = {The Production of Managerial Knowledge and Organizational Theory: New Approaches to Writing, Producing and Consuming Theory}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, address = {Bingley, UK}, isbn = {9781787691841}, pages = {296}, abstract = {As organizational scholars, we are accustomed to using theoretical lenses to understand organizational practices and outcomes. That is, we conceptualize what people do, feel and think in their everyday organizational interactions through the use of theoretical language and models to uncover individual and/or social antecedents and outcomes. We tend to ignore, however, how our own day-to-day work as scholars - doing research - is subjected to the same pressures, affected by similar factors, and should be accounted for through similar modes of analyses. We treat our studies and theories as solid anchor points and as objective truths rather than as constructions embedded within individual, organizational, field and societal contexts. This volume is a must read for all researchers interested in understanding our own craft. Building on established traditions in the sociology of knowledge, we direct a reflective and critical gaze towards the structures, practices and meaning systems that ground and shape how we produce and consume managerial knowledge and organization theory. The volume includes both empirically-based papers and reflective essays that explore theoretical concepts and analytical reasoning to explain, critique and advance the ways in which we write about, produce, and consume theory.}, language = {en} } @article{AmisMairMunir, author = {Amis, John M. and Mair, Johanna and Munir, Kamal A.}, title = {The Organizational Reproduction of Inequality}, series = {Academy of Management Annals}, volume = {14}, journal = {Academy of Management Annals}, number = {1}, doi = {10.5465/annals.2017.0033}, abstract = {With societal inequalities continuing to increase and organizations providing the vast majority of people with their income, we wanted to assess the ways in which organizational practices are implicated in the burgeoning of social and economic inequality. Following an integrative review of the literature drawn from across the social sciences, we found that the multiple ways in which five major organizational practices - hiring, role allocation, promotion, compensation and structuring - are enacted emerged as being central to the reproduction of inequality. We also uncovered how the persistence of these practices, and the inequality they induce, can be largely attributed to a constellation of three highly institutionalized myths, efficiency, meritocracy and positive globalization. Our analysis further reveals how, as scholars, we bear a corresponding responsibility to reconsider how we engage in research on and teaching about organizations. The implications of this for our future work are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{Mair, author = {Mair, Johanna}, title = {Scaling innovative ideas to create inclusive labour markets}, series = {Nature Human Behaviour}, volume = {2}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, issn = {ISSN 2397-3374 (online)}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-018-0352-1}, pages = {884}, language = {en} } @article{MairMayerLutz, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mayer, Judith and Lutz, Eva}, title = {Navigating Institutional Plurality: Organizational Governance in Hybrid Organizations}, series = {Organization Studies}, volume = {36}, journal = {Organization Studies}, number = {6}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, address = {Sage UK: London, England}, issn = {0170-8406}, doi = {10.1177/0170840615580007}, pages = {713 -- 739}, abstract = {Hybrid organizations operate in a context of institutional plurality and enact elements of multiple, often conflicting institutional logics. Governance is highly relevant in navigating such an environment. This study examines how hybrid organizations set up their governance structures and practices. Building on survey data from 70 social enterprises, a subset of hybrid organizations, we identify two types of hybrid organization: conforming hybrids rely on the prioritization of a single institutional logic and dissenting hybrids use defiance, selective coupling and innovation as mechanisms to combine and balance the prescriptions of several institutional logics. We illustrate these mechanisms by drawing on the qualitative analysis of selected cases. This study refines current debates on social enterprises as hybrid organizations. Based on our findings, we speculate that some social enterprises might assume hybridity for symbolic reasons while others - genuine hybrids - do so for substantive reasons.}, subject = {-}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {Let's Talk about Problems: Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing, Social Enterprises, and Institutional Context}, series = {Organizational Hybridity: Perspectives, Processes, Promises (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 69)}, booktitle = {Organizational Hybridity: Perspectives, Processes, Promises (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 69)}, editor = {Besharov, Marya and Mitzinneck, Bjoern}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, doi = {10.1108/S0733-558X20200000069009}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {189 -- 208}, abstract = {Social enterprises have long been considered ideal settings for studying hybrid organizing due to their combination of social and economic goals and activities. In this chapter, the authors argue that the current research focus on hybrid organizing foregrounds the paradox, conflicting logics, and multiple identities associated with the pursuit of multiple goals but underappreciates the relationship between hybrid organizing and its institutional context. Recognizing that the primary objective of social enterprises is to tackle social problems, the authors introduce the social problem domain as an analytically useful and theoretically interesting meso-level to examine the role of context for hybrid organizing and to advance conversations on hybridity in organizational theory. Social problem domains offer insights into the political, cultural, and material differences in how various societies deal with social problems, which in turn affects hybrid organizing. The authors provide empirical insights derived from an analysis of social enterprises across three countries and social problem domains. The authors show how the institutional arrangements of social enterprises differ considerably across contexts, and how these arrangements affect how social enterprises become more or less similar compared to traditional ways of organizing in these problem domains. Based on these findings, the authors outline a research agenda on social enterprises that focuses on examining the nature, antecedents, and outcomes of hybrid organizing around social problems across multiple levels of analysis. With this chapter, the authors move the focus of social enterprise research in organizational theory from studying how these organizations cope with multiple logics and goals toward studying how they engage in markets for public purpose.