@article{KreyenfeldPerelliHarrisSigleRushtonetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Perelli-Harris, Brienna and Sigle-Rushton, Wendy and Lappegard, Trude and Berghammer, Caroline and Keizer, Renske}, title = {The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe}, series = {Population and Development Review}, volume = {36}, journal = {Population and Development Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.]}, issn = {0098-7921}, pages = {775 -- 801}, abstract = {Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldPerelliHarrisSigleRushtonetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Perelli-Harris, Brienna and Sigle-Rushton, Wendy and Keizer, Renske and Lappegard, Trude and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Berghammer, Caroline and Di Giulio, Paola}, title = {Changes in union status during the transition to parenthood in eleven European countries, 1970s to early 2000s}, series = {Population Studies: A Journal of Demography}, volume = {66}, journal = {Population Studies: A Journal of Demography}, number = {2}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1477-4747}, doi = {10.1080/00324728.2012.673004}, pages = {167 -- 182}, abstract = {Couples who have children are increasingly likely to have lived together without being married at some point in their relationship. Some couples begin their unions with cohabitation and marry before first conception, some marry during pregnancy or directly after the first birth, while others remain unmarried 3 years after the first birth. Using union and fertility histories since the 1970s for eleven countries, we examine whether women who have children in unions marry, and if so, at what stage in family formation. We also examine whether women who conceive when cohabiting are more likely to marry or separate. We find that patterns of union formation and childbearing develop along different trajectories across countries. In all countries, however, less than 40 per cent of women remained in cohabitation up to 3 years after the first birth, suggesting that marriage remains the predominant institution for raising children.}, language = {en} } @article{NisenKluesenerDahlbergetal., author = {Nis{\´e}n, Jessica and Kl{\"u}sener, Sebastian and Dahlberg, Johan and Dommermuth, Lars and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lappeg{\aa}rd, Trude and Li, Peng and Martikainen, Pekka and Neels, Karel and Riederer, Bernhard and te Riele, Saskia and Szab{\´o}, Laura and Trimarchi, Alessandra and Viciana, Francisco and Wilson, Ben and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, title = {Educational differences in cohort fertility across subnational regions in Europe}, series = {European Journal of Population}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, doi = {10.1007/s10680-020-09562-0}, abstract = {Educational differences in female cohort fertility vary strongly across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries to measure women's completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. We document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable regional variation in the gradient. The steepness of the gradient is inversely related to the economic development level. It is steepest in the least developed regions and close to zero in the most developed regions. This tendency is observed within countries as well as across all regions of all countries. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women's fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth sub-national-level fertility analyses by education.}, language = {en} } @article{NisenKluesenerDahlbergetal., author = {Nis{\´e}n, Jessica and Kl{\"u}sener, Sebastian and Dahlberg, Johan and Dommermuth, Lars and Jasilioniene, Aiva and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lappeg{\aa}rd, Trude and Li, Peng and Martikainen, Pekka and Neels, Karel and Riederer, Bernhard and te Riele, Saskia and Sulak, Harun and Szab{\´o}, Laura and Trimarchi, Alessandra and Viciana, Francisco and Myrskyl{\"a}, Mikko}, title = {Economic Conditions, Education and Parity-Specific Fertility: A Sub-National Regional Study Across 15 Countries in Europe}, series = {Population, Space and Place}, volume = {31}, journal = {Population, Space and Place}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1002/psp.70074}, abstract = {There is a longstanding interest in the link between economic conditions and fertility levels. Most research measuring economic development has focused on national-level patterns and period total fertility levels. We aim to extend existing knowledge by carrying out a sub-national regional analysis of the link between economic conditions and parity-specific cohort fertility, while taking into account heterogeneity by educational level. We study three fertility outcomes by women's education: the share of women who remain childless, the mean number of children per mother and the mean number of children per woman. For this analysis, we harmonised register, census and large-scale survey data from 15 European countries, with a focus on women born in the late 1960s. Women's fertility was measured at the end of their reproductive careers and combined with contextual information, including information on the regional GDP (per capita). In our multiple regression models that controlled for country-level factors, we found that GDP was positively associated with childlessness among women with medium and high levels of education. However, GDP was negatively associated with the number of children per mother among women with low levels of education. These findings show that the relationship between economic conditions and fertility varies depending on the level of education of the women, and it differs between childlessness and continued childbearing. High-income contexts may be less supportive of continued childbearing for women with lower levels of education.}, language = {en} }