@techreport{GlobischMuellerFuchsetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Globisch, Claudia and M{\"u}ller, Dana and Fuchs, Michaela and Christoph, Bernhard and Danneck, Viktoria and Dummert, Sandra and Volkert, Marieke and Abendroth, Anja and Anger, Silke and Boll, Christina and Carstensen, Tanja and Fervers, Lukas and Hipp, Lena and Jacob, Marita and Knize, Veronika and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Lott, Yvonne and Naujoks, Tabea and Sauermann, Armin and Sch{\"u}ller, Simone and Tobler, Lina}, title = {Aufteilung der Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit zwischen Frauen und M{\"a}nnern: In der Pandemie {\"a}ndern sich Geschlechterrollen kaum}, series = {IAB-Kurzbericht}, journal = {IAB-Kurzbericht}, number = {05}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfelddiLegoPermanyeretal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and di Lego, Vanessa Gabrielle and Permanyer, Inaki and Potancokov{\´a}, Michaela and Sanchez Romero, Miguel}, title = {Introduction: Population inequality matters}, series = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, volume = {2025}, journal = {Vienna Yearbook of Population Research}, number = {1}, publisher = {Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag}, doi = {10.1553/p-5eef-bmjp}, pages = {1 -- 14}, abstract = {This Special Issue features 22 contributions that examine the interplay between population diversity and social inequality, thereby addressing the causes and consequences of socio-economic status (SES) differences in demographic behaviour. Among these 22 contributions, six are invited Debate articles that discuss selected contemporary challenges linked to population inequalities, including their measurement and assessment. These articles cover topics such as digitalisation, skills gaps, household arrangements, widow-hood, mortality inequalities and subnational population dynamics. A striking example underscoring the need to consider demographic developments in conjunction with social inequality is the correlation between longevity and education, income and wealth. The observation that socio-economic status (SES) determines how long we live is not only rele-vant for understanding demographic patterns, but is also highly pertinent for policymakers aiming to reduce social inequalities. The link between demographic processes and social inequality is also evident in research on family behaviour, which, for example, explores the extent to which growing labour market inequalities shape disparities in fertility and family dynamics. Migration has an obvious connection to social inequality and social stratification research, particularly regarding the unequal opportunities in income and education migrants face within receiving societies, as well as in migrants' demographic behaviour and its relation to SES. This Special Issue seeks to emphasise the importance of linking research on demographic diversity and social inequality. Demographic research contributes by providing hard numbers on population structure and societal change, and showing how these relate to social inequality. In doing so, this research informs policymakers about the areas where action is needed.}, language = {en} } @techreport{NiebergKrapfKreyenfeldetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Nieberg, Valeria and Krapf, Sandra and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Wolf, Katharina}, title = {Construction of a publication database of the scientific journal "Demography": how to identify author's gender and field of publication}, pages = {16}, abstract = {This Technical Report describes a database that has been established for the research project "Gendered authorship and demographic research - An analysis of 50 years of Demography". In this project, we have investigated whether gender determines field of publication. Our analysis was based on all papers published in "Demography" which is the flagship journal of the Population of America Association (PAA) and currently celebrates its 50th anniversary. We scrutinized all issues of „Demography" and compiled information on title, topic as well as gender of all authors. This Technical Report describes how we set up the resulting database. The Report is accompanied by the respective database (in STATA-format, version 13.0). (Keywords: Demography, gender, publication)}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldRasner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Rasner, A.}, title = {Demographic Change and Welfare State Restructuring}, series = {The problem-solving capacity of the modern state: governance challenges and administrative capacities}, booktitle = {The problem-solving capacity of the modern state: governance challenges and administrative capacities}, editor = {Wegrich, Kai and Lodge, Martin}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-0-19-871636-5}, pages = {143 -- 162}, language = {en} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Identit{\"a}ten und Lebensgef{\"u}hl der Berlinerinnen und Berliner}, series = {Die Hauptst{\"a}dter - Berlin 25 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall: Die Hertie Berlin Studie 2014}, booktitle = {Die Hauptst{\"a}dter - Berlin 25 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall: Die Hertie Berlin Studie 2014}, editor = {Anheier, Helmut K. and Hurrelmann, Klaus}, publisher = {Hoffmann und Campe}, address = {Hamburg}, isbn = {978-3455503395}, pages = {106 -- 165}, abstract = {Kaum eine andere deutsche Stadt hat mehr H{\"o}hen und Tiefen erlebt als Berlin. Mit dem Fall der Mauer und der Wiedervereinigung er{\"o}ffneten sich ungeahnte Perspektiven und M{\"o}glichkeiten. Hat Berlin die Chancen genutzt? Wie steht die Stadt heute in wirtschaftlicher, sozialer und politischer Hinsicht da? Wie sehen die Berliner ihre Stadt? Wie zufrieden sind sie mit Wirtschaft und Verwaltung, mit dem Leben in der Stadt, in ihrem Kiez? Welche Herausforderungen stellen sich f{\"u}r die Berliner Regierung und Verwaltung? Mit dem einzigartigen Typus einer vertiefenden Stadtstudie liefert die von der Gemeinn{\"u}tzigen Hertie-Stiftung herausgegebene Studie unter der Leitung von Helmut K. Anheier und Klaus Hurrelmann repr{\"a}sentative Daten {\"u}ber die Lebenswelten in der deutschen Hauptstadt 25 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall. Wissenschaftlich fundiert, aktuell und auf h{\"o}chst lesbare Weise.}, language = {de} } @incollection{KonietzkaKreyenfeld, author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Sozialstruktur und Lebensform}, series = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Familiensoziologie}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-658-02275-4}, pages = {345 -- 373}, abstract = {Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundz{\"u}ge des sozialstrukturellen Wandels der Lebensformen in Deutschland. Zun{\"a}chst werden Konzepte und theoretische Ans{\"a}tze zur Erkl{\"a}rung von Lebensformen und familialen Verhaltensweisen skizziert. Anschließend werden Strukturen und Wandel der Lebens- und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 1990 auf der Grundlage des Mikrozensus und des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) empirisch untersucht. Dargestellt werden die altersspezifische Verteilung der Lebensformen, der Wandel der Familienformen von Frauen und M{\"a}nnern seit den 1990er Jahren sowie bildungsspezifische Entwicklungen. Weiterhin beleuchtet der Artikel an den Beispielen des {\"U}bergangs zur Mutterschaft und der nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft die kohortenspezifi sche Lebenslaufdynamik von Familienformen. Schließlich wird mit Stieff amilien ein in der empirischen Forschung bislang wenig untersuchter Aspekt der Differenzierung der Familienformen aufgegriffen.