@book{SchneiderKreyenfeld, author = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing}, address = {Cheltenham, UK}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {480}, abstract = {Exploring how family life has radically changed in recent decades, this comprehensive Research Handbook tracks the latest developments and trends in scholarly work on the family. With a particular focus on the European context, it addresses current debates and offers insights into key topics including: the division of housework, family forms and living arrangements, intergenerational relationships, partner choice, divorce and fertility behaviour.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldZinn, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Zinn, Sabine}, title = {Coronacrisis and care: How the coronavirus crisis affected fathers' involvement in Germany (Introduction to the Special Issue)}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {44 - Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.4}, pages = {100 -- 122}, abstract = {BACKGROUND Some have hypothesized that the coronavirus crisis may result in a retraditionalization of behaviour. This paper examines this hypothesis by analyzing how the time fathers and mothers spent with their children changed during the first lockdown in the case of Germany. METHODS Data for this investigation come from the German Socio-Economic Panel. The outcome variable is the time spent on childcare tasks. We investigate how this time changed between 2019 and spring 2020 and how these patterns differed by gender, education, and employment situation. As a method, we employ linear panel regressions where the dependent variable is the change in childcare time between the two survey years. RESULTS We find that fathers and mothers expanded the time they spent on childcare to similar degrees between 2019 and spring 2020, which marks the period of the first lockdown. However, we also observe large differences by level of education. We find that men with low and medium levels of education spent more time with their children than they did before the onset of the crisis. CONTRIBUTION Our study provides novel evidence on the effect of the coronavirus crisis on fathers' involvement in childcare. Contrary to expectations based on previous research, we find that fathers expanded the time they were spending with their children during the first lockdown. While we also find that women continue to perform the bulk of childcare tasks, our results cast a positive light on the potential of paternal involvement in contemporary societies.}, language = {en} } @article{SprengholzDiehlGieseckeetal., author = {Sprengholz, Maximilian and Diehl, Claudia and Giesecke, Johannes and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-492}, pages = {1 -- 32}, abstract = {Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labour market performance of different arrival cohorts of non-German women and men who immigrated to (western) Germany. Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses of the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men were consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, this pattern reversed due to a considerable decline in the average working hours of migrant women across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants increased across the arrival cohorts, corresponding to higher levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of the arrival cohorts tended to decline during their initial years of residence, and to stagnate thereafter. This pattern seems to be due in part to selective outmigration. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labour market performance of immigrants varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applied especially to migrant women.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldDiehlKrohetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Diehl, Claudia and Kroh, Martin and Giesecke, Johannes}, title = {Female employment and migration in European countries}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-700}, abstract = {Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Female Employment and Migration in European Countries". Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market performance of male migrants, women's employment behaviour after migration has only recently moved into the focus of attention. Method: This Special Issue draws on various research methods and data sources, including register, census, and survey data. Some of the studies focus on specific national contexts, such as the German, Spanish, Dutch, and Belgian situations. Other studies compare female migrants across European countries and between origin and destination countries. Results: The contributions in this Special Issue help to disentangle the complex interplay of socio-economic factors, family and fertility behaviour, gender role attitudes, and institutional constraints and policies that shape the employment behaviour of migrant women after they migrate. Conclusion: In many European countries, the employment rates of first-generation female migrants, and particularly those of women from non-EU countries of origin, lag behind the employment rates of native women. While prior research has often reported that socio-economic and cultural factors play a role in shaping the employment behaviour of female migrants, the contributions in this volume also emphasise the strong relevance of institutional factors in the receiving country, including migration, family, and labour market policies.}, language = {en} } @article{KonietzkaFeldhausKreyenfeldetal., author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Feldhaus, Michael and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Trappe, Heike}, title = {Family and intimate relationships}, series = {Soziologische Revue}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Soziologische Revue}, editor = {Hollstein, Betina and Greshoff, Rainer and Schimank, Uwe and Weiß, Anja}, doi = {10.1515/9783110627275-008}, pages = {99 -- 116}, abstract = {This article provides an overview on research on intimate relationships and the family in Germany since the turn of the millennium. It is argued that "German family sociology" has undergone major changes in various ways. In theoretical terms, micro-theoretical approaches have largely replaced former macro-sociological debates on de-institutionalization and pluralization of the family. In empirical research, the application of a life course perspective and the use of longitudinal data have become more and more established. In substantial terms, researchers have pursued integrative research perspectives that link family dynamics to other life domains. Not least, publication strategies shifted in favor of English language and international journals. In sum, these developments have fundamentally changed the German researchlandscape on intimate relationships and the family.