}, language = {en} } @article{ChandraShangMair, author = {Chandra, Yanto and Shang, Liang and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Drivers of success in social innovation: Insights into competition in open social innovation contests}, series = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, volume = {16}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00257}, abstract = {Social innovation is a fast-growing field of practice that has caught the attention of management and entrepreneurship scholars. The recent excitement surrounding "open social innovation" contests raises the question of what makes social innovation solutions successful contenders in these ubiquitous contests. We used uniquely assembled data, including data generated from external evaluators, to explore what determines success in an open social innovation contest (n = 150 out of 871 entries) in the field of poverty alleviation. We found that innovators who had networks with corporations and those who had commercial orientations were more likely to succeed in open social innovation contests. We also discovered that the perceived usefulness and innovativeness of social innovation solutions mediated these positive relationships. Our study offers early insights that deepen our understanding of success in the growing practice of open social innovation.}, language = {en} } @article{UzoMair, author = {Uzo, Uchenna and Mair, Johanna}, title = {How informality affects habitual improvisation in firms: insights from the Nigerian movie industry}, series = {International Studies of Management \& Organization}, volume = {51}, journal = {International Studies of Management \& Organization}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1080/00208825.2021.1898102}, pages = {162 -- 184}, abstract = {Research has often underestimated the pervasive and global occurrence of informality because studies largely define informality as illegal economic practices. This study adopts a multidimensional view of informality to explain how and why firms habitually improvise even when they do not experience unexpected or extreme eventualities. We addressed this concern through a comparative ethnographic study of three film production crews in the Nigerian movie industry. Our findings unravel the multiple dimensions of informality and define habitual improvization. We build a theoretical model that traces the organizing principles of informality and how they affect the modes of implementation and outcomes of habitual improvization. Finally, we offer an agenda for future theoretical and empirical research on informality and organizational improvization.}, language = {en} } @article{UzoMairAdewusi, author = {Uzo, Uchenna and Mair, Johanna and Adewusi, Adedeji}, title = {How firms strategically navigate informal and formal copyright practices: insights from Nollywood}, series = {International Journal of Organizational Analysis}, volume = {ahead-of-print}, journal = {International Journal of Organizational Analysis}, number = {ahead-of-print}, issn = {1934-8835}, doi = {10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2236}, abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain how and why firms configure copyright practices when confronted with state-sanctioned laws and informal customs projected by local ethnic or religious communities. Design/methodology/approach A multi-case inductive study of four film-producing organizations within the Nigerian film industry (i.e. Nollywood) was conducted. Specifically considered were firms that started their operations around the same time with similar founding conditions, experiences, resources and technical competencies. Field observations and multiple rounds of in-depth interviews were conducted to achieve the research objectives. Findings The study found that firms adopted dominant or hybrid configurations when interacting with informality and formality. Dominant configurations represent the exclusive adoption of informal copyright practices while hybrid configurations refer to the blended use of informal and formal copyright practices. The second set of findings revealed that each firm's strategic intent affected the type of interactional configuration that unfolded in the firm. Specifically, firms with social intents tended to adopt dominant configurations, whereas firms with socio-economic intents tended to adopt hybrid configurations. Practical implications The study implies that firms may profit from strategically focusing on when and in what circumstances to adopt informality. Strategic intents that blend social and economic rationales may secure more positive interactive outcomes from internal and external stakeholders promoting formality and informality. Social implications This study highlights the fact that firms embedded in local religious and ethnic communities use organizational practices to solve social and institutional problems of their members. The copyright practices of these organizations encourage apprenticeship, youth empowerment and entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Originality/value To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that goes beyond macro-level analysis to investigate the interactional dynamics between formality and informality at the firm, community, and state levels. The study is also first of its kind to use copyright practices as an analytical lens to explore the interaction between informality and formality.