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldAnderssonMika, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Andersson, Gunnar and Mika, Tatjana}, title = {Welfare state context, female labour-market attachment and childbearing in Germany and Denmark}, series = {Journal of Population Research}, volume = {31}, journal = {Journal of Population Research}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, issn = {1835-9469}, doi = {10.1007/s12546-014-9135-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16723}, pages = {287 -- 316}, abstract = {This study investigates the role of female labour-market attachment and earnings in childbearing progressions in two very different European contexts. By applying event-history techniques to German and Danish register data during 1981-2001, we demonstrate how female earnings relate to first, second and third birth propensities. Our study shows that female earnings are positively associated with first birth fertility in Denmark, while this is not the case in West Germany. We interpret our findings based on the fact that Danish social context and policy encourage women to establish themselves in the labour market before becoming mothers, while the German institutional context during the 1980s and 1990s was not geared towards encouraging maternal employment. For higher-order births, the results are less clearcut. For Denmark we find a slightly positive correlation between female earnings and second-birth fertility, while the association is somewhat negative for third-order births. In Germany, women tend to leave the labour market when becoming mothers. Non-employed mothers have elevated second and, in particular, third-birth rates. For the group of mothers who are employed, we find only a weak association between their earnings and higher-order fertility.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldWillekens, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Willekens, F.J.}, title = {Data bases and statistical systems: demography}, series = {International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences}, booktitle = {International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences}, editor = {Wright, James}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {978-0-08-097086-8}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.41013-5}, pages = {735 -- 741}, abstract = {This article deals with the availability of large-scale data for demographic analysis. The main sources of data that demographers work with are censuses data, microcensus data, population registers, other administrative data, survey data, and big data. Data of this kind can be used to generate demographic rates and study demographic processes, such as family formation, marriage, divorce, residential mobility, and death. The advantages and pitfalls of different types of data are summarized.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Die Geburten- und Familienentwicklung in Deutschland}, series = {Die demografische Zeitbombe: Fakten und Folgen des Geburtendefizits}, booktitle = {Die demografische Zeitbombe: Fakten und Folgen des Geburtendefizits}, editor = {Kaufmann, Franz-Xaver and Kr{\"a}mer, Walter}, publisher = {Ferdinand Sch{\"o}ningh}, address = {Paderborn}, isbn = {978-3-506-78348-6}, pages = {19 -- 38}, abstract = {Die Deutschen werden {\"a}lter, bunter und weniger. Auf das {\"A}lter- und Bunterwerden darf man sich freuen. Das Wenigerwerden dagegen setzt das Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem verschiedenen dramatischen Verwerfungen, Spannungen und Verteilungsk{\"a}mpfen aus, die es in der deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte bisher in diesem Umfang noch nicht gab. Aber diese Gefahren werden bislang von der deutschen Politik, von den Medien und von der {\"O}ffentlichkeit nach Kr{\"a}ften ignoriert. F{\"u}hrende Wissenschaftler mit internationalem Renommee r{\"u}cken aus unterschiedlicher Perspektive diese drohenden Verwerfungen in ein dringend n{\"o}tiges Rampenlicht. Als gr{\"o}ßtes Manko wird die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Ausmaß des Problems und seiner Wahrnehmung in {\"O}ffentlichkeit und Politik diagnostiziert. Der Appell der Beitr{\"a}ger und Herausgeber zielt darauf ab, schon jetzt mit dem Abfedern der sich aufbauenden Spannungen zu beginnen und nicht weiter wie gehabt mit Scheuklappen und Volldampf auf eine demografische Implosions-Katastrophe zuzusteuern.}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldWalke, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Walke, Rainer}, title = {Ereignisanalyse (und andere Stichw{\"o}rter der Ereignisdatenanalyse)}, series = {Methoden-Lexikon f{\"u}r die Sozialwissenschaften}, booktitle = {Methoden-Lexikon f{\"u}r die Sozialwissenschaften}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-531-16629-2}, abstract = {Dieses Lexikon ist ein interdisziplin{\"a}res Nachschlagewerk mit fast 2.000 Stichworten aus den Bereichen Methodologie, qualitative und quantitative Methoden sowie Statistik. Forschungspraktische Themen werden ebenso behandelt wie die Grundlagen der empirischen Sozialforschung. Die Methoden in den Einzeldisziplinen werden in Langartikeln systematisch pr{\"a}sentiert. {\"U}ber 100 MethodikerInnen aus der Soziologie, der Politikwissenschaft, den Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaften, der Geschichtswissenschaft, der Ethnologie und Kulturanthropologie, der Sozialpsychologie, den Erziehungswissenschaften, den Gesundheitswissenschaften sowie der Sozial- und Kulturgeographie haben zu dem Lexikon beigetragen. Es dient f{\"u}r Studium und Forschung, aber auch f{\"u}r die Praxis in sozialwissenschaftlichen Berufsfeldern als Wissensgrundlage.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Economic uncertainty and fertility}, series = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, volume = {67}, journal = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, number = {S1}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1861-891X}, doi = {10.1007/s11577-015-0325-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-16760}, pages = {59 -- 80}, abstract = {Sociologists and demographers have long been interested in the role of economic uncertainty in family behavior. Despite the prevailing "bourgeois conviction" that economic uncertainty discourages people from having children, the empirical evidence on this issue is mixed. In this paper, I summarize the recent empirical evidence, and discuss the potential limitations of previous investigations. Among the possible shortcomings of these studies is that many relied exclusively on unemployment as an operational definition of labor market uncertainty. Subjective indicators of economic uncertainty, which measure the individual's perception of his or her economic situation more directly, often were not available to researchers. Moreover, few of these studies explored group-specific differences in behavior. In this paper, we seek to overcome some of the limitations of these earlier analyses. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), we study the role of perceived economic uncertainty in transitions to first and higher order births for the period 1990-2013. In addition, we examine how different population subgroups (stratified by education, parity, and age) respond to economic uncertainty.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {"The study of population offers something for everyone": Forschung zu Fertilit{\"a}t, Migration und Mortalit{\"a}t an der Schnittstelle von Demografie und Soziologie}, series = {KZfSS K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, volume = {67}, journal = {KZfSS K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, number = {S1}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {0023-2653}, doi = {10.1007/s11577-015-0315-8}, pages = {1 -- 9}, abstract = {Obwohl es zahlreiche inhaltliche Schnittstellen zwischen Gegenstandsbereichen der Soziologie und der Demografie gibt, hat sich in Deutschland bislang keine Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie, im Sinne einer in den USA schon fr{\"u}h institutionalisierten „Social Demography", etablieren k{\"o}nnen. In diesem einleitenden Beitrag des vorliegenden Sonderhefts der K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie zeigen wir zun{\"a}chst die Ankn{\"u}pfungspunkte beider Disziplinen auf. Anschließend stellen wir die konzeptionelle und inhaltliche Struktur des Heftes vor: Auf Untersuchungen zu den drei klassischen demografischen Kernbereichen „Fertilit{\"a}t und Partnerschaft" (Teil I), „Migration und Mobilit{\"a}t" (Teil II) sowie „Mortalit{\"a}t und Morbidit{\"a}t" (Teil III) folgen Beitr{\"a}ge zum Verh{\"a}ltnis von „Wohlfahrtsstaat und demografischen Wandel" (Teil IV) sowie zur aktuellen Forschung im Bereich der „Soziologie und Biodemografie" (Teil V).}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldNiephausSackmann, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Niephaus, Yasemin and Sackmann, Reinhold}, title = {Gegenstandsbereich der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie}, series = {Handbuch Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie}, publisher = {Springer Fachmedien}, address = {Wiesbaden}, pages = {3 -- 18}, abstract = {In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Entwicklung der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie in Deutschland dar. Aufbauend auf den klassischen Arbeiten von S{\"u}ßmilch wurde die Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie in Deutschland bis zur Nachkriegszeit vor allem durch die Arbeiten von National{\"o}konomen wie Brentano, Mombert und Mackenroth gepr{\"a}gt. Die zunehmende Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Mikrodaten hat zu einer Neuorientierung der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie beigetragen, in der statt einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtungsweise des „Bev{\"o}lkerungsgeschehens" die Analyse spezifischer demographischer {\"U}berg{\"a}nge in den Vordergrund r{\"u}ckte. Vor allem die Lebenslaufforschung hat sich seit den 1980er-Jahren als theoretisches Konzept an der Schnittmenge von demographischer und soziologischer Forschung hervorgetan. Neuere Entwicklungen verweisen auf methodische und theoretische Herausforderungen bei der Untersuchung des Zweiten Demographischen {\"U}bergangs. Eine „verstehende" Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie, die gesellschaftliche Bew{\"a}ltigungsprozesse des demographischen Wandels in den Vordergrund r{\"u}ckt, weist dabei ein methodisch und theoretisch noch nicht ausgesch{\"o}pftes Analyse- und Interventionspotential auf.}, language = {de} } @techreport{KreyenfeldHeintzMartin, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Heintz-Martin, Valerie}, title = {Fertility after separation: second births in higher order unions in Germany}, series = {FamiliesAndSocieties working paper series 28}, volume = {2015}, journal = {FamiliesAndSocieties working paper series 28}, number = {28}, publisher = {Stockholm University}, address = {Stockholm}, pages = {21}, abstract = {This paper uses recent data from the German family panel (pairfam) to examine the fertility behavior after separation. More specifically, we focus on the transition to the second child and compare the behavior of respondents in ongoing partnerships (couples who are still partnered with the mother/father of their first child) with those who have experienced family dissolution after the first birth. The investigation reveals strong gender differences in postseparation fertility behavior. We also find large regional differences. Eastern Germans had much lower second birth rates than western Germans. However, they were more prone than western Germans to have their second child with a parent who was not the father or the mother of their firstborn child. This result is in line with descriptive findings on the diversity of family structures in eastern Germany.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzkaHeintzMartin, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk and Heintz-Martin, Valerie}, title = {Lebens- und Familienformen}, series = {Handbuch Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie}, booktitle = {Handbuch Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie}, editor = {Niephaus, Yasemin and Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Sackmann, Reinhold}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-658-01409-4}, pages = {303 -- 325}, abstract = {In diesem Band pr{\"a}sentieren die Herausgebenden das Forschungsgebiet der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie. Mit unterschiedlichen Fragestellungen der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie befasste Autoren und Autorinnen tragen durch ihre Beitr{\"a}ge dazu bei. Nach einem ausf{\"u}hrlichen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die in der Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie g{\"a}ngigen Themen, Theorien und Daten werden die Bereiche Fertilit{\"a}t, Familie und Lebensformen, Migration und Mobilit{\"a}t sowie Mortalit{\"a}t, Morbidit{\"a}t und Pflege vorgestellt. Abschließend folgt eine Er{\"o}rterung des gesellschaftlichen Umgangs mit demographischem Wandel. Damit richtet sich das Handbuch Bev{\"o}lkerungssoziologie an ein breites Publikum, das Studierende, Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen, Politiker und Politikerinnen wie auch die interessierte {\"O}ffentlichkeit umfasst.}, language = {de} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Maternal and paternal employment across the life course}, series = {Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: an interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource}, booktitle = {Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: an interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken, NJ}, isbn = {eISBN 978-1-118-90077-2}, abstract = {This essay provides a condensed summary of major findings in trends in maternal and paternal employment patterns. Key theoretical concepts (such as cultural approaches, welfare state approaches, preference theory, economic approaches, and life course theory) are briefly summarized. The increase in maternal employment rates in most European countries, and the extent to which this increase has been related to growth in part-time and marginal employment, are also discussed. In studying the dynamics of the employment behavior of mothers, empirical researchers have mainly looked at the amount of time it takes for women to return to work after childbirth. While these studies often capture only a snapshot of the life course—namely, the period between childbirth and labor market reentry—new approaches (so-called sequence analyses) that map the lifetime employment patterns of women have been developed. The analysis of the employment patterns of fathers is an emerging field of research as well. However, little is known so far about how fatherhood affects men's lifetime employment patterns, and how paternal employment varies in different cultural and social policy contexts.