@article{KreyenfeldHankSpiess, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten and Spieß, C. Katharina}, title = {Kinderbetreuung und Fertilit{\"a}t in Deutschland}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {34}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {3}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2004-0303}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9769}, pages = {228 -- 244}, abstract = {Eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf spielt die Versorgung mit bedarfsgerechter Kinderbetreuung. Eine umfassendes Angebot an Betreuungspl{\"a}tzen f{\"o}rdert jedoch nicht nur die M{\"u}ttererwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, sondern k{\"o}nnte sich auch positiv auf Fertilit{\"a}tsentscheidungen auswirken. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik den Einfluss der regionalen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Kinderbetreuung auf das Geburtenverhalten west- und ostdeutscher Frauen in den Jahren 1996 bis 2000. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass in den {\"o}stlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit institutioneller Kinderbetreuung den {\"U}bergang zum ersten Kind positiv beeinflusst, w{\"a}hrend sich in den westlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern allein die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit informeller Betreuung durch Großm{\"u}tter als statistisch signifikant erweist. Verantwortlich hierf{\"u}r d{\"u}rfte in erster Linie das unterschiedliche Niveau der {\"o}ffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur in Ost und West sein, was sich insbesondere bei der Versorgung im Krippen- und Hortbereich sowie bei der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Ganztagspl{\"a}tzen zeigt.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Crisis or adaptation - reconsidered: a comparison of East and West German fertility patterns in the first six years after the 'Wende'}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {19}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0168-6577}, doi = {10.1023/A:1024992712815}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9775}, pages = {303 -- 329}, abstract = {Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a 'crisis' andan 'adaptation' to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961-1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {A multilevel analysis of child care and women's fertility decisions in Western Germany}, series = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, volume = {65}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9784}, pages = {584 -- 596}, abstract = {The availability of public day care is often assumed to be crucial to the compatibility of childrearing and women's employment. This article takes a multilevel perspective in investigating the role of child care in childbearing decisions in western Germany. Using information on the local supply of public day care and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimated first and second birth risks from the 1980s and 1990s. We found that access to informal care arrangements increases the probability of entering parenthood, but we did not find any statistically significant effect of the public day care provision on fertility. This result points to shortcomings in the institutional setup of the German day care (and welfare) regime and to potentially relevant unobserved dimensions of child care.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSpiessWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Spieß, Katharina and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Distributional analysis of child care subsidies in Germany}, series = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, volume = {11}, journal = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1350-293X}, pages = {159 -- 175}, abstract = {In general, day care subsidies are accepted as a means of creating equal chances for both children and mothers in the labour market. Although there is a broad consensus that the use of children's day care should be publicly supported, there is no consensus on how this should be done. Moreover, there is little knowledge on the distributional effects of day care subsidies. In order to assess whether public expenditures are targeted efficiently, however, it is vital to know which social groups profit most from public expenditures on children's day care and whether tax-payers' money is spent effectively. In Germany, as in other European countries, day care subsidies are mainly provided 'in-kind'. Municipalities and NPOs provide day care for children, which is -apart from a small fee - free of charge. In this study we estimate the distributional effects of state-funded day care in Germany using microdata on households and data on the expenditure of public-funded day care. Major results are that day care subsidies have only modest redistributional effects. Primarily it is the middle-income range that profits from the public provision of children's day care. This contradicts common public-policy recommendations, which state that low-income families should be the first target of day care subsidies.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection?: An investigation into the positive effect of women's education on second birth risks in West Germany}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {7}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2002.7.2}, pages = {15 -- 48}, abstract = {This paper investigates the role of women's education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman's education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women's education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. familyoriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner's characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Women's employment and non-marital child-bearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s}, series = {Population}, volume = {57}, journal = {Population}, number = {2}, publisher = {Institut national d'{\´e}tudes d{\´e}mographiques (I.N.E.D.)}, address = {Paris}, issn = {0032-4663}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9812}, pages = {331 -- 357}, abstract = {In contrast to West Germany, where marriage and childbirth have been strongly coupled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) displayed high rates of non-marital childbearing. Researchers attributed this pattern to "misguided" GDR family policies that encouraged women to remain unmarried after childbirth. With German unification, East Germany's legal and political institutions — including family policies — were replaced by those of West Germany. Against this background, it was widely expected that east German non-marital birth rates would soon fall to west German levels. After unification, however, they increased even further. This article argues that the enormous east-west differences in non-marital childbearing in the 1990s can be attributed to differences in women's work orientation. Despite unfavourable labour market constraints and social policies that encourage women's withdrawal from the labour force after childbirth, east German women, compared with their west German counterparts, are still more likely to be in full-time employment, and to re-enter the labour force sooner after childbirth. Our empirical investigation, drawing on data from the German 1997 micro-census, reveals a strong effect of women's education and employment on marriage in west Germany, whereas in east Germany the probability of living in a marital union is hardly correlated at all with women's employment characteristics. We conclude that a generally strong female work orientation and the wide availability of public day care facilities are the most important factors weakening the economic incentives for east German women to get married at childbirth.