}, language = {en} } @techreport{NaujoksKreyenfeldDummert, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Naujoks, Tabea and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Dummert, Sandra}, title = {The Coronavirus Crisis, Fathers' Short-Time Work, and the Division of Child Care in Couples}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-3870}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-38700}, pages = {50}, abstract = {Objective. This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background. Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method. We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger (n=811). We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to August 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from the coronavirus crisis suggests that changes in men's work patterns have the potential to shift the gendered division of care in the household.}, language = {en} } @incollection{SchneiderKreyenfeld, author = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Introduction: The sociology of the family - towards a European perspective}, series = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, editor = {Schneider, Norbert F. and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544.00007}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {2 -- 20}, language = {en} } @incollection{KonietzkaKreyenfeld, author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Life course sociology: Key concepts and applications in family sociology}, series = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, booktitle = {Research Handbook on the Sociology of the Family}, editor = {Schneider, Norbert and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, publisher = {Edward Elgar}, address = {Cheltenham}, isbn = {9781788975537}, doi = {10.4337/9781788975544.00012}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {73 -- 87}, language = {en} } @techreport{WalperKreyenfeldBebloetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Hahlweg, Kurt and Nebe, Katja and Schuler-Harms, Margarete and Fegert, J{\"o}rg M.}, title = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, address = {Berlin}, language = {de} } @techreport{BaykaraKrummeBebloDethlofetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Baykara-Krumme, Helen and Beblo, Miriam and Dethlof, Nina and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Pl{\"u}nnecke, Axel and Pollak, Reinhard and Walper, Sabine}, title = {Neunter Familienbericht der Bundesregierung}, pages = {721}, abstract = {Der Neunte Familienbericht widmet sich dem Thema "Eltern sein in Deutschland" und bietet einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Trends, die das Familienleben und die Situation von Eltern in Deutschland bestimmen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Eltern als Weichensteller f{\"u}r das Leben ihrer Kinder. Anspr{\"u}che, Anforderungen und Angebote, denen sich Eltern bei wachsender Vielfalt gegen{\"u}bersehen, werden W{\"u}nschen und Zielen gegen{\"u}bergestellt, um daraus Empfehlungen f{\"u}r eine wirksame Politik f{\"u}r Familien abzuleiten. In ihrer Stellungnahme zum Sachverst{\"a}ndigenbericht legt die Bundesregierung dar, welche Schwerpunkte sie in der politischen Umsetzung der Ergebnisse und Empfehlungen des Berichts zuk{\"u}nftig setzt, damit Familien ihr Familienleben entsprechend ihren Vorstellungen und mit mehr Zeitsouver{\"a}nit{\"a}t gestalten k{\"o}nnen.}, language = {de} } @techreport{Kreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Stellungnahme zum „Entwurf eines Gesetzes {\"u}ber die statistische Erhebung der Zeitverwendung (Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz - ZVEG)}, pages = {10}, language = {de} } @article{MejiaKreyenfeld, author = {Mejia, Cristina Samper and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {33}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {2}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-491}, pages = {439 -- 466}, abstract = {Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany's migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Kreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Stellungnahme zum „Entwurf eines Gesetzes {\"u}ber die statistische Erhebung der Zeitverwendung (Zeitverwendungserhebungsgesetz - ZVEG)"}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-3781}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-37818}, pages = {14}, abstract = {Die Zeitverwendungsstudie ist, neben Mikrozensus und Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe, eine der zentralen amtlichen Befragungen, die ein differenziertes Bild {\"u}ber die Zeitverwendung der Bev{\"o}lkerung nach sozio-demographischen Merkmalen liefert. Da schon Personen ab 10 Jahren befragt werden, ist sie zudem eine der wenigen Befragungen, die Einblicke in den Tagesablauf, die Zeitpr{\"a}ferenzen und auch den Zeitstress von Kindern und Jugendlichen liefert. Die Befragung umfasst Zeitinformationen f{\"u}r unterschiedlichste Bereiche - u.a. Freizeit, Pflege, Ehrenamt, Mobilit{\"a}t und Kinderbetreuung -, die in anderen Befragungen unterbelichtet sind. Zu Recht wird auf das Potenzial dieses Datensatzes verwiesen alternative Wohlstandsmaße bereitzustellen. Im vorliegenden Gesetzesentwurf werden vor allem die Erhebungsmerkmale festgelegt. Neben etablierten Fragebatterien werden auch neue Batterien aufgenommen. Mit der Integration einer neuen Frage zum „Kontakt zu eigenen Kindern, die nicht im Haushalt leben", sollen erstmalig auch haushalts{\"u}bergreifende Informationen zu Kindern erhoben werden. Dieser Schritt ist zu begr{\"u}ßen. Dennoch kann die Zeitverwendungsstudie in der vorgesehenen Form die Lebenswirklichkeiten