@article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Getrennte Eltern, geteilte Betreuung}, series = {DJI Impulse}, volume = {1/22}, journal = {DJI Impulse}, pages = {38 -- 41}, language = {de} } @techreport{WalperKreyenfeldBebloetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Hahlweg, Kurt and Nebe, Katja and Schuler-Harms, Margarete and Fegert, J{\"o}rg M. and f{\"u}r Familienfragen, Wissenschaftliche Beirat}, title = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, abstract = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen" ist das Thema des heute ver{\"o}ffentlichten Gutachtens des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim BMFSFJ. Das Gutachten gibt einen umfassenden {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber Trennungsfamilien in Deutschland. Immer mehr Eltern w{\"u}nschen sich vor, aber auch nach einer Trennung ihre Kinder gemeinsam zu betreuen. Deshalb legt das Gutachten den Fokus auf Familien, die eine geteilte (asymmetrische wie symmetrische) Betreuung leben. Internationale Vergleiche zeigen, wie geteilte Betreuung anderswo gelebt wird und wo es Reformbedarf gibt.}, language = {de} } @article{ZartlerSuwadaKreyenfeld, author = {Zartler, Ulrike and Suwada, Katarzyna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Family lives during the COVID-19 pandemic in European Societies: Introduction to the Special Issue}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {34}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {1}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-808}, pages = {1 -- 15}, abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Family Lives during the COVID-19 Pandemic in European Societies". Background: This Special Issue analyses how families, parents, and children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and how they have been coping with its related challenges in different societal contexts. Method: The studies collected in this Special Issue are based on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and data that have been gathered during 2020 in a range of European countries. It covers the first lockdown period, the reopening phases, and the months thereafter. Results: The 20 contributions of this Special Issue show that families shouldered large responsibilities during the pandemic. While the pandemic did not lead to radical shifts in gendered care patterns, mothers and fathers experienced the pandemic differently, with mothers reporting higher levels of stress. Moreover, there was great heterogeneity in how different types of families and children were affected by the pandemic. Single parents and parents and children in low-income households were most strongly affected in their social and economic wellbeing. Social and economic distress are strongly interwoven, and the developments during the pandemic aggravated existing social disparities. Conclusion: This Special Issue underlines the importance of the family for the functioning of societies during times of crisis. It also shows that policy makers often adopted a too narrow view of what constitutes a family and did not adequately address family diversity in their decision making. This Special Issue furthermore emphasized that there is a danger that the pandemic will increase disparities between families. Thus, parents and their children need adequate support measures that are tailored to their needs, and that are designed to alleviate these social, economic and educational disparities.}, language = {en} } @article{BrueggmannKreyenfeld, author = {Br{\"u}ggmann, Daniel and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Earnings Trajectories After Divorce: The Legacies of the Earner Model During Marriage}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {42}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, doi = {10.1007/s11113-023-09756-4}, abstract = {Divorce marks the legal endpoint of a marital union. While divorce is increasingly seen as a 'clean break', the past marital history of the couple may nevertheless shape their present conditions. In particular, there may be a legacy of a highly gendered division of labour during marriage that may affect the ex-spouses' earning trajectories beyond the date of divorce. Using register data from the German Pension Fund, we examine the earning trajectories of heterosexual couples who filed for a divorce in 2013 (24,616 men and 24,616 women). Using fixed-effects and matching techniques, we compare the earning trajectories of divorcees with those of a control group of married persons in the period spanning two years before and two years after divorce. In particular, we examine how the earner models divorcees followed during marriage shaped their future earning trajectories. Our results show that, on average, the earnings of a divorced woman in a male breadwinner constellation increased after divorce, while the earnings of her male ex-spouse declined. Nevertheless, large gender differences in earnings persisted: 2 years after separation, a divorced woman who had been in a male breadwinner constellation was, on average, earning 72\% less than her ex-spouse. We discuss our findings against the background of recent policy reforms in Germany, which assume that ex-partners should be economically 'self-reliant' after divorce.