@article{KreyenfeldGeisler, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Geisler, Esther}, title = {Against all odds: Fathers' use of parental leave in Germany}, series = {Journal of European Social Policy}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of European Social Policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage Publications}, address = {New York, NY [u.a.]}, issn = {0958-9287}, doi = {10.1177/0958928710385732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9631}, pages = {88 -- 99}, abstract = {This paper investigates fathers' usage of parental leave in Germany based on data from the microcensuses of 1999—2005. Special attention is given to the role that education has in leave-taking behaviour. Our empirical results show that educational differences between the partners are strong predictors of fathers' usage of parental leave. A father is more likely to take parental leave if he has a partner who is more highly educated or older. We also find that employment through a temporary working contract substantially lowers the chances that a man will take advantage of parental leave, while being employed in the public sector increases the likelihood that a man will use his parental leave entitlement.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldScholzPetersetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Scholz, Rembrandt and Peters, Frederik and Wlosnewski, Ines}, title = {Order specific fertility rates for Germany: Estimates from Perinatal Statistics for the period 2001-2008}, series = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, volume = {35}, journal = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, number = {2}, publisher = {Bundesinstitut f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungsforschung}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1869-8980}, doi = {10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-06en}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9642}, pages = {207 -- 224}, abstract = {Until 2008, Germany's vital statistics did not include information on the biological order of each birth. This resulted in a dearth of important demographic indicators, such as the mean age at fi rst birth and the level of childlessness. Researchers have tried to fill this gap by generating order-specifi c birth rates from survey data, and by combining survey data with vital statistics. This paper takes a different approach by using Perinatal Statistics to generate birth order-specific fertility rates for the period 2001 to 2008. Perinatal Statistics includes information on births that took place in German hospitals. Out-of-hospital births, which account for about 2 \% of all births, are not included in the Perinatal Statistics. In a sensitivity analysis, we show how robust our estimates are to the inclusion of out-of-hospital births. Our general assessment is that the Perinatal Statistics is a valuable source for generating order-specific fertility rates, regardless of whether out-of-hospital births are included.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldPerelliHarrisSigleRushtonetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Perelli-Harris, Brienna and Sigle-Rushton, Wendy and Lappegard, Trude and Berghammer, Caroline and Keizer, Renske}, title = {The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe}, series = {Population and Development Review}, volume = {36}, journal = {Population and Development Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.]}, issn = {0098-7921}, pages = {775 -- 801}, abstract = {Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany}, series = {European Sociological Review}, volume = {26}, journal = {European Sociological Review}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0266-7215}, doi = {10.1093/esr/jcp026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9661}, pages = {351 -- 366}, abstract = {This paper investigates whether uncertainties in female employment careers result in a postponement of family formation. Data for this analysis comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which provides longitudinal information on economic uncertainty and fertility for the period 1984 to 2006. We employ objective measures of uncertainty (unemployment) as well as subjective measures (whether the respondent is worried about her economic situation, whether she is worried about the security of her job). We find little evidence that uncertainties in female employment careers generally lead to a postponement of parenthood. Hence, the relationship between economic uncertainty and first birth varies by level of education. While more highly educated postpone parenthood when subject to employment uncertainties, women with low levels of education often respond to these situations by becoming mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The growing educational divide in mother's employment: An investigation based on the German micro-censuses 1976-2004}, series = {Work, Employment and Society}, volume = {24}, journal = {Work, Employment and Society}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {Los Angeles [u.a.]