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The performance of migrants in occupational labour markets: evidence from 'Aussiedler' in Germany}, series = {European Societies}, volume = {4}, journal = {European Societies}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1461-6696}, doi = {10.1080/14616690220130991}, pages = {53 -- 78}, abstract = {Since the breakdown of communism, Germany has experienced a major influx of Aussiedler who are basically migrants originating from Eastern European countries. In this article, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of the year 1998 to analyse the labour market performance of this group of migrants. Our key hypothesis guiding the empirical investigations is that in occupational labour markets, such as the German one, migrants are faced with specific problems when transferring their educational and vocational skills acquired in other countries. Only if they gain access to their trained occupations are they able to perform well in the labour market. Otherwise, occupational closure hinders them from receiving returns to their educational and vocational qualifications.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Parity Specific Birth Rates for West Germany: An Attempt to Combine Survey Data and Vital Statistics}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, volume = {27}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, number = {3}, publisher = {Leske + Budrich}, address = {Opladen}, issn = {0340-2398}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9838}, pages = {327 -- 357}, abstract = {In this paper, we combine vital statistics and survey data to obtain parity specific birth rates for West Germany. Since vital statistics do not provide birth parity information, one is confined to using estimates. The robustness of these estimates is an issue, which is unfortunately only rarely addressed when fertility indicators for (West) Germany are reported. In order to check how reliable our results are, we estimate confidence intervals and compare them to results from survey data and estimations conducted by the German Statistical Office. Although our estimations show a similar trend, the magnitude of some fertility indicators differs substantially from the ones reported in other studies. However, estimations from other studies do not give a consistent picture of German fertility, either.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSpiessWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Spieß, Katharina and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Kinderbetreuungspolitik in Deutschland: M{\"o}glichkeiten nachfrageorientierter Steuerungs- und Finanzierungsinstrumente}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, volume = {5}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer VS Verlag f{\"u}r Sozialwissenschaften}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, issn = {1434-663X}, doi = {10.1007/s11618-002-0016-8}, pages = {201 -- 221}, abstract = {Die institutionelle Kinderbetreuung in Deutschland ist ein Beispiel der Steuerung sozialer Dienste zwischen „Markt und Staat". Kinderbetreuung wird nicht nur prim{\"a}r aus kommunalen Mitteln finanziert, sondern auf kommunaler Ebene durch Vertreter freier und {\"o}ffentlicher Tr{\"a}ger geplant und reguliert. Diese Strukturelemente sind rechtlich in Form des Subsidiarit{\"a}tsprinzips und der kommunalen Finanzierung verankert. In diesem Beitrag argumentieren wir, dass die finanzielle Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom kommunalen Budget und eine undurchsichtige Bedarfsplanung wesentliche Hemmnisse f{\"u}r eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung mit Kinderbetreuungspl{\"a}tzen darstellen. Dem derzeitigen „Mix" aus {\"o}ffentlichen und {\"o}ffentlich finanzierten Kindertageseinrichtungen stellen wir das System einer nachfrageorientierten Steuerung des Angebots gegen{\"u}ber. Am Beispiel von einem „Gutscheinmodell" stellen wir konkrete {\"U}berlegungen und Umsetzungsbeispiele eines derartigen Systems f{\"u}r Deutschland vor.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Verwertbarkeit ausl{\"a}ndischer Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse: Das Beispiel der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {30}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {4}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2001-0402}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9857}, pages = {267 -- 282}, abstract = {Seit dem Zusammenbruch der kommunistischen Regime in Osteuropa ist der Zuzug von Aussiedlern nach Deutschland sprunghaft angestiegen. In diesem Aufsatz analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt anhand von Daten des Sozio-{\"O}konomischen Panels aus dem Jahr 1998. Unter theoretischen Gesichtspunkten steht die Frage der Verwertbarkeit ausl{\"a}ndischer Bildungszertifikate im Mittelpunkt unseres Interesses. Obwohl Aussiedler ihre im Ausland erworbenen Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse formell anerkennen lassen k{\"o}nnen, gelingt der Mehrheit von ihnen nicht der Zugang zum erlernten Beruf. Die Besch{\"a}ftigung im erlernten Beruf hat jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf eine erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration. Die Probleme, denen sich Aussiedler bei der Verwertung ihrer Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse ausgesetzt sehen, erlauben R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt dominierenden Allokationsmechanismen und die Arbeitsmarktchancen zuk{\"u}nftiger Ost-West-Migranten.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from Western Germany}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {19}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0167-5923}, doi = {10.1023/A:1026556309080}, pages = {317 -- 337}, abstract = {There is a vast empirical literature investigating the effects of child care costson female employment. Day-care costs are usually treated as a reduction infemale wages and are supposed to reduce a woman's propensity to participatein the labor market. In this paper we argue that an analysis of the effects ofchild care on the employment of mothers in Germany should focus on theavailability rather than the affordability of care, due to peculiarities of theGerman day-care regime. Our empirical findings cast doubt on the effectivenessof the current German day-care regime. Specifically, we question the extent towhich it enables mothers to participate in the labor market.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Changes in the timing of first birth in East Germany after Reunification}, series = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, volume = {120}, journal = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, number = {2}, publisher = {Duncker und Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0342-1783}, pages = {169 -- 186}, abstract = {When German re-unificatioin was accompanied by a rapid decline in aggregate fertility rates, researchers particularly assigned high umemployment rates a dominant role in the changes in fertility behavior. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we investigate changes in the timing of first births in East Germany after re-unification. Using data from the SOEP, we show that even after re-unification East Germans are younger at first birth than their West German counterparts. Second, we investigate the relationship between male and female unemployment and first birth risks. A major result is that female unemployment encourages the transition into parenthood in East Germany.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldCitlak, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Citlak, Banu}, title = {Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken: Empirische Ergebnisse f{\"u}r Deutschland}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r angewandte Umweltforschung}, volume = {12}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r angewandte Umweltforschung}, number = {1}, publisher = {Analytica Verl.-Ges.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0933-9027}, pages = {112 -- 119}, language = {de} }