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSprengholzSchieckoff, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Sprengholz, Maximilian and Schieckoff, Bentley}, title = {Frauen. Arbeit mit Hindernissen}, series = {Atlas der Migration: Neue Daten und Fakten {\"u}ber Menschen in Bewegung}, booktitle = {Atlas der Migration: Neue Daten und Fakten {\"u}ber Menschen in Bewegung}, editor = {Bussemer, Johanna and Albrecht, Franziska and Riethm{\"u}ller, Dorit and Jakob, Christian}, publisher = {Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {42 -- 43}, language = {de} } @techreport{LambertKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lambert, Philippe and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility}, publisher = {arXiv}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2302.00331}, abstract = {Extended cure survival models enable to separate covariates that affect the probability of an event (or `long-term' survival) from those only affecting the event timing (or `short-term' survival). We propose to generalize the bounded cumulative hazard model to handle additive terms for time-varying (exogenous) covariates jointly impacting long- and short-term survival. The selection of the penalty parameters is a challenge in that framework. A fast algorithm based on Laplace approximations in Bayesian P-spline models is proposed. The methodology is motivated by fertility studies where women's characteristics such as the employment status and the income (to cite a few) can vary in a non-trivial and frequent way during the individual follow-up. The method is furthermore illustrated by drawing on register data from the German Pension Fund which enabled us to study how women's time-varying earnings relate to first birth transitions.}, language = {en} } @article{MolinaWagnerKreyenfeld, author = {Molina, Stefania and Wagner, Lena and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Women's economic independence and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during separation}, series = {PLOS One}, volume = {20}, journal = {PLOS One}, number = {6}, publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0326529}, abstract = {A growing number of studies have addressed the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV). While some studies have shown that women's economic independence reduces the risk of physical IPV, the empirical evidence is still inconclusive. In particular, little is known about the factors that are associated with the likelihood of experiencing physical IPV during the immediate separation process. We use data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) for the years 2009-2022. The analytical sample consists of women who went through a separation since the last interview (n = 786 person-years). We use logistic regression models to examine the determinants of physical IPV during separation. We find that mothers with minor children have significantly higher odds of experiencing physical IPV during separation than women who do not have minor children (OR=1.96, p=.006), controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. Low education as well as non-employment are associated with higher risks of physical IPV during separation for both women with and without minor children. However, non-employment is a particular risk factor for mothers with lower levels of education. Divorce and separation, especially when minor children are involved, can be a highly stressful time when partner conflict escalates and, in some cases, culminates in violence against the partner. This paper highlights the importance of maternal labor market integration and economic independence as a lever to potentially reduce physical IPV and conflict during separation.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauckMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauck, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Der Wandel der Lebensformen und seine Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Alterssicherung in Deutschland}, series = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, booktitle = {Gerechte Rente: Sozialethische Perspektiven einer interdisziplin{\"a}ren Sondierung der Alterssicherung}, editor = {Karger-Kroll, Anna and Sch{\"a}fers, Lars}, publisher = {Nomos}, isbn = {978-3-7560-1712-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzkaLambertetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk and Lambert, Philippe and Ramos, Vincent Jerald}, title = {Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {39}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, doi = {10.1007/s10680-023-09656-5}, abstract = {Building on a thick strand of the literature on the determinants of higher-order births, this study uses a gender and class perspective to analyse second birth progression rates in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1990 to 2020, individuals are classified based on their occupation into: upper service, lower service, skilled manual/higher-grade routine nonmanual, and semi-/unskilled manual/lower-grade routine nonmanual classes. Results highlight the "economic advantage" of men and women in service classes who experience strongly elevated second birth rates. Finally, we demonstrate that upward career mobility post-first birth is associated with higher second birth rates, particularly among men.}, language = {en} } @article{AlonsoPerezHeisigKreyenfeldetal., author = {Alonso-Perez, Enrique and Heisig, Jan Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine}, title = {Intersectional inequalities in the transition to grandparenthood and cognitive functioning: A longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA)}, series = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbae088}, abstract = {Objectives In aging societies, more people become vulnerable to experiencing cognitive decline. Simultaneously, the role of grandparenthood is central for older adults and their families. Our study investigates inequalities in the level and trajectories of cognitive functioning among older adults, focusing on possible intersectional effects of social determinants and grandparenthood as a life course transition that may contribute to delaying cognitive decline. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we analyzed a sample of 19,953 individuals aged 50-85 without grandchildren at baseline. We applied Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy to investigate variation in cognitive functioning across 48 intersectional strata, defined by sex/gender, migration, education, and occupation. We allowed the impact of becoming a grandparent on cognitive functioning trajectories to vary across strata by including random slopes. Results Intersectional strata accounted for 17.43\% of the overall variance in cognitive functioning, with most of the stratum-level variation explained by additive effects of the stratum-defining characteristics. Transition to grandparenthood was associated with higher cognitive functioning, showing a stronger effect for women. Stratum-level variation in the grandparenthood effect was modest, especially after accounting for interactions between grandparenthood and the stratum-defining variables. Discussion This study highlights the importance of social determinants for understanding heterogeneities in older adults' level of cognitive functioning and its association with the transition to grandparenthood. Cumulative disadvantages negatively affect cognitive functioning, hence adopting an intersectional lens is useful to decompose inequalities and derive tailored interventions to promote equal healthy aging.}, language = {en} } @article{BoguszMatysiakKreyenfeld, author = {Bogusz, Honorata and Matysiak, Anna and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Structural labour market change, cognitive work, and entry to parenthood in Germany}, series = {Population Studies}, journal = {Population Studies}, doi = {10.1080/00324728.2024.2372018}, abstract = {Technological change and globalization have caused unprecedented transformations of labour markets, resulting in a growing division between workers who perform cognitive vs non-cognitive tasks. To date, only few studies have addressed the fertility effects of these long-term structural changes. This study fills that gap. We measure the cognitive task content of occupations using data from the Employment Survey of the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, which we link to individual histories from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984-2018. We find that women and men with non-cognitive jobs are increasingly less likely to enter parenthood; this is reflected in lower first-birth intensities but also in higher probabilities of childlessness compared with workers in highly cognitive jobs. These findings imply that structural shifts in the labour market are exacerbating disparities between low-skilled and highly skilled individuals, not only within the labour market but also in the realm of family formation.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldNaujoks, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Naujoks, Tabea}, title = {Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und soziale Ungleichheit}, series = {Handbuch Sozialstrukturanalyse}, booktitle = {Handbuch Sozialstrukturanalyse}, editor = {B{\"o}hnke, Petra and Konietzka, Dirk}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-39759-3}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-39759-3_49-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, abstract = {Im Zentrum des folgenden Beitrags steht die Darstellung des Zusammenhangs von Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und sozialer Ungleichheit. Dabei behandeln wir nicht nur die Aufteilung von Haus- und Sorgearbeit in bestehenden Partnerschaften, sondern gehen auch auf die Bedeutung der geschlechtlichen Arbeitsteilung f{\"u}r soziale Ungleichheit nach Trennung und Scheidung ein. Wir diskutieren dar{\"u}ber hinaus die Rolle sozialpolitischer Rahmenbedingungen die Anreize f{\"u}r eine geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung in Paarhaushalten setzen, und die individuellen Kosten dieser in der Nachtrennungszeit bestimmen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Sozialstruktur und Familienformen}, series = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, editor = {Arr{\´a}nz Becker, Oliver and Hank, Karsten and Steinbach, Anja}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-35218-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_26}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {657 -- 674}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag gibt auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber den Wandel der Familienformen in Deutschland. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit alleinerziehende, nichteheliche und eheliche Familien sozialstrukturell differenziert sind und in welchem Ausmaß sich die {\"o}konomische Lebenslage der verschiedenen Familienformen unterscheidet.}, language = {de} } @article{O’SullivanAlonsoPerezFaerberetal., author = {O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Alonso-Perez, Enrique and F{\"a}rber, Francesca and Fuellen, Georg and Rudolf, Henrik and Heisig, Jan Paul and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Onset of Type 2 diabetes in adults aged 50 and older in Europe: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy}, series = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, volume = {16}, journal = {Diabetology \& Metabolic Syndrome}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {1758-5996}, doi = {10.1186/s13098-024-01533-3}, abstract = {Background Disparities in the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are associated with various social determinants, including sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education, and household income. This study applied an intersectional perspective to map social disparities and investigate intersectional effects regarding the onset of T2D among older adults across Europe. Methods We used data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to conduct an Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (I-MAIHDA) of T2D onset. Individuals aged 50 years or older without known T2D at Wave 4 (2011, baseline) were included and followed through Waves 5 (2013), 6 (2015), 7 (2016), and 8 (2019-2020). Intersectional models were used to estimate additive main effects of sex/gender, migration background, living arrangement, education level, and household income and intersectional interactions. Results A total of 39,108 individuals were included (age at baseline M = 65.18 years (SD = 9.62), 57.4\% women). T2D onset was reported for 9.2\% of the sample over the 9-year observation period. In the fully adjusted model, all social determinants showed significant additive associations with T2D onset, while the discriminatory accuracy of the social strata was found to be low (Variance Partition Coefficient = 0.3\%). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive mapping of intersectional disparities in onset of T2D among older adults in Europe. The results highlight the risk heterogeneity within the population and show social disadvantages faced by certain groups. However, while the T2D risks were higher in some strata than in others, the intersectional effects were small overall and mostly attributable to the additive main effects. The results suggest that public health strategies to prevent T2D should be universal but tailored to meet the specific situation of the different intersectional strata.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BebloBollBergetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Beblo, Miriam and Boll, Christina and Berg, Mathias and Geene, Raimund and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lenze, Anne and Scheiwe, Kirsten and Schober, Pia S. and Stichnoth, Holger}, title = {Zehnter Familienbericht: Unterst{\"u}tzung allein- und getrennterziehender Eltern und ihrer Kinder — Bestandsaufnahme und Handlungsempfehlungen}, edition = {Deutscher Bundestag - 20. Wahlperiode Drucksache 20/14510}, publisher = {Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, address = {Berlin}, pages = {448}, language = {de} } @techreport{KreyenfeldGellert, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Policy implications of the greying of family diversity}, series = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, journal = {Academy of Social Sciences: International Advisory Group policy briefings series}, publisher = {Academy of Social Sciences}, address = {London}, language = {en} } @techreport{LambertKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Lambert, Philippe and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Exogenous time-varying covariates in double additive cure survival model with application to fertility}, edition = {LIDAM Discussion Paper IBA 2023/06}, publisher = {ISBA}, address = {Louvain-la-Neuve}, language = {en} } @techreport{FischerFreundGeigeretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Fischer, Julia and Freund, Alexandra M. and Geiger, Harmut and Kempermann, Gerd and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Luy, Marc}, title = {Demografischen Wandel und Altern gestalten. Interdisziplin{\"a}re Impulse f{\"u}r einen ressort{\"u}bergreifenden Ansatz}, publisher = {Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina}, address = {Halle (Saale)}, doi = {10.26164/leopoldina_03_01256}, pages = {38}, abstract = {Der demografische Wandel ist eine der gr{\"o}ßten Herausforderungen, mit denen Deutschland konfrontiert ist. Die anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten, verbunden mit einer steigenden Lebenserwartung, f{\"u}hren zu einer starken Alterung der Gesellschaft. Daraus ergibt sich ein sehr großer Anpassungsbedarf in Pflege und Gesundheit, den sozialen Sicherungssystemen und auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In den letzten Jahren wurde die Demografiepolitik innerhalb der Bundesregierung nur wenig koordiniert und gesteuert. Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Diskussionspapiers empfehlen, die Demografiepolitik als politisches Schwerpunktthema f{\"u}r die kommende Legislaturperiode zu verankern. Das Papier formuliert daf{\"u}r konkrete Handlungsans{\"a}tze.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {46}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, issn = {1869-8999}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2021-10}, abstract = {This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmaukMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The gender pension gap in Germany: Is divorce a gender-equaliser?}, series = {Ageing \& Society}, journal = {Ageing \& Society}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X21001513}, abstract = {Germany is one of the few countries in Europe that has implemented a system of 'divorce splitting'. Under this system, the pension credits that spouses have accumulated during their marriage are combined and then split equally between them upon divorce. This study examines how divorce affects public pension entitlements in Germany, and how these patterns are influenced by the system of divorce splitting. The data for our analysis comes from SHARE-RV, a direct linkage of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with administrative data of the research data centre of the German Pension Insurance Fund (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund). The data include information on the beneficiaries' monthly earnings and employment biographies, as well as on their pension entitlements and the credits they received through divorce splitting. The results of the analysis, which was restricted to West German men and women born between 1935 and 1954, reveal that there are large gender gaps in public pension benefit levels. However, the investigation also shows that single and divorced West German women have larger personal pension entitlements than their married or widowed counterparts. Furthermore, the public pension entitlements of divorced men and women in West Germany are very similar. This can be attributed partially to the divorce-splitting system, which tends to increase the pension benefits of divorced women, while reducing the pension benefits of their male counterparts.