}, issn = {0950-0170}, doi = {10.1177/0950017010362140}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9678}, pages = {260 -- 278}, abstract = {This article investigates whether the increase in the labour force participation of mothers in western Germany has been accompanied by growing social inequalities in maternal employment. The focus is on education-related differences in full-time, part-time and marginal employment, and, in particular, changes therein over time. It is assumed that worsening labour market opportunities for the less educated and a 'familialistic' social policy context have resulted in growing differentials in mothers' employment by education. Data from the scientific use files of the German micro-censuses for the years 1976 to 2004 show that the part-time and marginal employment rates of mothers have increased, while full-time employment rates have declined. Reductions in full-time employment are most pronounced among less educated mothers, resulting in growing educational differences in the employment of mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmidtkeZuehlke, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmidtke, Kerstin and Z{\"u}hlke, Sylvia}, title = {Eignet sich das Mikrozensus-Panel f{\"u}r familiensoziologische Fragestellungen?: Untersuchung am Beispiel der Frage nach den {\"o}konomischen Determinanten der Familiengr{\"u}ndung}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, volume = {21}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, number = {3}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen}, issn = {1437-2940}, pages = {264 -- 285}, abstract = {Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das Analysepotential des Mikrozensus-Panels f{\"u}r familiensoziologische Fragestellungen darzustellen. Dazu wird zum einen aufgezeigt, wie die Daten in Episodenformat aufgearbeitet werden k{\"o}nnen, um ereignisanalytische Modelle des Geburtenverhaltens zu sch{\"a}tzen. Des Weiteren wird ein Modell zu den {\"o}konomischen Determinanten des {\"U}bergangs zur Erstelternschaft vorgestellt. In einer Sensitivit{\"a}tsanalyse wird gepr{\"u}ft, inwiefern der Ausfall der r{\"a}umlich mobilen Personen die Ergebnisse verzerrt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kritischen Reflektion {\"u}ber die Grenzen und M{\"o}glichkeiten des Mikrozensus-Panels f{\"u}r Fertilit{\"a}tsanalysen.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzkaBoehm2016, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk and B{\"o}hm, Sebastian}, title = {Die Bildungsungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von Frauen mit Kindern: Westdeutschland im Vergleich zwischen 1976 und 2004}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {36}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {6}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2007-0603}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9693}, pages = {434 -- 452}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Der kontinuierliche Anstieg der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Westdeutschland seit den 1960er Jahren verdeckt eine erhebliche Vielfalt des Wandels der Erwerbmuster in verschiedenen Teilgruppen der Frauen. Wir untersuchen die Ungleichheit der Vollzeit- und Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit zwischen hoch und gering qualifizierten M{\"u}ttern. Die empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Scientific-Use-Files der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1976 bis 2004 zeigen einen Anstieg der Anteile Teilzeit und marginal besch{\"a}ftigter Frauen und zugleich einen R{\"u}ckgang der Anteile Vollzeit erwerbst{\"a}tiger Frauen mit Kindern. Gering qualifizierte M{\"u}tter weisen einen {\"u}berproportional starken R{\"u}ckgang der Vollzeiterwerbsbeteiligung auf, weshalb die Ungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von M{\"u}ttern nach dem Ausbildungsniveau zugenommen hat. Das „Dual-Earner-Modell" der Familie hat sich in Westdeutschland zunehmend selektiv unter hoch qualifizierten Frauen sowie doppelt hoch qualifizierten Paaren etabliert. Die wahrscheinlichen Folgen sind eine Konzentration von {\"o}konomischen Ressourcen und eine vergr{\"o}ßerte soziale Ungleichheit zwischen Haushalten und Familien.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldGeisler, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Geisler, Esther}, title = {M{\"u}ttererwerbst{\"a}tigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Eine Analyse mit den Mikrozensen 1991-2002}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, volume = {18}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, number = {3}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen [u.a.]}, issn = {1437-2940}, pages = {333 -- 360}, abstract = {Auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus aus den Jahren 1991, 1996 und 2002 gibt dieser Artikel einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen mit Kindern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Neben der Frage der Ost-West-Angleichung stehen bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten im Vordergrund der Analyse.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHoem, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hoem, Jan M.}, title = {Anticipatory analysis and its alternativies in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {15}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2006.15.16}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9715}, pages = {461 -- 484}, abstract = {Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless the practice is often used, not least because it easily produces useful summary measures like the median age at first childbearing and the per cent permanently childless in various educational groups, defined by ultimate attainment. We use an empirical example to demonstrate the issues involved and to propose an alternative "non-anticipatory" research strategy, which, however, does not equally easily provide summary measures.