}, language = {en} } @techreport{MairGegenhuber, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Mair, Johanna and Gegenhuber, Thomas}, title = {Open Social Innovation}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, pages = {26 -- 33}, language = {en} } @article{ChliovaMairVernis, author = {Chliova, Myrto and Mair, Johanna and Vernis, Alfred}, title = {Persistent Category Ambiguity: The case of social entrepreneurship}, series = {Organization Studies}, volume = {41}, journal = {Organization Studies}, number = {7}, editor = {Delmestri, Giuseppe and Wezel, Filippo Carlo and Goodrick, Elizabeth and Washington, Marvin}, publisher = {SAGE Publications}, address = {Sage UK: London, England}, issn = {0170-8406 (print), 1741-3044 (online)}, doi = {10.1177/0170840620905168}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-35701}, pages = {1019 -- 1042}, abstract = {Literature on categories recognizes that in the early stages of a category, ambiguity can arise from divergent frames used to define the category. Yet it also largely expects this ambiguity to be either temporary, or else detrimental to the survival and evolution of the category. In this study, we demonstrate and explain how, alternatively, category ambiguity can persist when multiple frames continue to be applied to a category as it progresses into maturity. Drawing on an in-depth qualitative study of the case of social entrepreneurship, we examine how and under what conditions this outcome occurs. We specify two co-occurring conditions that prompt category stakeholders to shift their framing from exclusive to inclusive, enabling category ambiguity to persist. We furthermore show how the use of category frames that draw from pre-existing resonant categories supports the persistence of category ambiguity. We contribute to literature on categories by clarifying the antecedents of category evolution towards a trajectory of persistent ambiguity.}, subject = {-}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairReischauer, author = {Mair, Johanna and Reischauer, Georg}, title = {Sharing Economy}, series = {International Encyclopedia of Civil Society}, booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of Civil Society}, editor = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Toepler, Stefan and List, Regina}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-99675-2_9558-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {The sharing economy can be understood as a web of markets in which individuals exchange goods and services. Market exchange is typically based on transactions mediated by a digital platform operated by an organization (Mair and Reischauer 2017). The multiple legal forms, orientations, and modes of compensation these organizations adopt combined with the broad range of markets including food, tool, and ride-sharing exemplify the potential of the sharing economy to nurture alternative forms of organizing with social purpose (Mair and Rathert forthcoming) to affect the economy, society, and the environment in new ways (Frenken and Schor 2017).}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {Sozialunternehmertum}, series = {Handbuch Innovationsforschung}, booktitle = {Handbuch Innovationsforschung}, editor = {Bl{\"a}ttel-Mink, Birgit and Schulz-Schaeffer, Ingo and Windeler, Arnold}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {Printed: 978-3-658-17668-6 / eBook: 978-3-658-17668-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {Sozialunternehmertum bezieht sich auf die innovative Nutzung wie Kombination von Ressourcen zur Bew{\"a}ltigung sozialer Probleme und Bed{\"u}rfnisse. Wir zeichnen Debatten um die Definition von Sozialunternehmertum nach und stellen institutionellen Wandel und die Verfolgung vielf{\"a}ltiger Ziele als Schl{\"u}sselmerkmale von Sozialunternehmertum heraus. Auf Basis einer Diskussion verschiedener Arbeiten der Management-, Organisations- und Unternehmertumsforschung er{\"o}ffnen wir eine pr{\"a}gnante und generative Perspektive auf Sozialunternehmertum. Sie soll helfen, die Erforschung sozialer Innovationen voran zu treiben.}, language = {de} } @techreport{MairGegenhuberLuehrsenetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Mair, Johanna and Gegenhuber, Thomas and L{\"u}hrsen, Ren{\´e} and Th{\"a}ter, Laura}, title = {UpdateDeutschland: Open Social Innovation - thinking ahead and learning}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-4292}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42922}, pages = {53}, abstract = {This Learning Report is the result of the accompanying research project on the Open Social Innovation format UpdateDeutschland. The aim is to equip all interested parties with concepts, language and insights to better understand and jointly develop Open Social Innovation. The Learning Report provides an overview of UpdateDeutschland and uses UpdateDeutschland to explain the Open Social Innovation process; analyzes data around challenges, participation, and activity to deepen understanding of the Open Social Innovation methodology in UpdateDeutschland; highlights four different pathways that symbolize how impact was created in UpdateDeutschland; illuminates what broader benefits and challenges emerged for administrations throughout the process; addresses four key organizational challenges; and offers a critical reflection on Open Social Innovation and highlights its transformative potential.}, language = {en} } @article{MairSeelos, author = {Mair, Johanna and Seelos, Christian}, title = {Organizations, Social Problems, and System Change: Invigorating the Third Mandate of Organizational Research}, series = {Organization Theory}, volume = {2}, journal = {Organization Theory}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1177/26317877211054858}, pages = {1 -- 22}, abstract = {Organizations across sectors appear to be shifting their ambitions from solving social problems to changing entire social systems. This phenomenon offers a timely opportunity to revisit what came to be known as the third mandate of organizational theory. In this paper we interrogate how organizational scholarship can productively explore and theorize the relationship between organizations and social systems in organized system change - an effort by organizations to alter the conditions that generate the characteristics of social problems and their dynamics of change. As a basis for theorizing organized system change, we develop an analytical scaffold that helps researchers to attend to fundamental aspects of the phenomenon and to achieve parsimony without blanking out complexity. Grounded in realist metatheory and principles, the scaffold reduces ambiguity, provides a backbone for empirical analysis, and favours mechanism-based explanation. We suggest that generating theoretically interesting and practically adequate knowledge on organized system change requires attention to three system realms: First, the subjectively constructed problem realm of systems concerned with processes of evaluating and problematizing situations. Second, the objectively constituted situational realm that attends to factual characteristics of situations and their dynamics of change. And third, the realm of causality understood as the mechanisms that generate both the objective characteristics of situations and the subjective criteria by which situations are evaluated as problems. In concluding, we reflect on the topics of boundaries and power as two promising areas for theorizing organized system change.