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KrapfKreyenfeld, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Krapf, Sandra and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Fertility assessment with the Own-Children Method: a validation with data from the German Mikrozensus}, pages = {14}, abstract = {The German Mikrozensus is a data set that is frequently used to study fertility behavior. With its large sample size, the dataset also offers the opportunity to investigate childbearing among population subgroups, such as particular migrant groups. Because birth histories are not surveyed in the Mikrozensus, scholars have frequently employed the Own-Children Method (OCM) to generate fertility schedules from this data. The OCM draws on information on the number and ages of the co-residential children in order to estimate the fertility schedule of women. It is clear that this method leads to an underestimation of fertility, because children do not necessarily live with their biological mother. It is also clear that the bias is stronger for older women, because children may have left parental home. In the past, it was not possible to assess the bias. With the Mikrozensus 2008, we are able to validate the OCM by relying on respondent's own report on the total number of children. We furthermore examine whether the OCM leads to worse estimates for migrants and non-migrants. The results show that the OCM provides reasonable fertility estimates for women in western Germany up to age 40, irrespective of migrant background. For eastern Germany, there is a stronger bias at later ages than in western Germany. This relates to the early age at childbirth in this region and the more diverse family structures.}, language = {en} } @techreport{KreyenfeldBastin, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Bastin, Sonja}, title = {Blurred memory, deliberate misreporting, or "true tales"? How different survey methods affect respondents' reports of partnership status at first birth}, pages = {34}, abstract = {This paper examines the reliability of biographical information gathered retrospectively. It draws on data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), which collected information on the partnership status at first birth using two different methods. The first method is based on data on partnership and fertility histories collected retrospectively. The second method uses data gathered through the use of a "landmark question" on the respondents' partnership status when their first children were born. We find that in almost 20 percent of the cases, the information collected using the first method did not correspond with the information collected using the second method. Partnership dissolution and "turbulence" in the partnership biography are strong predictors for discrepancies in the information gathered through the two different survey methods. We conclude by drawing attention to the limitations of the retrospective collection of partnership histories at a time when divorce and separation rates are increasing.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldMartin, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Martin, Valerie}, title = {Economic conditions of stepfamilies from a cross-national perspective}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung (ZfF)}, volume = {23}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung (ZfF)}, number = {2}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen [u.a.]}, issn = {0935-4018}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9624}, pages = {128 -- 153}, abstract = {This paper investigates the economic conditions of stepfamilies in Germany, the Russian Federation and France using data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). The analysis shows that stepfamilies more often report economic hardship than nuclear families in France and western Germany. Socio-demographic differences between family types — particularly the fact that stepfamilies tend to be larger families — explain the differences in economic well-being between families in France. For western Germany, differences between nuclear and stepfamilies remain after controlling for socio-economic composition of different family types. For the Russian Federation and eastern Germany, we do not find any statistically significant differences in economic well-being between stepfamilies and nuclear families. The major dividing line for these regions runs between single parents and other types of families.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldGeisler, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Geisler, Esther}, title = {Against all odds: Fathers' use of parental leave in Germany}, series = {Journal of European Social Policy}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of European Social Policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Sage Publications}, address = {New York, NY [u.a.]}, issn = {0958-9287}, doi = {10.1177/0958928710385732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9631}, pages = {88 -- 99}, abstract = {This paper investigates fathers' usage of parental leave in Germany based on data from the microcensuses of 1999—2005. Special attention is given to the role that education has in leave-taking behaviour. Our empirical results show that educational differences between the partners are strong predictors of fathers' usage of parental leave. A father is more likely to take parental leave if he has a partner who is more highly educated or older. We also find that employment through a temporary working contract substantially lowers the chances that a man will take advantage of parental leave, while being employed in the public sector increases the likelihood that a man will use his parental leave entitlement.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldScholzPetersetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Scholz, Rembrandt and Peters, Frederik and Wlosnewski, Ines}, title = {Order specific fertility rates for Germany: Estimates from Perinatal Statistics for the period 2001-2008}, series = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, volume = {35}, journal = {Comparative population studies (CPOS)}, number = {2}, publisher = {Bundesinstitut f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungsforschung}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1869-8980}, doi = {10.4232/10.CPoS-2010-06en}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9642}, pages = {207 -- 224}, abstract = {Until 2008, Germany's vital statistics did not include information on the biological order of each birth. This resulted in a dearth of important demographic indicators, such as the mean age at fi rst birth and the level of childlessness. Researchers have tried to fill this gap by generating order-specifi c birth rates from survey data, and by combining survey data with vital statistics. This paper takes a different approach by using Perinatal Statistics to generate birth order-specific fertility rates for the period 2001 to 2008. Perinatal Statistics includes information on births that took place in German hospitals. Out-of-hospital births, which account for about 2 \% of all births, are not included in the Perinatal Statistics. In a sensitivity analysis, we show how robust our estimates are to the inclusion of out-of-hospital births. Our general assessment is that the Perinatal Statistics is a valuable source for generating order-specific fertility rates, regardless of whether out-of-hospital births are included.