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Nichteheliche Mutterschaft und soziale Ungleichheit: zur sozio{\"o}konomischen Differenzierung der Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, volume = {57}, journal = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, number = {1}, publisher = {VS Verlag f{\"u}r Sozialwissenschaften}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1861-891X}, doi = {10.1007/s11577-005-0110-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9722}, pages = {32 -- 61}, abstract = {Nichteheliche Geburten haben in den 1990er Jahren in Westdeutschland, vor allem aber in Ostdeutschland, stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der deutsche familialistische Wohlfahrtsstaat f{\"o}rdert steuerlich und sozialpolitisch vorrangig verheiratete Paare. Zugleich unterscheidet er zwischen Alleinerziehenden und nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu erwarten, dass verheiratete, kohabitierende und alleinerziehende M{\"u}tter sich in ihren sozialstrukturellen Hintergr{\"u}nden und haupts{\"a}chlichen Unterhaltsquellen (Einkommen des Partners, staatliche Transferzahlungen und eigenes Einkommen) unterscheiden. Analysen der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1991-2000 unterst{\"u}tzen diese These teilweise. Alleinerziehende Frauen haben h{\"a}ufiger einen geringen Bildungsabschluss und sind st{\"a}rker von sozialstaatlichen Transferzahlungen abh{\"a}ngig als Frauen in anderen Familienformen. In Westdeutschland leben gut ausgebildete M{\"u}tter h{\"a}ufiger in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft als einer Ehe. Kohabitierende M{\"u}tter sind zudem h{\"a}ufiger Vollzeit erwerbst{\"a}tig als andere M{\"u}tter. In Ostdeutschland bestehen nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen verheirateten und in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft lebenden M{\"u}ttern im Hinblick auf den Bildungsabschluss und das Ausmaβ der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Auch verheiratete M{\"u}tter sind selten vom Einkommen des Partners abh{\"a}ngig. Die {\"o}konomische Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit verheirateter M{\"u}tter ist ein zentrales Merkmal des Wandels der Familie in Ostdeutschland und begr{\"u}ndet anhaltende Ost-West-Unterschiede in den {\"o}konomischen Grundlagen von Familien.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldZabel, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Zabel, Cordula}, title = {Female education and the second child: Great Britain and Western Germany compared}, series = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, volume = {125}, journal = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, number = {1}, publisher = {Duncker und Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0342-1783}, pages = {145 -- 156}, abstract = {This paper compares the determinants of the transition to the second child in Western Germany and Great Britain, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We test a number of explanations for the positive effect of educational attainment on second birth risks; this effect has been reported for both countries. Owing to differences in the welfare state context, we expect that the factors responsible for the positive education effect differ between the two countries. Our findings, however, provide only partial support for this expectation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An Analysis with Data from the German Fertility and Family Survey}, series = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, volume = {3}, journal = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.11}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9743}, pages = {275 -- 318}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to compare family policies and fertility patterns in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the German Federal Republic (FRG). Among other aspects, both societies particularly differed in the integration of women into the labor market. By contrasting the fertility development in these two societies, this paper aims to illuminate how women's education and employment relates to fertility decisions in societal contexts that support (in the case of the GDR) and hamper (in the case of the FRG) the compatibility between work and family life. Data for this analysis comes from the German Fertility and Family Survey (of the year 1992). We provide descriptive statistics for all birth parities, but we limit the multivariate event history analysis to first births only}, language = {en} } @article{KonietzkaKreyenfeld, author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Angleichung oder Verfestigung von Differenzen?: Geburtenentwicklung und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {Berliner Debatte Initial}, volume = {15}, journal = {Berliner Debatte Initial}, number = {4}, publisher = {WeltTrends}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {0863-4564}, pages = {26 -- 41}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Geburten- und Familienentwicklung in Ost- und Westdeutschland und der Frage, ob sich die in den alten L{\"a}ndern vorherrschenden Strukturen in den neuen L{\"a}ndern durchgesetzt haben. Die Entwicklung der zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer, auf die in der {\"o}ffentlichen Diskussion {\"u}berwiegend rekurriert wird, suggeriert, dass nach einem dramatischen Geburtenr{\"u}ckgang in den Jahren nach der Wende eine sukzessive Ost-West Angleichung des Geburtenverhaltens Ende der 1990er Jahre stattgefunden hat. Eine lebensverlaufsbezogene Betrachtung der Familiengr{\"u}ndungsprozesse kommt zu einer anderen Einsch{\"a}tzung. Ostdeutsche Frauen haben unmittelbar mit der Wiedervereinigung die Familiengr{\"u}ndung auf ein h{\"o}heres Alter verschoben, ohne aber bisher das relativ hohe westdeutsche Erstgeburtsalter erreicht zu haben. Auch ist die Kinderlosigkeit in den neuen Bundesl{\"a}ndern weiterhin niedriger als in Westdeutschland. Ost-West-Unterschiede bestehen ebenfalls in Bezug auf das Heiratsverhalten, die Kopplung von Eheschließung und Familiengr{\"u}ndung und in der Bedeutung neuer Familienformen. Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten von M{\"u}ttern und den Rahmenbedingungen der Vereinbarkeit von Kind und Beruf tragen entscheidend zu den Ost-West-Unterschieden in den Familienstrukturen bei.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHankSpiess, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten and Spieß, C. Katharina}, title = {Kinderbetreuung und Fertilit{\"a}t in Deutschland}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {34}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {3}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2004-0303}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9769}, pages = {228 -- 244}, abstract = {Eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf spielt die Versorgung mit bedarfsgerechter Kinderbetreuung. Eine umfassendes Angebot an Betreuungspl{\"a}tzen f{\"o}rdert jedoch nicht nur die M{\"u}ttererwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, sondern k{\"o}nnte sich auch positiv auf Fertilit{\"a}tsentscheidungen auswirken. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik den Einfluss der regionalen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Kinderbetreuung auf das Geburtenverhalten west- und ostdeutscher Frauen in den Jahren 1996 bis 2000. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass in den {\"o}stlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit institutioneller Kinderbetreuung den {\"U}bergang zum ersten Kind positiv beeinflusst, w{\"a}hrend sich in den westlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern allein die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit informeller Betreuung durch Großm{\"u}tter als statistisch signifikant erweist. Verantwortlich hierf{\"u}r d{\"u}rfte in erster Linie das unterschiedliche Niveau der {\"o}ffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur in Ost und West sein, was sich insbesondere bei der Versorgung im Krippen- und Hortbereich sowie bei der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Ganztagspl{\"a}tzen zeigt.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Crisis or adaptation - reconsidered: a comparison of East and West German fertility patterns in the first six years after the 'Wende'}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {19}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0168-6577}, doi = {10.1023/A:1024992712815}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9775}, pages = {303 -- 329}, abstract = {Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a 'crisis' andan 'adaptation' to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961-1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {A multilevel analysis of child care and women's fertility decisions in Western Germany}, series = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, volume = {65}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9784}, pages = {584 -- 596}, abstract = {The availability of public day care is often assumed to be crucial to the compatibility of childrearing and women's employment. This article takes a multilevel perspective in investigating the role of child care in childbearing decisions in western Germany. Using information on the local supply of public day care and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimated first and second birth risks from the 1980s and 1990s. We found that access to informal care arrangements increases the probability of entering parenthood, but we did not find any statistically significant effect of the public day care provision on fertility. This result points to shortcomings in the institutional setup of the German day care (and welfare) regime and to potentially relevant unobserved dimensions of child care.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSpiessWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Spieß, Katharina and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Distributional analysis of child care subsidies in Germany}, series = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, volume = {11}, journal = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1350-293X}, pages = {159 -- 175}, abstract = {In general, day care subsidies are accepted as a means of creating equal chances for both children and mothers in the labour market. Although there is a broad consensus that the use of children's day care should be publicly supported, there is no consensus on how this should be done. Moreover, there is little knowledge on the distributional effects of day care subsidies. In order to assess whether public expenditures are targeted efficiently, however, it is vital to know which social groups profit most from public expenditures on children's day care and whether tax-payers' money is spent effectively. In Germany, as in other European countries, day care subsidies are mainly provided 'in-kind'. Municipalities and NPOs provide day care for children, which is -apart from a small fee - free of charge. In this study we estimate the distributional effects of state-funded day care in Germany using microdata on households and data on the expenditure of public-funded day care. Major results are that day care subsidies have only modest redistributional effects. Primarily it is the middle-income range that profits from the public provision of children's day care. This contradicts common public-policy recommendations, which state that low-income families should be the first target of day care subsidies.