}, language = {en} } @article{CunhaGomesKamocheetal., author = {Cunha, Miguel Pina e and Gomes, Emanuel and Kamoche, Ken and Mair, Johanna and Miner, Anne and Tarba, Shlomo}, title = {Improvisation, strategy, and strategic improvisation in emerging markets}, series = {European Management Review}, volume = {19}, journal = {European Management Review}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1111/emre.12543}, pages = {349 -- 356}, language = {en} } @techreport{LechtermanMair, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lechterman, Theodore and Mair, Johanna}, title = {The Societal Role of Social Entrepreneurship}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, doi = {10.48558/G78A-J256}, language = {en} } @techreport{SeelosSoferBurtonetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Seelos, Christian and Sofer, Miki and Burton, Caitlin and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Making Health Innovations Thrive in Africa}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, doi = {10.48558/XCTW-2515}, abstract = {Many hurdles stand in the way of successful innovation. The case of Zipline, an autonomous drone delivery platform, demonstrates many of the pitfalls of the dominant modes of development in Africa, along with some potential solutions.}, language = {en} } @techreport{MairKindtMena, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Mair, Johanna and Kindt, Josefa and Mena, S{\´e}bastien}, title = {The Emerging Field of Political Innovation}, series = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, volume = {21}, journal = {Stanford Social Innovation Review}, number = {2}, doi = {10.48558/R5XX-CP70}, pages = {24 -- 29}, abstract = {Civil society has attended to social problems for decades while intentionally refraining from overt engagement with politics. But a new field of practice seeks to reinvigorate democracy by emancipating social innovation from this stricture.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SeelosMairTraegeretal., author = {Seelos, Christian and Mair, Johanna and Traeger, Charlotte and Nolting, Fenja}, title = {Advancing Phenomenon-Based Research on Complex Societal Challenges: The Case of Homelessness}, series = {Big Picture Approaches to the Impact of Social Innovations}, volume = {96}, booktitle = {Big Picture Approaches to the Impact of Social Innovations}, editor = {Dorado, Silvia and Haugh, Helen and Wadhwani, R. Daniel and Hamann, Ralph}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, isbn = {978-1-83608-528-7}, doi = {10.1108/s0733-558x20250000096002}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {25 -- 50}, abstract = {We advance organizational research on complex societal challenges and showcase the relevance of a system perspective to analyze organized efforts to address homelessness as a social problem. We adopt a phenomenon-based approach to theorizing and generate plausible explanations by analyzing historical accounts of decisions and actions taken to tackle homelessness by various actors across different sectors in the United States between 1960 and 2021. We apply an analytical scaffolding proposed by Mair and Seelos (2021) to examine how organizations intervene in social systems and explicate the causal, situation, and problem realms of homelessness. Attending to these three realms helps to reveal how homelessness was problematized differently over time and to examine how different causal assumptions shaped organizational decisions about developing and scaling solutions to homelessness. Based on our analysis, we develop a series of propositions that capture contextualized insights on the characteristics and consequences of efforts to address homelessness, accounting for linkages between the causal, situation, and problem realms of homelessness. Finally, our analytical and theoretical approach helps uncover the interconnectedness of scaling and scale, providing valuable insights for theory and policy.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {Social Entrepreneurship}, series = {Handbook of Innovation}, booktitle = {Handbook of Innovation}, editor = {Schulz-Schaeffer, Ingo and Windeler, Arnold and Bl{\"a}ttel-Mink, Birgit}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland AG}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-031-25143-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-25143-6_25-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {Social entrepreneurship refers to the innovative use and combination of resources to address social problems and needs. Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises constitute an increasingly relevant form of organizing across different contexts, reflected in growing interest from policymakers in Europe and beyond. We provide an overview of definitional debates around social entrepreneurship and focus on institutional change and the pursuit of multiple goals as key characteristics of social entrepreneurship. These characteristics set social entrepreneurship apart from commercial entrepreneurship focused on providing products and services but also create unique challenges. On the one hand, as research on social entrepreneurship and institutional change has shown, social entrepreneurship involves the consideration of the context-specific nature of social problems and social innovations. In addition, scholarship on social entrepreneurship and the pursuit of multiple goals emphasizes a set of resulting demands on organizational governance, including ensuring accountability and acquiring resources while straddling diverse institutional contexts. Interrogating the existing literature in management, organization, and entrepreneurship studies on these aspects, our discussion offers a succinct and generative perspective on social entrepreneurship that helps to advance the study of social innovation.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairWolfIoan, author = {Mair, Johanna and Wolf, Miriam and Ioan, Alexandra}, title = {Governance in Social Enterprises}, series = {Advances in Corporate Governance: Comparative Perspectives.}, booktitle = {Advances in Corporate Governance: Comparative Perspectives.}, editor = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Baums, Theodor}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {9780198866367}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {180 -- 202}, abstract = {Social enterprises are organisations that pursue a social mission using market mechanisms. From a policy perspective, they are promising vehicles to create both social and economic value for society in times when public funds are shrinking and the financial viability of charities and non-profit organisations (NPOs) is increasingly at stake. From a civil society perspective, they are an important organisational form to ensure longevity, financial viability, and sustainability of mission-driven organisations. Social enterprises are neither typical charities nor typical businesses but combine aspects of both, using commercial activities as means toward social ends. They are often small or medium-sized1 and do not draw on highly elaborated governance arrangements as do larger for- or non-profit organisations. Governance often resembles a grey zone for these organisations, and the approach social enterprises adopt ranges from formal, legally binding arrangements to more flexible and context-based ones.