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldPerelliHarrisSigleRushtonetal., author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Perelli-Harris, Brienna and Sigle-Rushton, Wendy and Lappegard, Trude and Berghammer, Caroline and Keizer, Renske}, title = {The educational gradient of nonmarital childbearing in Europe}, series = {Population and Development Review}, volume = {36}, journal = {Population and Development Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken (NJ) [u.a.]}, issn = {0098-7921}, pages = {775 -- 801}, abstract = {Nearly every European Country has experienced some increase in nonmarital childbearing, largely due to increasing births within cohabitation. Relatively few studies in Europe, however, investigate the educational gradient of childbearing within cohabitation or how it changed over time. Using retrospective union and fertility histories, we employ competing risk hazard models to examine the educational gradient of childbearing in cohabitation in eight countries across europe. In all countries studied, birth risks within cohabitation demonstrated a negative educational gradient. When directly comparing cohabiting fertility with marital fertility, the negative educational gradient persists in all countries except Italy, although differences were not significant in Austria, France, and West Germany. To explain these findings, we present an alternative explanation for the increase in childbearing within cohabitation that goes beyond the explanation of the Second Demographic Transition and provides a new interpretation of the underlying mechanisms that may influence childbearing within cohabitation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Uncertainties in female employment careers and the postponement of parenthood in Germany}, series = {European Sociological Review}, volume = {26}, journal = {European Sociological Review}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0266-7215}, doi = {10.1093/esr/jcp026}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9661}, pages = {351 -- 366}, abstract = {This paper investigates whether uncertainties in female employment careers result in a postponement of family formation. Data for this analysis comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel, which provides longitudinal information on economic uncertainty and fertility for the period 1984 to 2006. We employ objective measures of uncertainty (unemployment) as well as subjective measures (whether the respondent is worried about her economic situation, whether she is worried about the security of her job). We find little evidence that uncertainties in female employment careers generally lead to a postponement of parenthood. Hence, the relationship between economic uncertainty and first birth varies by level of education. While more highly educated postpone parenthood when subject to employment uncertainties, women with low levels of education often respond to these situations by becoming mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The growing educational divide in mother's employment: An investigation based on the German micro-censuses 1976-2004}, series = {Work, Employment and Society}, volume = {24}, journal = {Work, Employment and Society}, number = {2}, publisher = {Sage}, address = {Los Angeles [u.a.]}, issn = {0950-0170}, doi = {10.1177/0950017010362140}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9678}, pages = {260 -- 278}, abstract = {This article investigates whether the increase in the labour force participation of mothers in western Germany has been accompanied by growing social inequalities in maternal employment. The focus is on education-related differences in full-time, part-time and marginal employment, and, in particular, changes therein over time. It is assumed that worsening labour market opportunities for the less educated and a 'familialistic' social policy context have resulted in growing differentials in mothers' employment by education. Data from the scientific use files of the German micro-censuses for the years 1976 to 2004 show that the part-time and marginal employment rates of mothers have increased, while full-time employment rates have declined. Reductions in full-time employment are most pronounced among less educated mothers, resulting in growing educational differences in the employment of mothers.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSchmidtkeZuehlke, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Schmidtke, Kerstin and Z{\"u}hlke, Sylvia}, title = {Eignet sich das Mikrozensus-Panel f{\"u}r familiensoziologische Fragestellungen?: Untersuchung am Beispiel der Frage nach den {\"o}konomischen Determinanten der Familiengr{\"u}ndung}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, volume = {21}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, number = {3}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen}, issn = {1437-2940}, pages = {264 -- 285}, abstract = {Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das Analysepotential des Mikrozensus-Panels f{\"u}r familiensoziologische Fragestellungen darzustellen. Dazu wird zum einen aufgezeigt, wie die Daten in Episodenformat aufgearbeitet werden k{\"o}nnen, um ereignisanalytische Modelle des Geburtenverhaltens zu sch{\"a}tzen. Des Weiteren wird ein Modell zu den {\"o}konomischen Determinanten des {\"U}bergangs zur Erstelternschaft vorgestellt. In einer Sensitivit{\"a}tsanalyse wird gepr{\"u}ft, inwiefern der Ausfall der r{\"a}umlich mobilen Personen die Ergebnisse verzerrt. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer kritischen Reflektion {\"u}ber die Grenzen und M{\"o}glichkeiten des Mikrozensus-Panels f{\"u}r Fertilit{\"a}tsanalysen.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzkaBoehm2016, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk and B{\"o}hm, Sebastian}, title = {Die Bildungsungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von Frauen mit Kindern: Westdeutschland im Vergleich zwischen 1976 und 2004}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {36}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {6}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2007-0603}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9693}, pages = {434 -- 452}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Der kontinuierliche Anstieg der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Westdeutschland seit den 1960er Jahren verdeckt eine erhebliche Vielfalt des Wandels der Erwerbmuster in verschiedenen Teilgruppen der Frauen. Wir untersuchen die Ungleichheit der Vollzeit- und Teilzeiterwerbst{\"a}tigkeit zwischen hoch und gering qualifizierten M{\"u}ttern. Die empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Scientific-Use-Files der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1976 bis 2004 zeigen einen Anstieg der Anteile Teilzeit und marginal besch{\"a}ftigter Frauen und zugleich einen R{\"u}ckgang der Anteile Vollzeit erwerbst{\"a}tiger Frauen mit Kindern. Gering qualifizierte M{\"u}tter weisen einen {\"u}berproportional starken R{\"u}ckgang der Vollzeiterwerbsbeteiligung auf, weshalb die Ungleichheit des Erwerbsverhaltens von M{\"u}ttern nach dem Ausbildungsniveau zugenommen hat. Das „Dual-Earner-Modell" der Familie hat sich in Westdeutschland zunehmend selektiv unter hoch qualifizierten Frauen sowie doppelt hoch qualifizierten Paaren etabliert. Die wahrscheinlichen Folgen sind eine Konzentration von {\"o}konomischen Ressourcen und eine vergr{\"o}ßerte soziale Ungleichheit zwischen Haushalten und Familien.