von Trennungseltern und -kindern nicht hinreichend abbilden. Konkret wurden folgende Punkte in dieser Stellungnahme hervorgehoben: • Erstens wurde angeregt, Anstrengungen zu unternehmen Stieffamilien abzugrenzen. Dies w{\"u}rde es nicht nur erm{\"o}glichen, die Lebens- und Familienformen zeitgem{\"a}ß zu erfassen, sondern ebenfalls das v{\"a}terliche Engagement in der Kinderbetreuung ad{\"a}quater abzubilden. • Zweitens wurde kritisch vermerkt, dass Trennungseltern, die von ihren Kindern getrennt leben, nicht abgegrenzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Es kann auch nicht quantifiziert werden, in welcher Weise diese Eltern Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen. Es wird zwar dezidiert abgefragt, in welcher Weise „Unterst{\"u}tzung f{\"u}r andere Personen geleistet werden, die nicht Teil der Haushaltsgemeinschaft sind". Die Betreuungsleistungen, die dem eigenen getrennt lebenden Kind entgegen gebracht werden, werden hingegen nicht erfasst (bzw. gehen in dieser Item-Batterie unter). Gleichermaßen gilt dies f{\"u}r die Betreuungsleistungen, die ein Haushalt durch den getrennt lebenden Elternteil empf{\"a}ngt. • Drittens wurde vermerkt, dass eine Erfassung von migrationsspezifischen Indikatoren in Befragungen (wie Sprache, Geburtsland der Eltern) grunds{\"a}tzlich sinnvoll ist. Jedoch wurde kritisch hinterfragt, ob dies ebenfalls f{\"u}r die Zeitverwendungsstudie gilt, in der keine Substichprobe f{\"u}r Personen mit Migrationshintergrund vorgesehen ist und die Befragung nur in deutscher Sprache durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. • Viertens wurde angeregt, nicht nur die Erhebungsmerkmale in den Blick zu nehmen, sondern auch Augenmerk auf die Methodenweiterentwicklung zu richten. Gleichermaßen sollten M{\"o}glichkeiten von L{\"a}ngsschnittbefragungen und „abgespeckten" Befragungen in k{\"u}rzeren Befragungswellen ausgelotet werden.}, language = {de} } @techreport{AlonsoPerezMcEvoyRamosetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Alonso-Perez, Enrique and McEvoy, Olan and Ramos, Vincent and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Liebig, Stefan and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lersch, Philipp and Bazzani, Giacomo and Guetto, Raffaele and Vignoli, Daniele and Heisig, Jan and Solga, Heike and Gellert, Paul}, title = {Cognitive Pretest of a Factorial Survey Experiment on Future Narratives and Family Care}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-4174}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-41744}, pages = {16}, abstract = {Within the Preparation Module for the Einstein Center for Population Diversity (ECPD), diverse research institutions came together to provide new survey instruments for the innovation sample in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-IS). With the goal of collecting insightful information about future narratives and family care, central topics of the ECPD research endeavor, factorial survey was chosen as a suitable method. A preliminary set of vignettes was designed conjointly, and before proceeding with the large-scale survey, a series of cognitive pretests were conducted to examine comprehensibility and context effects. In this study we describe the design and analysis of these cognitive pretests, with a special focus on the process of designing the final survey informed by the pretests' feedback.}, language = {en} } @article{NaujoksKreyenfeldDummert, author = {Naujoks, Tabea and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Dummert, Sandra}, title = {The division of child care during the coronavirus crisis in Germany: How did short-time work affect fathers' engagement?}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-717}, abstract = {Objective: This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background: Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method: We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger. We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to October 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. The positive effect of short-time work on the division of child care is moderated by the level of education. Fathers with low or medium education are more likely to increase their child care share when receiving short-time work benefits compared to fathers with high education. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that men's working time is a major vehicle to change the gendered division of care in couple households.}, language = {en} } @periodical{KreyenfeldDiehlKrohetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Diehl, Claudia and Kroh, Martin and Giesecke, Johannes}, title = {Employment and Family Behaviour after Migration}, series = {Journal of Family Research}, volume = {Special Issue}, journal = {Journal of Family Research}, number = {33}, doi = {10.20377/jfr-2021-33-2}, language = {en} } @techreport{WalperKreyenfeldBebloetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Walper, Sabine and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Beblo, Miriam and Hahlweg, Kurt and Nebe, Katja and Schuler-Harms, Margarete and Fegert, J{\"o}rg M. and f{\"u}r Familienfragen, Wissenschaftliche Beirat}, title = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen. Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim Bundesministerium f{\"u}r Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend}, abstract = {Gemeinsam getrennt erziehen" ist das Thema des heute ver{\"o}ffentlichten Gutachtens des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats f{\"u}r Familienfragen beim BMFSFJ. Das Gutachten gibt einen umfassenden {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber Trennungsfamilien in Deutschland. Immer mehr Eltern w{\"u}nschen sich vor, aber auch nach einer Trennung ihre Kinder gemeinsam zu betreuen. Deshalb legt das Gutachten den Fokus auf Familien, die eine geteilte (asymmetrische wie symmetrische) Betreuung leben. Internationale Vergleiche zeigen, wie geteilte Betreuung anderswo gelebt wird und wo es Reformbedarf gibt.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {46}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, issn = {1869-8999}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2021-10}, abstract = {This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".}, language = {en} }