}, language = {en} } @incollection{MairWolf, author = {Mair, Johanna and Wolf, Miriam}, title = {Hybrid Organizations as Sites for Reimagining Organizational Governance.}, series = {Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance. Research Handbooks in Business and Management series.}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance. Research Handbooks in Business and Management series.}, editor = {Donnelly-Cox, Gemma and Meyer, Michael and Wijkstr{\"o}m, Filip}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781788114905}, doi = {10.4337/9781788114912.00027}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {311 -- 325}, abstract = {In this chapter we argue that hybrid organizations, i.e., organizations pursuing dual goals, are an important site for rethinking and potentially recasting our perspective on organizational governance. We give an overview of the specific governance challenges hybrid organizations face and probe conventional and more novel approaches and their potential to understand governance in hybrid organizations. Introducing empirical findings from a large-scale qualitative and quantitative study about governance in social enterprises, we propose to complement the reactive approach dominant in the governance literature with a more proactive approach: drawing on the work of Philip Selznick, we introduce a governance approach focused on purpose, commitment and new ways of coordination. We propose that these three interlocking governance mechanisms allow hybrid organizations such as social enterprises to mitigate governance challenges such as the risk of mission drift in a proactive rather than reactive manner.}, language = {en} } @article{BitektineHaackBothelloetal., author = {Bitektine, Alex and Haack, Patrick and Bothello, Joel and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Inhabited actors: Internalizing institutions through communication and actorhood models.}, series = {Journal of Management Studies}, journal = {Journal of Management Studies}, doi = {10.1111/JOMS.12560}, abstract = {We argue that accounts of relationships among actors, actorhood and institutions are predominantly based on a spatial metaphor of actors operating within institutions. We outline how an inversion of this metaphor - i.e., the perspective that institutions inhabit actors - may prove generative for theory, particularly with respect to recent discussions about the microfoundations of institutions. We outline how communication and actorhood models function as transmission mechanisms of institutions from one actor to another. We conclude with a discussion of how the inverted metaphor of institutions inhabiting actors can be useful for future theoretical developments.}, language = {en} } @article{WeberOkrakuMairetal., author = {Weber, Clarissa E. and Okraku, Mark and Mair, Johanna and Maurer, Indre}, title = {Steering the transition from informal to formal service provision: labor platforms in emerging-market countries.}, series = {Socio-Economic Review}, journal = {Socio-Economic Review}, doi = {10.1093/ser/mwab008}, pages = {1 -- 30}, abstract = {Services that are especially suited to being offered via online labor platforms, such as cleaning, driving and tutoring, are frequently performed in an informal way, especially in emerging-market countries. The informal economy is thus important for recruiting workers for labor platforms. Platform use, however, requires formal service provision, which workers in the informal economy often resist. Thus, labor platforms have to promote workers' transition from informal to formal service provision. While recent studies have hinted at labor platforms' fostering of formal economic activity, we know little about how such intermediation unfolds. We use a process lens and comprehensive qualitative data on labor platforms in Panama and Mexico to study how labor platforms steer workers to formal service provision. Detailing the interactive process of workers transitioning to formal service provision as triggered by labor platforms, we add to platform research and literature on intermediation between informal and formal economic activity.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SezgiMair, author = {Sezgi, Funda and Mair, Johanna}, title = {To Control or Not Control: A Coordination Perspective to Scaling.}, series = {Sustainable Consumption and Production, Volume II.}, volume = {II}, booktitle = {Sustainable Consumption and Production, Volume II.}, editor = {Bali Swain, Ranjula and Sweet, Susanne}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {Print ISBN: 978-3-030-55284-8 | Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-55285-5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-55285-5_15}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {355 -- 376}, abstract = {In this chapter, we assess the link between scaling, control and organizational achievements. We argue that control is essential to coordinate organizational members towards a common and shared goal and to provide guardrails for scaling. We use the experience of the Aravind Eye Care System, a non-profit organization based in India providing eye care services to poor people to specify the mechanisms employed by Aravind underpinning three popular organizational scaling modes—branching, affiliation and dissemination. Our objective is to show how control and scaling can be combined in order to protect the value base of a social enterprise and at the same time ensure growth.}, language = {en} } @techreport{MairGegenhuberThaeteretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Mair, Johanna and Gegenhuber, Thomas and Th{\"a}ter, Laura and L{\"u}hrsen, Ren{\´e}}, title = {Learning Report. Open Social Innovation: Gemeinsam Lernen aus \#WirvsVirus}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-3782}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-37823}, pages = {22}, abstract = {Das \#WirvsVirus Begleitforschungsprogramm Seit dem Start des Hackathons begleiten wir, Prof. Johanna Mair (Hertie School und Stanford University), Thomas Gegenhuber (Leuphana Universit{\"a}t und JKU Linz), Ren{\´e} L{\"u}hrsen und Laura Th{\"a}ter (wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter*innen) den \#WirvsVirus Hackathon und das Umsetzungsprogramm. Ziel ist es zu erforschen, welche Lehren aus diesem Experiment f{\"u}r k{\"u}nftige Initiativen gezogen werden k{\"o}nnen. Wir als Forschungsteam verstehen uns als Lernpartner*innen dieses Experiments: Neben regelm{\"a}ßigem Austausch mit den \#WirvsVirus Organisator*innen schufen wir eine respekt¬volle, kollaborative Umgebung f{\"u}r gemeinsames Lernen mit allen beteiligten Interessensgruppen. Die Datenerhebung besteht aus 200+ semi-strukturierten Interviews mit allen Interessensgruppen (Teams, Organisator*innen, Pat*innen und Unterst{\"u}tzer*innen, sowie politische und zivilgesell¬schaftliche Akteure), Dokumentenanalyse (z.B. Analyse von Medienartikeln) sowie teilnehmende Beobachtungen (circa 650 Stunden Begleitung in „Echtzeit", wie z.B. Teilnahme an Community- Calls). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus organisierten wir am Ende des Umsetzungsprogramms einen Workshop mit ausgew{\"a}hlten Teams, bei dem wir gemeinsam die Innovationsreise der einzelnen Projekte reflek¬tierten. Unsere Analysen basieren auf den empirischen Daten, die wir im Zeitraum eines knappen Jahres - von M{\"a}rz 2020 bis Februar 2021 - sammeln konnten. Unsere Analysemethoden und -werkzeuge, sowie die Modelle, die wir anwenden und entwickeln, sind inspiriert von zahlreichen Vor¬denker*innen (s. Literaturliste). Die ersten Ergebnisse aus dieser Forschungsphase sind der vorliegende Learning Report und der bereits ver{\"o}ffentlichte Policy Brief. Diese Ergebnisse erg{\"a}nzen die Abschlussberichte der Organisa¬tor*innen. Das Forschungsprojekt wird vom Bundeskanzleramt bef{\"u}rwortet und dieser Teil wird von der Vodafone Stiftung gef{\"o}rdert.}, language = {de} } @techreport{MairGegenhuberLuehrsenetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Mair, Johanna and Gegenhuber, Thomas and L{\"u}hrsen, Ren{\´e} and Th{\"a}ter, Laura}, title = {UpdateDeutschland: Open Social Innovation weiterdenken und lernen - Learning Report}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-4204}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-42049}, pages = {53}, abstract = {Der vorliegende Learning Report ist Ergebnis des Begleitforschungsprojekts zum Open Social Innovation Format UpdateDeutschland. Ziel ist es, alle Interessierten mit Konzepten, Sprache und Erkenntnissen auszustatten, um Open Social Innovation besser zu verstehen und gemeinsam weiterzuentwickeln. Der Learning Report bietet einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber UpdateDeutschland und erkl{\"a}rt anhand von UpdateDeutschland den Open Social Innovation Prozess; analysiert Daten rund um Herausforderungen, Teilhabe und Aktivit{\"a}t, um das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Open Social Innovation Methode bei UpdateDeutschland zu vertiefen; zeigt vier verschiedene Pfade auf, die versinnbildlichen, wie bei UpdateDeutschland Wirkung entstanden ist; beleuchtet welchen breiteren Nutzen und welche Herausforderungen sich f{\"u}r Verwaltungen im Laufe des Prozesses ergaben; besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit vier zentralen organisatorischen Herausforderungen; und bietet eine kritische Reflexion {\"u}ber Open Social Innovation und zeigt das transformative Potential auf.}, language = {de} } @article{GegenhuberMairLuehrsenetal., author = {Gegenhuber, Thomas and Mair, Johanna and L{\"u}hrsen, Ren{\´e} and Th{\"a}ter, Laura}, title = {Orchestrating distributed data governance in open social innovation}, series = {Information and Organization}, volume = {33}, journal = {Information and Organization}, number = {1}, issn = {1471-7727}, doi = {10.1016/j.infoandorg.2023.100453}, abstract = {Open Social Innovation (OSI) involves the collaboration of multiple stakeholders to generate ideas, and develop and scale solutions to make progress on societal challenges. In an OSI project, stakeholders share data and information, utilize it to better understand a problem, and combine data with digital technologies to create digitally-enabled solutions. Consequently, data governance is essential for orchestrating an OSI project to facilitate the coordination of innovation. Because OSI brings multiple stakeholders together, and each stakeholder participates voluntarily, data governance in OSI has a distributed nature. In this essay we put forward a framework consisting of three dimensions allowing an inquiry into the effectiveness of such distributed data governance: (1) openness (i.e., freely sharing data and information), (2) accountability (i.e., willingness to be held responsible and provide justifications for one's conduct) and (3) power (i.e., resourceful actors' ability to impact other stakeholder's actions). We apply this framework to reflect on the OSI project \#WirVsVirus ("We versus virus" in English), to illustrate the challenges in organizing effective distributed data governance, and derive implications for research and practice.}, language = {en} } @article{JakobSadehMair, author = {Jakob Sadeh, Linda and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Reinforcing Political Inequality Through Diversity Initiatives: A Field-Level Perspective}, series = {Journal of Management}, journal = {Journal of Management}, issn = {0149-2063}, doi = {10.1177/01492063231163579}, abstract = {Although diversity initiatives are considered prominent vessels for addressing inequality and despite massive investments in them, inequality inside organizations persists. Assessments of diversity initiatives often center on economic inequality and view organizations as closed systems to explain why they fail. Building on a 19-month field-level ethnography of the diversity field in Israel targeting Palestinian employment, we examine political inequality and show how it is perpetuated even as economic inequality is dealt with. Our findings reveal that the field is complicit in creating a chasm between the economic and political spheres by positioning diversity initiatives as a means to tackle economic inequality. The field's infrastructure and dominant discourse reinforce this chasm and thereby make political inequality invisible, generating false consciousness. Our study challenges the preoccupation of diversity scholarship with universal best practices, suggests avenues for assessing and managing diversity initiatives while taking stock of political inequality, and directs future research to delve into the relationship between the economic and the political in organizations and our societies.