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldGeisler, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Geisler, Esther}, title = {M{\"u}ttererwerbst{\"a}tigkeit in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Eine Analyse mit den Mikrozensen 1991-2002}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, volume = {18}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Familienforschung}, number = {3}, publisher = {Budrich}, address = {Leverkusen [u.a.]}, issn = {1437-2940}, pages = {333 -- 360}, abstract = {Auf Basis der Daten des Mikrozensus aus den Jahren 1991, 1996 und 2002 gibt dieser Artikel einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen mit Kindern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Neben der Frage der Ost-West-Angleichung stehen bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten im Vordergrund der Analyse.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHoem, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hoem, Jan M.}, title = {Anticipatory analysis and its alternativies in life-course research. Part 1: Education and first childbearing}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {15}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2006.15.16}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9715}, pages = {461 -- 484}, abstract = {Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless the practice is often used, not least because it easily produces useful summary measures like the median age at first childbearing and the per cent permanently childless in various educational groups, defined by ultimate attainment. We use an empirical example to demonstrate the issues involved and to propose an alternative "non-anticipatory" research strategy, which, however, does not equally easily provide summary measures.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Nichteheliche Mutterschaft und soziale Ungleichheit: zur sozio{\"o}konomischen Differenzierung der Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, volume = {57}, journal = {K{\"o}lner Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie}, number = {1}, publisher = {VS Verlag f{\"u}r Sozialwissenschaften}, address = {Wiesbaden}, issn = {1861-891X}, doi = {10.1007/s11577-005-0110-z}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9722}, pages = {32 -- 61}, abstract = {Nichteheliche Geburten haben in den 1990er Jahren in Westdeutschland, vor allem aber in Ostdeutschland, stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der deutsche familialistische Wohlfahrtsstaat f{\"o}rdert steuerlich und sozialpolitisch vorrangig verheiratete Paare. Zugleich unterscheidet er zwischen Alleinerziehenden und nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist zu erwarten, dass verheiratete, kohabitierende und alleinerziehende M{\"u}tter sich in ihren sozialstrukturellen Hintergr{\"u}nden und haupts{\"a}chlichen Unterhaltsquellen (Einkommen des Partners, staatliche Transferzahlungen und eigenes Einkommen) unterscheiden. Analysen der Mikrozensen der Jahre 1991-2000 unterst{\"u}tzen diese These teilweise. Alleinerziehende Frauen haben h{\"a}ufiger einen geringen Bildungsabschluss und sind st{\"a}rker von sozialstaatlichen Transferzahlungen abh{\"a}ngig als Frauen in anderen Familienformen. In Westdeutschland leben gut ausgebildete M{\"u}tter h{\"a}ufiger in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft als einer Ehe. Kohabitierende M{\"u}tter sind zudem h{\"a}ufiger Vollzeit erwerbst{\"a}tig als andere M{\"u}tter. In Ostdeutschland bestehen nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen verheirateten und in einer nichtehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft lebenden M{\"u}ttern im Hinblick auf den Bildungsabschluss und das Ausmaβ der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Auch verheiratete M{\"u}tter sind selten vom Einkommen des Partners abh{\"a}ngig. Die {\"o}konomische Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit verheirateter M{\"u}tter ist ein zentrales Merkmal des Wandels der Familie in Ostdeutschland und begr{\"u}ndet anhaltende Ost-West-Unterschiede in den {\"o}konomischen Grundlagen von Familien.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldZabel, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Zabel, Cordula}, title = {Female education and the second child: Great Britain and Western Germany compared}, series = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, volume = {125}, journal = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, number = {1}, publisher = {Duncker und Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0342-1783}, pages = {145 -- 156}, abstract = {This paper compares the determinants of the transition to the second child in Western Germany and Great Britain, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We test a number of explanations for the positive effect of educational attainment on second birth risks; this effect has been reported for both countries. Owing to differences in the welfare state context, we expect that the factors responsible for the positive education effect differ between the two countries. Our findings, however, provide only partial support for this expectation.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Fertility decisions in the FRG and GDR: An Analysis with Data from the German Fertility and Family Survey}, series = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, volume = {3}, journal = {Demographic Research (Special Collection)}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2004.S3.11}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9743}, pages = {275 -- 318}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to compare family policies and fertility patterns in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the German Federal Republic (FRG). Among other aspects, both societies particularly differed in the integration of women into the labor market. By contrasting the fertility development in these two societies, this paper aims to illuminate how women's education and employment relates to fertility decisions in societal contexts that support (in the case of the GDR) and hamper (in the case of the FRG) the compatibility between work and family life. Data for this analysis comes from the German Fertility and Family Survey (of the year 1992). We provide descriptive statistics for all birth parities, but we limit the multivariate event history analysis to first births only}, language = {en} } @article{KonietzkaKreyenfeld, author = {Konietzka, Dirk and Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Angleichung oder Verfestigung von