@techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally}, series = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 22)}, journal = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 22)}, publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, pages = {41}, language = {en} } @incollection{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Zur Definition und Klassifikation von Nonprofit Organisationen}, series = {Intermedi{\"a}re Nonprofit-Organisationen in einem neuen Europa}, booktitle = {Intermedi{\"a}re Nonprofit-Organisationen in einem neuen Europa}, publisher = {Sch{\"a}uble Verlag}, address = {Rheinfelden}, organization = {Deutscher Soziologentag}, isbn = {3-87718-594-0}, pages = {1 -- 16}, language = {de} } @incollection{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Das Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Projekt: Zur Definition und Klassifikation des Dritten Sektors}, series = {Lebensverh{\"a}ltnisse und Soziale Konflikte im Neuen Europa}, booktitle = {Lebensverh{\"a}ltnisse und Soziale Konflikte im Neuen Europa}, publisher = {Westdeutscher Verlag}, address = {Opladen}, isbn = {978-3531123721}, pages = {770 -- 773}, language = {de} } @incollection{AnheierKnappSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Knapp, Martin and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {No Numbers, No Policy: Can EUROSTAT Count the Nonprofit Sector?}, series = {Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective}, booktitle = {Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective}, publisher = {Charities Aid Foundation}, address = {Tonbridge}, isbn = {978-0904757736}, pages = {197 -- 205}, language = {en} } @incollection{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M}, title = {The Third Route: Social Service Provision in the United States and Germany}, series = {Public Goods and Private Action}, booktitle = {Public Goods and Private Action}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, address = {New Haven, CT}, isbn = {0300064497}, pages = {151 -- 162}, language = {en} } @incollection{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World}, series = {The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis}, booktitle = {The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis}, publisher = {Manchester University Press}, address = {Manchester}, isbn = {978-0719053863}, pages = {1 -- 53}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Towards an Understanding of the Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World}, series = {The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis}, booktitle = {The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis}, publisher = {Manchester University Press}, address = {Manchester}, isbn = {978-0719053863}, pages = {348 -- 373}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Introduction: In Search of the Nonprofit Sector}, series = {Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis}, booktitle = {Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis}, publisher = {Manchester University Press}, address = {Manchester}, isbn = {978-0719049026}, pages = {1 -- 9}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Der Dritte Sektor in internationaler Perspektive}, series = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, booktitle = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, publisher = {Sigma}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3894041755}, pages = {153 -- 174}, language = {de} } @incollection{AnheierArchambaultSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Archambault, Edith and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Das Spendenwesen im internationalen Vergleich}, series = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, booktitle = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, publisher = {Sigma}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3894041755}, pages = {197 -- 210}, language = {de} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Der Dritte Sektor in vergleichender Perspektive}, series = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, booktitle = {Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland}, publisher = {Sigma}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3894041755}, pages = {211 -- 248}, language = {de} } @incollection{AnheierArchambaultSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Archambault, Edith and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {International Comparison of Giving Behavior}, series = {Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector}, booktitle = {Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector}, publisher = {Charities Aid Foundation}, address = {West Malling}, isbn = {978-1-85934-019-6}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Caring Sector or Caring Society: A Comparative Study}, series = {The Future of Caring and Service to the Community}, booktitle = {The Future of Caring and Service to the Community}, publisher = {Jossey-Bass}, address = {San Francisco}, pages = {373 -- 398}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The Emerging Sector: The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective; An Overview}, series = {Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector}, booktitle = {Dimensions of the Voluntary Sector}, publisher = {Charities Aid Foundation}, address = {London}, isbn = {9781859340141}, pages = {71 -- 88}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally: Types and Patterns}, series = {Researching the Voluntary Sector}, booktitle = {Researching the Voluntary Sector}, publisher = {Charities Aid Foundation}, address = {Tonbridge}, pages = {147 -- 163}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {A Comparative Study of the Nonprofit Sector: Purpose, Methodology, Definition, Classification}, series = {Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective}, booktitle = {Researching the Voluntary Sector: A National, Local and International Perspective}, publisher = {Charities Aid Foundation}, address = {Tonbridge}, pages = {179 -- 196}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {9}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0957-8765}, doi = {10.1023/A:1022058200985}, pages = {213 -- 248}, abstract = {Recent research has usefully documented the contribution that nonprofit organizations make to "social capital" and to the economic and political development it seems to foster. Because of a gross lack of basic comparative data, however, the question of what it is that allows such organizations to develop remains far from settled. This article seeks to remedy this by testing five existing theories of the nonprofit sector against data assembled on eight countries as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. The five theories are: (a) government failure/market failure theory; (b) supply-side theory; (c) trust theories; (d) welfare state theory; and (e) interdependence theory. The article finds none of these theories adequate to explain the variations among countries in either the size, the composition, or the financing of the nonprofit sector. On this basis it suggests a new theoretical approach to explaining patterns of nonprofit development among countries—the "social origins" approach—which focuses on broader social, political, and economic relationships. Using this theory, the article identifies four "routes" of third-sector development (the liberal, the social democratic, the corporatist, and the statist), each associated with a particular constellation of class relationships and pattern of state-society relations. The article then tests this theory against the eight-country data and finds that it helps make sense of anomalies left unexplained by the prevailing theories.