}, language = {en} } @article{BuenderRathertMair, author = {B{\"u}nder, Tobias and Rathert, Nikolas and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Sustaining the Integration of Social Objectives Over Time: A Case-Based Analysis of Access to Medicine in the Pharmaceutical Industry}, series = {Business \& Society}, journal = {Business \& Society}, doi = {10.1177/00076503231182667}, abstract = {Companies increasingly seek to strategically integrate social objectives in commercial activities to address societal challenges, yet little is known about how companies can sustain such a commitment over time. To address this question, we conduct a case-based, abductive study of two pharmaceutical companies widely considered industry leaders in facilitating access to medicine over a 20-year period (2000-2019). We identify product and operation-level integration as distinct types of integration efforts enacted by these companies. Tracing the intraorganizational dynamics associated with these efforts, we theorize that sustained integration is contingent on companies' ability to respond to and address the challenges specific to product and operation-level integration. The theoretical framework we develop contributes to an emerging debate on the potential of companies to make progress on societal challenges by strategically integrating social objectives, including but not limited to those related to global health.}, language = {en} } @incollection{BuenderRathertMair, author = {B{\"u}nder, Tobias and Rathert, Nikolas and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Understanding firm- and field-level change toward sustainable development: insights from the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines, 1960‒2020}, series = {Handbook on the Business of Sustainability}, booktitle = {Handbook on the Business of Sustainability}, editor = {George, Gerard and Haas, Martine and Joshi, Havovi and McGahan, Anita and Tracey, Paul}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781839105333}, doi = {10.4337/9781839105340.00025}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {300 -- 319}, abstract = {Insufficient access to medicines is a persistent global problem that affects billions of people in low- and middle-income countries. In this chapter, we use access to medicines as a case to understand how business can become instrumental in making progress on persistent and global problems we associate with sustainable development. We examine the emergence and evolution of access to medicines as a mandate for the pharmaceutical industry to contribute to sustainable development. More specifically, we trace the historical developments of corporate social initiatives in the industry and revisit existing research on access to medicines in management and related fields. We then introduce three distinct analytical perspectives - field emergence and change, firm heterogeneity, organizational processes - to examine access to medicine, expose managerial challenges and offer a research agenda that helps to advance research on access to medicines and, more generally, on corporate efforts to address pressing global problems subsumed under the Sustainable Development Goals.}, language = {en} } @article{SeelosMairTraeger, author = {Seelos, Christian and Mair, Johanna and Traeger, Charlotte}, title = {The future of grand challenges research: Retiring a hopeful concept and endorsing research principles}, series = {International Journal of Management Reviews}, volume = {25}, journal = {International Journal of Management Reviews}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1111/ijmr.12324}, pages = {251 -- 269}, abstract = {Editorial notes in leading management journals have urged scholars to address Grand Challenges (GC) as an opportunity for producing knowledge that matters for society. This review explores whether current conceptualizations of GC support a productive path for management and organizational scholarship by guiding empirical inquiry, facilitating cumulative theory development, and informing practice. We systematically examine scholarly articles, calls for papers, and editorial notes published in management journals for consistency in how researchers use and define the concept of GC and the scope of associated phenomena and attributes. We find three prominent conceptual architectures in use: discursive, family resemblance, and phenomenon driven. The variety and incoherence of current uses of the GC concept and the lack of efforts to improve its analytical competence lead us to suggest its retirement. Instead, we propose building on the enthusiasm around GC research and using GC as a term to define research principles that collectively help align research efforts and improve theoretical development and practice. The principles we propose capture a genuine origin story for management research on GC.}, language = {en} } @article{MairGegenhuberThaeteretal., author = {Mair, Johanna and Gegenhuber, Thomas and Th{\"a}ter, Laura and L{\"u}hrsen, Ren{\´e}}, title = {Pathways and mechanisms for catalyzing social impact through Orchestration: Insights from an open social innovation project}, series = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00366}, abstract = {Within the entrepreneurship literature, there is a growing interest in understanding collective entrepreneurial approaches to tackling societal challenges. In this study, we examine the orchestration of collective action in an open social innovation project bringing together public administrations, citizens and organized civil society to collaboratively address several societal challenges. Analyzing data generated in-situ and in real-time over the entire duration of the project we show how social impact orchestration can generate impact through four pathways: lead user focus, solution focus, problem focus, and ecosystem focus. For each pathway, we show how orchestration enhanced the impact potential of stakeholders involved by enabling learning and scaling. Our study contributes to the literature on impact entrepreneurship and advances knowledge on orchestrating innovation for social impact.}, language = {en} } @article{ClaassenChoiMair, author = {Claassen, Casper Hendrik and Choi, Jung Eun and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Forging a Local Social Economy: On the Institutional Work of Local Governments in South Korea}, series = {Public Performance \& Management Review}, journal = {Public Performance \& Management Review}, issn = {1530-9576}, doi = {10.1080/15309576.2023.2243467}, abstract = {This study investigates the strategies local governments can employ to stimulate the growth of the local social economy sector—a sector associated with improving residents' subjective well-being. Acknowledging the under-explored but potentially pivotal role of local government as a catalyst, our research uses an institutionalist lens—focusing on institutional work, support, and public-sector entrepreneurship—to examine how local governments can encourage the establishment of social economy organizations. We adopt a Partial Least Squares Model-Structural Equation Modeling approach to analyze data from 69 South Korean urban metropolitan local governments between 2018 and 2020. Our findings reveal a significant positive relationship between the regulatory, administrative, and intermediary support mechanisms implemented by local governments and the scale of the local social economy. By integrating public-sector entrepreneurship with institutional perspectives, our findings enrich existing literature and provide insight into the strategic initiatives local governments can adopt to foster social entrepreneurship.