Differenzen?: Geburtenentwicklung und Familienformen in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {Berliner Debatte Initial}, volume = {15}, journal = {Berliner Debatte Initial}, number = {4}, publisher = {WeltTrends}, address = {Potsdam}, issn = {0863-4564}, pages = {26 -- 41}, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Geburten- und Familienentwicklung in Ost- und Westdeutschland und der Frage, ob sich die in den alten L{\"a}ndern vorherrschenden Strukturen in den neuen L{\"a}ndern durchgesetzt haben. Die Entwicklung der zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer, auf die in der {\"o}ffentlichen Diskussion {\"u}berwiegend rekurriert wird, suggeriert, dass nach einem dramatischen Geburtenr{\"u}ckgang in den Jahren nach der Wende eine sukzessive Ost-West Angleichung des Geburtenverhaltens Ende der 1990er Jahre stattgefunden hat. Eine lebensverlaufsbezogene Betrachtung der Familiengr{\"u}ndungsprozesse kommt zu einer anderen Einsch{\"a}tzung. Ostdeutsche Frauen haben unmittelbar mit der Wiedervereinigung die Familiengr{\"u}ndung auf ein h{\"o}heres Alter verschoben, ohne aber bisher das relativ hohe westdeutsche Erstgeburtsalter erreicht zu haben. Auch ist die Kinderlosigkeit in den neuen Bundesl{\"a}ndern weiterhin niedriger als in Westdeutschland. Ost-West-Unterschiede bestehen ebenfalls in Bezug auf das Heiratsverhalten, die Kopplung von Eheschließung und Familiengr{\"u}ndung und in der Bedeutung neuer Familienformen. Unterschiede im Erwerbsverhalten von M{\"u}ttern und den Rahmenbedingungen der Vereinbarkeit von Kind und Beruf tragen entscheidend zu den Ost-West-Unterschieden in den Familienstrukturen bei.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHankSpiess, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten and Spieß, C. Katharina}, title = {Kinderbetreuung und Fertilit{\"a}t in Deutschland}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {34}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {3}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2004-0303}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9769}, pages = {228 -- 244}, abstract = {Eine zentrale Rolle in der Diskussion um eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf spielt die Versorgung mit bedarfsgerechter Kinderbetreuung. Eine umfassendes Angebot an Betreuungspl{\"a}tzen f{\"o}rdert jedoch nicht nur die M{\"u}ttererwerbst{\"a}tigkeit, sondern k{\"o}nnte sich auch positiv auf Fertilit{\"a}tsentscheidungen auswirken. Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der amtlichen Kinder- und Jugendhilfestatistik den Einfluss der regionalen Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Kinderbetreuung auf das Geburtenverhalten west- und ostdeutscher Frauen in den Jahren 1996 bis 2000. Zentrales Ergebnis unserer Analyse ist, dass in den {\"o}stlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit institutioneller Kinderbetreuung den {\"U}bergang zum ersten Kind positiv beeinflusst, w{\"a}hrend sich in den westlichen Bundesl{\"a}ndern allein die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit informeller Betreuung durch Großm{\"u}tter als statistisch signifikant erweist. Verantwortlich hierf{\"u}r d{\"u}rfte in erster Linie das unterschiedliche Niveau der {\"o}ffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur in Ost und West sein, was sich insbesondere bei der Versorgung im Krippen- und Hortbereich sowie bei der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Ganztagspl{\"a}tzen zeigt.}, language = {de} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Crisis or adaptation - reconsidered: a comparison of East and West German fertility patterns in the first six years after the 'Wende'}, series = {European Journal of Population}, volume = {19}, journal = {European Journal of Population}, number = {3}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0168-6577}, doi = {10.1023/A:1024992712815}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9775}, pages = {303 -- 329}, abstract = {Like other Eastern Europeancountries, East Germany experienced a rapiddecline in period fertility rates after thefall of communism. This decline has beendiscussed along the lines of a 'crisis' andan 'adaptation' to western demographic patterns. The aim of this paper istwofold. Firstly, we discuss the factors whichfoster and hamper a convergence of fertilitybehaviour in East and West Germany. Secondly,we use data from the German micro-census toanalyse the fertility patterns of the cohortsborn 1961-1970. The main result of ourempirical analysis is that East Germans whowere still childless at the time of unificationare quicker to have their first child in thesubsequent years than comparable West Germans. However, regarding second parity births, thepattern reverses. Here, East Germans display alower transition rate than their counterpartsin the West.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {A multilevel analysis of child care and women's fertility decisions in Western Germany}, series = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, volume = {65}, journal = {Journal of Marriage and Family}, number = {3}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9784}, pages = {584 -- 596}, abstract = {The availability of public day care is often assumed to be crucial to the compatibility of childrearing and women's employment. This article takes a multilevel perspective in investigating the role of child care in childbearing decisions in western Germany. Using information on the local supply of public day care and data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we estimated first and second birth risks from the 1980s and 1990s. We found that access to informal care arrangements increases the probability of entering parenthood, but we did not find any statistically significant effect of the public day care provision on fertility. This result points to shortcomings in the institutional setup of the German day care (and welfare) regime and to potentially relevant unobserved dimensions of child care.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSpiessWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Spieß, Katharina and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Distributional analysis of child care subsidies in Germany}, series = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, volume = {11}, journal = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1350-293X}, pages = {159 -- 175}, abstract = {In general, day care subsidies are accepted as a means of creating equal chances for both children and mothers in the labour market. Although there is a broad consensus that the use of children's day care should be publicly supported, there is no consensus on how this should be done. Moreover, there is little knowledge on the distributional effects of day care subsidies. In order to assess whether public expenditures are targeted efficiently, however, it is vital to know which social groups profit most from public expenditures on children's day care and whether tax-payers' money is spent effectively. In Germany, as in other European countries, day care subsidies are mainly provided 'in-kind'. Municipalities and NPOs provide day care for children, which is -apart from a small fee - free of charge. In this study we estimate the distributional effects of state-funded day care in Germany using microdata on households and data on the expenditure of public-funded day care. Major results are that day care subsidies have only modest redistributional effects. Primarily it is the middle-income range that profits from the public provision of children's day care. This contradicts common public-policy recommendations, which state that low-income families should be the first target of day care subsidies.