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection?: An investigation into the positive effect of women's education on second birth risks in West Germany}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {7}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2002.7.2}, pages = {15 -- 48}, abstract = {This paper investigates the role of women's education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman's education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women's education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. familyoriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner's characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Women's employment and non-marital child-bearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s}, series = {Population}, volume = {57}, journal = {Population}, number = {2}, publisher = {Institut national d'{\´e}tudes d{\´e}mographiques (I.N.E.D.)}, address = {Paris}, issn = {0032-4663}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9812}, pages = {331 -- 357}, abstract = {In contrast to West Germany, where marriage and childbirth have been strongly coupled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) displayed high rates of non-marital childbearing. Researchers attributed this pattern to "misguided" GDR family policies that encouraged women to remain unmarried after childbirth. With German unification, East Germany's legal and political institutions — including family policies — were replaced by those of West Germany. Against this background, it was widely expected that east German non-marital birth rates would soon fall to west German levels. After unification, however, they increased even further. This article argues that the enormous east-west differences in non-marital childbearing in the 1990s can be attributed to differences in women's work orientation. Despite unfavourable labour market constraints and social policies that encourage women's withdrawal from the labour force after childbirth, east German women, compared with their west German counterparts, are still more likely to be in full-time employment, and to re-enter the labour force sooner after childbirth. Our empirical investigation, drawing on data from the German 1997 micro-census, reveals a strong effect of women's education and employment on marriage in west Germany, whereas in east Germany the probability of living in a marital union is hardly correlated at all with women's employment characteristics. We conclude that a generally strong female work orientation and the wide availability of public day care facilities are the most important factors weakening the economic incentives for east German women to get married at childbirth.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The performance of migrants in occupational labour markets: evidence from 'Aussiedler' in Germany}, series = {European Societies}, volume = {4}, journal = {European Societies}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1461-6696}, doi = {10.1080/14616690220130991}, pages = {53 -- 78}, abstract = {Since the breakdown of communism, Germany has experienced a major influx of Aussiedler who are basically migrants originating from Eastern European countries. In this article, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of the year 1998 to analyse the labour market performance of this group of migrants. Our key hypothesis guiding the empirical investigations is that in occupational labour markets, such as the German one, migrants are faced with specific problems when transferring their educational and vocational skills acquired in other countries. Only if they gain access to their trained occupations are they able to perform well in the labour market. Otherwise, occupational closure hinders them from receiving returns to their educational and vocational qualifications.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Parity Specific Birth Rates for West Germany: An Attempt to Combine Survey Data and Vital Statistics}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, volume = {27}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, number = {3}, publisher = {Leske + Budrich}, address = {Opladen}, issn = {0340-2398}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9838}, pages = {327 -- 357}, abstract = {In this paper, we combine vital statistics and survey data to obtain parity specific birth rates for West Germany. Since vital statistics do not provide birth parity information, one is confined to using estimates. The robustness of these estimates is an issue, which is unfortunately only rarely addressed when fertility indicators for (West) Germany are reported. In order to check how reliable our results are, we estimate confidence intervals and compare them to results from survey data and estimations conducted by the German Statistical Office. Although our estimations show a similar trend, the magnitude of some fertility indicators differs substantially from the ones reported in other studies. However, estimations from other studies do not give a consistent picture of German fertility, either.}, language = {en} }