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {On Developing Comparative Nonprofit-Sector Theory: A Reply to Steinberg and Young, and Ragin}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {9}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0957-8765}, doi = {10.1023/A:1022014418732}, pages = {271 -- 281}, abstract = {Responding to comments on "Social Origins of Civil Society," an article published in this issue of Voluntas, this article focuses on three critical issues that underlie cross-national theory building and theory testing in the field of nonprofit studies: the issue of definitions, the challenge of operationalizing key theoretical concepts, and the nature of the tests available to verify results. Regarding the first, the article defends the structural-operational definition used in The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project against suggestions by the commentators that it either be expanded or narrowed, arguing that the alternative is either to broaden the focus beyond what is manageable or to make the basic yardstick vulnerable to changing political and policy shifts—a sure prescription for confusion. Regarding the question of operationalization, the article concedes that better measures of some key features of prevailing theories might be imaginable, but, since few of these are available, it cautions against letting the best become the enemy of the good in cross-national nonprofit theory testing. Finally, the article finds, in suggestions that multivariate techniques be used in testing various nonprofit theories, confirmation of its central argument that a contextual analysis of the sort embodied in the authors' "social origins" approach is needed to come to terms with the reality of the nonprofit sector cross-nationally. Taken together these comments underline the need to continue the kind of systematic data gathering and theory testing that the authors have undertaken, to utilize an interdisciplinary approach, and to link the study of the nonprofit sector to social analysis more generally.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {The Civil Society Sector}, series = {Society}, volume = {34}, journal = {Society}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}, address = {New York}, issn = {0147-2011}, doi = {10.1007/BF02823101}, pages = {60 -- 65}, abstract = {Salamon and Anheier bring the civil society sector - the plethora of private, nonprofit, and nongovernmental organizations that have emerged in recent decades - into better focus conceptually as well as empirically. They draw on the results of a major inquiry into the scope, structure, financing and role of the "nonprofit sector" in a broad cross-section of countries around the world.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Initial Comparisons}, series = {Law and Contemporary Problems}, volume = {62}, journal = {Law and Contemporary Problems}, number = {4}, publisher = {School of Law, Duke Univ.}, address = {Durham}, issn = {0023-9186}, pages = {43 -- 66}, abstract = {Anheier and Salamon shed some light on volunteering in different parts of the world by exploring the conceptions and patterns of voluntary action cross-nationally. As a cultural and economic phenomenon, volunteering is part of the way societies are organized, how they allocate social responsibilities, and how much engagement and participation they expect from citizens.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierRudneySalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Rudney, Gabriel and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Non-profit institutions in the United Nations System of National Accounts: country applications of SNA guidelines}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {4}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, issn = {0957-8765}, pages = {486 -- 501}, abstract = {Based on a description of how non-profit institutions are defined in the System of National Accounts, this paper examines the actual treatment of non-profit institutions in several countries, and comes up with an overall assessment in terms of coverage and data quality. Finding both data coverage and quality poor across countries, we make two recommendations aimed at improving the presentation and understanding of non-profit institutions within the SNA. First, we suggest the introduction of a system by which non-profit institutions can be identified within the system of national accounts even if they are allocated to other sectors of the economy. Second, we recommend a wider use of satellite accounts in industries where non-profit institutions are prominent.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Measuring the Non-profit Sector Cross-Nationally: A Comparative Methodology}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {4}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {0957-8765}, pages = {530 -- 554}, abstract = {As a result in part of the way non-profit institutions are defined and treated in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA), little is known about the size, scope, financial base and role of this set of institutions at the international level, even though their importance is increasingly being recognised throughout the world. To remedy this significant lack of systematic information on non-profit institutions cross-nationally, the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project has undertaken a major analysis of the economic role of this sector in twelve countries throughout the world, utilising a more meaningful definition of the sector and an approach that is otherwise consistent with the overall thrust of the SNA system. This paper outlines the basis of the more inclusive definition of the non-profit sector embodied in this project, the classification system formulated to structure data-gathering on this more broadly-defined sector and the data assembly strategy developed to build up key estimates of the scale, structure and revenue sources of the non-profit sector in the project countries. The article concludes with a recommendation to incorporate a similar approach to the assembly of data on the non-profit sector into the ongoing SNA system on a regular basis.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Genese und Schwerpunkte internationaler Forschung zum Nonprofit-Sektor : von der Filer-Kommission zum Johns-Hopkins-Projekt}, series = {Neue Soziale Bewegung}, volume = {5}, journal = {Neue Soziale Bewegung}, number = {4}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0933-9361}, pages = {40 -- 48}, language = {de} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Toward an understanding of the international nonprofit sector: The Johns Hopkins comparative nonprofit sector project}, series = {Nonprofit Management and Leadership}, volume = {2}, journal = {Nonprofit Management and Leadership}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken (N.J.)