}, language = {en} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Rentenanspr{\"u}che von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von M{\"a}nnern zur{\"u}ck}, series = {DIW Wochenbericht}, volume = {92}, journal = {DIW Wochenbericht}, number = {12}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {1860-8787}, doi = {10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1}, pages = {183 -- 189}, abstract = {Frauen verdienen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als M{\"a}nner. Im Jahr 2024 betrug der sogenannte Gender Pay Gap, der den Unterschied der Bruttostundenl{\"o}hne misst, in Deutschland 16 Prozent.info Da die Rentenanspr{\"u}che aus der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung in Deutschland direkt von den L{\"o}hnen abh{\"a}ngen, {\"u}bertr{\"a}gt sich diese Lohndifferenz auch auf Unterschiede bei den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen. Der Unterschied zwischen M{\"a}nnern und Frauen wird als Gender Pension Gap bezeichnet.info Die unterschiedlichen L{\"o}hne sind aber nur ein Faktor f{\"u}r die Differenz. Weitere Gr{\"u}nde sind h{\"a}ufige Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Frauen, beispielsweise wegen Kinderbetreuung oder der Pflege von Angeh{\"o}rigen, Segregation auf dem Arbeitsmarktinfo oder Unterschieden bei der Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, die sich auf geschlechtsspezifische soziale Normen und Stereotype zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren lassen.info Mit der Einf{\"u}hrung der Kindererziehungszeiten im Jahr 1986, die durch mehrere Reformen ausgeweitet wurden, sollten die individuellen Rentenanspr{\"u}che von M{\"u}ttern erh{\"o}ht werden. Damit sollte langfristig der Gender Pension Gap und auch der Motherhood Pension Gap, also der Unterschied zwischen den Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von Frauen mit und ohne Kinder, reduziert werden.info In diesem Wochenbericht werden auf Basis der Versichertenkontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung die Unterschiede bei den gesetzlichen Rentenanspr{\"u}chen von M{\"a}nnern und Frauen sowie f{\"u}r Frauen nach Anzahl der Kinder untersucht (Kasten 1). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigen die Auswertungen, welche Rolle die Kindererziehungszeiten knapp 40 Jahre nach ihrer Einf{\"u}hrung spielen.}, language = {de} } @article{HaanKreyenfeldSchmauketal., author = {Haan, Peter and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {The Gender Pension Gap Grows the More Children a Woman Has}, series = {DIW Weekly Report}, volume = {15}, journal = {DIW Weekly Report}, number = {12+13}, publisher = {DIW Berlin — Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Wirtschaftsforschung e.V.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2568-7697}, doi = {10.18723/diw_dwr:2025-12-1}, pages = {79 -- 85}, abstract = {The gender pension gap, the difference in pension entitlements between men and women, is 32 percent for 60-yearolds according to data from the German Pension Insurance (Deutsche Rentenversicherung). In addition, there is a considerable motherhood pension gap: Statutory pension entitlements for mothers and childless women differ greatly. Pensionrelated childcare credits, which were introduced in 1986 and have been modified many times since, counteract this gap. Recognition of pension-related childcare credits reduce the difference in pension entitlements between childless women and mothers considerably, albeit only in the immediate years following the birth of a child. For the birth cohorts from 1952 to 1959, the motherhood pension gap for 60-year-olds in western Germany is 26 percent; pension-related childcare credits could not close the gap. Further social and tax policy measures supporting an equal division of care work and paid work are necessary. In addition to expanding public child care, reforms to joint taxation of married couples with full income splitting (Ehegattensplitting) and reducing subsidies for jobs with few working hours (Minijobs) as well as a restructuring of the workplace to be more caretaker-friendly are required.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldSchmauk, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmauk, Sarah}, title = {Widowhood and grey divorce}, series = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on Partnering across the Life Course}, editor = {Mortelmans, Dimitri and Bernardi, Laura and Perelli-Harris, Brienna}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd}, isbn = {9781803923383}, doi = {10.4337/9781803923383.00022}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {178 -- 190}, abstract = {The death of a partner and union dissolution both mark the endpoint of a partnership. However, as these events previously primarily occurred at different life course stages, they have generally been investigated in separate strands of literature. With the growing prevalence of divorce at later ages, however, research on widowhood and "grey divorce" has moved closer together. This chapter examines whether and to what extent the findings on the consequences of grey divorce mirror the existing results on the consequences of widowhood. Attention is also given to the different ways in which welfare states buffer the adverse effects of the death of a partner and divorce on individuals' economic wellbeing at advanced ages. While this chapter seeks to summarize achievements regarding grey divorce research, we conclude with a critical discussion, which, among other things, reflects on the use of universal and fixed cut-off ages (such as age 50) to define grey divorce.}, language = {en} }