}, language = {en} } @article{MairMenaOezcelik, author = {Mair, Johanna and Mena, S{\´e}bastien and {\"O}zcelik, Melisa}, title = {Political innovation: Prevention is better than cure}, series = {Alliance}, volume = {28}, journal = {Alliance}, number = {4}, pages = {54 -- 56}, language = {en} } @article{GegenhuberMair, author = {Gegenhuber, Thomas and Mair, Johanna}, title = {Open social innovation: taking stock and moving forward}, series = {Industry and Innovation}, volume = {31}, journal = {Industry and Innovation}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1080/13662716.2023.2271863}, pages = {130 -- 157}, abstract = {Open forms of organising innovation bear great potential to address societal challenges, such as the climate crisis. Existing approaches to open social innovation (OSI) draw on a corporate and organisation- centric open innovation model as a blueprint for addressing social and ecological problems. However, such problems are 'wicked' and 'com-plex' in nature and thus require concerted efforts from a diverse set of stakeholders, including businesses, government agencies, non-profits and communities. Based on a review of the open-, user- and social- innovation literature, this essay traces the evolution from an organisa-tion-centric view (OSI 1.0) to a multi-stakeholder, cross- sectoral perspective (OSI 2.0). More specifically, we understand OSI as a concerted effort undertaken by multiple stakeholders from various sectors throughout the social innovation process, from diagnosing societal challenges, to developing ideas for how to solve problems, creating solutions, effectively scaling solutions and generating impact. We sharpen the terminology for OSI 2.0 and specify design dimensions for the effective orchestration of collaboration and coordination, and outline key areas for future research. Our objective is to foster dialogue between open- and user-innovation and social-innovation research.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AngeliniZenaYorganciogluetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Angelini, Antonella and Zena, Al-Esia and Yorgancioglu, Ayse and Bartley, Tim and Bernaz, Nadia and Bianchini, Flaviano and Biro, Flora Panna and Bruder, Ignas and Cavara, Rachele and Cezarino, Luciana Oranges and Crane, Andrew and Giuliani, Elisa and Gustafsson, Maria-Therese and Tamara, Horbachevska and Iatridis, Kostas and Macchi, Chiara and Mair, Johanna and Mena, S{\´e}bastien and Moretti, Anna and Murray, John and Nieri, Federica and Pavlovic, Andjela and Rullani, Francesco and Uvarova, Olena and Zirpoli, Francesco}, title = {Rebalancing disruptive business of multinational corporations and global value chains within democratic and inclusive citizenship processes}, doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4569268}, abstract = {The purpose of this working paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature that explores the relationship between business organizations and democracy. This review draws from various fields, including management, business ethics, sociology, international law, and other relevant disciplines for this Project and has several objectives. Firstly, it aims to provide insight into prior research on how democratic institutions regulate economic actors and how these actors, particularly large multinational corporations (MNCs), resist such regulation. Additionally, it examines how these economic actors develop behaviors and economic models that pose challenges to democratic governance, such as business-related human rights violations. In the initial part of the review, we delve into the historical and contemporary aspects of the relationship between business and democracy. Furthermore, the report explores how companies can contribute to shaping a more democratic future by addressing gaps in governance, especially in cases where populist governments fail to protect the rights of their citizens. It also considers the development of alternative business models, such as social enterprises and cross-sector partnerships. Moreover, it looks into how businesses can actively engage in democratic governance and promote principles of participation. The final section of the working paper involves a bibliometric analysis, including co authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence maps. This analysis is based on key references used by team members in their literature reviews and is designed to examine the connections that exist among various strands of research that support the research questions of the Rebalance Project.}, language = {en} } @article{MairRathert, author = {Mair, Johanna and Rathert, Nikolas}, title = {The Political Side of Social Enterprises: A Phenomenon-Based Study of Sociocultural and Policy Advocacy}, series = {Journal of Management Studies}, journal = {Journal of Management Studies}, doi = {10.1111/joms.13134}, abstract = {This study explores the often-overlooked political dimension of social enterprises, particularly their advocacy activities aimed at influencing public policy, legislation, norms, attitudes, and behaviour. While traditional management research has focused on commercial activity and the beneficiary-oriented aspects of social enterprises, this paper considers their upstream political activity. Using a phenomenon-based approach, we analyse original survey data from 718 social enterprises across seven countries and six problem domains to identify factors associated with their engagement in advocacy. Our findings reveal that public spending and competition in social enterprises' problem domains, as well as their governance choices - legal form, sources of income, and collaborations - are significantly associated with advocacy activities. We propose a new theoretical framework to understand these dynamics, positioning social enterprises as key players in markets for public purpose. This research underscores the importance of recognizing the political activities of social enterprises and offers new insights for studying hybrid organizing and organizations that address complex societal challenges. By highlighting the integral role of advocacy, our study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how social enterprises drive social change, not only through direct service provision but also by shaping the broader sociopolitical environment.}, language = {en} }