}, issn = {1542-7854}, doi = {10.1002/nml.4130020310}, pages = {311 -- 324}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {3}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {2}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0957-8765}, doi = {10.1007/BF01397770}, pages = {125 -- 151}, abstract = {In this paper we argue that the lack of attention to the third sector historically is primarily a result of the weakness and limitations of the concepts that are used to define and describe it. The purpose of this article is to remedy this situation by developing a general definition of the sector that can be used in comparative research. To do so, the article first identifies four alternative types of definitions that are potentially available and evaluates each in terms of three basic criteria. On this basis it concludes that the most useful definition is the 'structural/operational' one, which includes in the non-profit sector organisations that share five basic characteristics. These are: formal, private, non-profit-distributing, self-governing and voluntary. The basic definition is then tested against the realities of three disparate countries and found to perform quite well. On this basis we recommend the structural/operational definition, particularly for comparative, crossnational research.}, language = {en} } @article{AnheierSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {In Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification}, series = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, volume = {3}, journal = {Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0957-8765}, doi = {10.1007/BF01397460}, pages = {267 -- 309}, abstract = {Building on a previousVoluntas article (Salamon and Anheier, 1992b), which formulated a systematic approach to defining the non-profit sector for purposes of comparative research, this article takes on the complementary task of formulating a classification system that can be used to differentiate systematically the types of non-profit organisations that exist at the global level. To do so, the article first assesses a number of existing classification systems, such as the International Standard Industrial Classification and the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities. Finding these systems inadequate, the article then introduces an alternative system, which we term the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO). The ICNPO classifies non-profit establishments into 12 major groups based on their primary economic activity, and then further sub-divides these into 24 sub-groups. The result is a system that scores high in terms of five key evaluation criteria: economy, significance, rigour, organising power, and richness. What is more, initial tests of the ICNPO in a set of countries show that it performs well in coming to terms with the diverse types of non-profit institutions that exist around the world.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Il Settore non profit: una nuova forza globale}, series = {Terzo settore, Stato e mercato nella trasformazione delle politiche sociali in Europa}, booktitle = {Terzo settore, Stato e mercato nella trasformazione delle politiche sociali in Europa}, publisher = {Francoangeli}, address = {Milano}, isbn = {9788846404725}, pages = {296 -- 312}, language = {it} } @article{AnheierKnappSalamon, author = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Knapp, Martin and Salamon, Lester M.}, title = {Pas de chiffres, pas de politique: est-ce qu'Eurostat peut mesurer le secteur sans but lucratif?}, series = {Recma: Revue internationale de l'{\´e}conomie sociale}, volume = {46}, journal = {Recma: Revue internationale de l'{\´e}conomie sociale}, number = {248}, publisher = {Association Recma}, address = {Paris}, issn = {2261-2599}, pages = {87 -- 96}, language = {fr} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The Emerging Sector: An Overview}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The Third Route: Subsidiarity, Third-Party Government and the Provision of Social Services}, series = {(Innovation and Employment Study Series Occasional Paper)}, journal = {(Innovation and Employment Study Series Occasional Paper)}, publisher = {OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development}, address = {Paris}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Caring Sector or Caring Society: Discovering the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally}, series = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 17)}, journal = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 17)}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, isbn = {http://www.adm-cf.com/jhu/pdfs/CNP_Working_Papers/CNP_WP17.pdf}, pages = {22}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Toward an International Understanding of the Nonprofit Sector}, series = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 1)}, journal = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 1)}, publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {In Search of the Nonprofit Sector I: The Question of Definitions}, series = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 2)}, journal = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 2)}, publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalamonAnheier, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {In Search of the Nonprofit Sector II: The Problem of Classification}, series = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 3)}, journal = {(Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, 3)}, publisher = {The Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies}, address = {Baltimore}, pages = {34}, language = {en} } @book{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The emerging nonprofit sector : an overview}, publisher = {Manchester Univ. Press}, address = {Manchester [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-0719048722}, pages = {168}, abstract = {Nonprofit organizations, which collectively make up the emerging sector, have an increasingly influential role in the economies and societies of countries throughout the world. This book, the product of comprehensive international research into the sector, offers an international overview of its scope, structure, financing and role. The authors provide a comparative summary of the findings of individual empirical analyses into the nonprofit sectors in 12 countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Japan, Brazil, Ghana, Egypt, Thailand and India. They explore the global scale of the sector, its sources of revenue, and differences between the countries analyzed. They assess how well-equipped nonprofit organizations are to respond to the shift towards voluntarism and away from government in many societies, and they identify the key issues such organizations need to address in the future, such as coming to terms with globalization.}, language = {en} } @book{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {The Emerging Nonprofit Sector (Japanese Translation)}, publisher = {Diamond Publishers}, address = {Tokyo}, pages = {168}, language = {mul} } @book{SalamonAnheier, author = {Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K.}, title = {Szektor sz{\"u}letik: A nonprofit szektor nemzetk{\"o}zi {\"o}sszehasonl{\´i}t{\´a}sban}, publisher = {Nonprofit Kutatocsoport}, address = {Budapest}, isbn = {9638139013}, pages = {168}, language = {mul} }