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection?: An investigation into the positive effect of women's education on second birth risks in West Germany}, series = {Demographic Research}, volume = {7}, journal = {Demographic Research}, publisher = {Max-Planck Institut f{\"u}r demografische Forschung}, address = {Rostock}, doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2002.7.2}, pages = {15 -- 48}, abstract = {This paper investigates the role of women's education in the transition to the second child using data from the 1997 German micro-census. We begin our analysis with a simple model, which shows a positive effect of woman's education on the transition rate to the second child for West German women. We argue that this effect is most likely confounded by various factors. Firstly, we assume that there is a time-squeeze effect, which increases the transition rate to the second child for more highly educated women. Secondly, titled as the partner hypothesis, we argue that more highly educated women often live with more highly educated partners who have the earning potential to afford a large family. Thirdly, titled as the selection hypothesis, we argue that the positive effect of women's education can be attributed to a selection effect, i.e. familyoriented college graduates are more likely to select themselves into the group of women at risk of second birth. The empirical investigations particularly support the second and third hypotheses. After controlling for the partner's characteristics and including unobserved heterogeneity factors, the positive effect of female education becomes strongly negative.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Women's employment and non-marital child-bearing: A comparison between East and West Germany in the 1990s}, series = {Population}, volume = {57}, journal = {Population}, number = {2}, publisher = {Institut national d'{\´e}tudes d{\´e}mographiques (I.N.E.D.)}, address = {Paris}, issn = {0032-4663}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9812}, pages = {331 -- 357}, abstract = {In contrast to West Germany, where marriage and childbirth have been strongly coupled, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) displayed high rates of non-marital childbearing. Researchers attributed this pattern to "misguided" GDR family policies that encouraged women to remain unmarried after childbirth. With German unification, East Germany's legal and political institutions — including family policies — were replaced by those of West Germany. Against this background, it was widely expected that east German non-marital birth rates would soon fall to west German levels. After unification, however, they increased even further. This article argues that the enormous east-west differences in non-marital childbearing in the 1990s can be attributed to differences in women's work orientation. Despite unfavourable labour market constraints and social policies that encourage women's withdrawal from the labour force after childbirth, east German women, compared with their west German counterparts, are still more likely to be in full-time employment, and to re-enter the labour force sooner after childbirth. Our empirical investigation, drawing on data from the German 1997 micro-census, reveals a strong effect of women's education and employment on marriage in west Germany, whereas in east Germany the probability of living in a marital union is hardly correlated at all with women's employment characteristics. We conclude that a generally strong female work orientation and the wide availability of public day care facilities are the most important factors weakening the economic incentives for east German women to get married at childbirth.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {The performance of migrants in occupational labour markets: evidence from 'Aussiedler' in Germany}, series = {European Societies}, volume = {4}, journal = {European Societies}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, address = {London [u.a.]}, issn = {1461-6696}, doi = {10.1080/14616690220130991}, pages = {53 -- 78}, abstract = {Since the breakdown of communism, Germany has experienced a major influx of Aussiedler who are basically migrants originating from Eastern European countries. In this article, we use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel of the year 1998 to analyse the labour market performance of this group of migrants. Our key hypothesis guiding the empirical investigations is that in occupational labour markets, such as the German one, migrants are faced with specific problems when transferring their educational and vocational skills acquired in other countries. Only if they gain access to their trained occupations are they able to perform well in the labour market. Otherwise, occupational closure hinders them from receiving returns to their educational and vocational qualifications.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Parity Specific Birth Rates for West Germany: An Attempt to Combine Survey Data and Vital Statistics}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, volume = {27}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Bev{\"o}lkerungswissenschaften}, number = {3}, publisher = {Leske + Budrich}, address = {Opladen}, issn = {0340-2398}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9838}, pages = {327 -- 357}, abstract = {In this paper, we combine vital statistics and survey data to obtain parity specific birth rates for West Germany. Since vital statistics do not provide birth parity information, one is confined to using estimates. The robustness of these estimates is an issue, which is unfortunately only rarely addressed when fertility indicators for (West) Germany are reported. In order to check how reliable our results are, we estimate confidence intervals and compare them to results from survey data and estimations conducted by the German Statistical Office. Although our estimations show a similar trend, the magnitude of some fertility indicators differs substantially from the ones reported in other studies. However, estimations from other studies do not give a consistent picture of German fertility, either.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldSpiessWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Spieß, Katharina and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Kinderbetreuungspolitik in Deutschland: M{\"o}glichkeiten nachfrageorientierter Steuerungs- und Finanzierungsinstrumente}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, volume = {5}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Erziehungswissenschaft}, number = {2}, publisher = {Springer VS Verlag f{\"u}r Sozialwissenschaften}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, issn = {1434-663X}, doi = {10.1007/s11618-002-0016-8}, pages = {201 -- 221}, abstract = {Die institutionelle Kinderbetreuung in Deutschland ist ein Beispiel der Steuerung sozialer Dienste zwischen „Markt und Staat". Kinderbetreuung wird nicht nur prim{\"a}r aus kommunalen Mitteln finanziert, sondern auf kommunaler Ebene durch Vertreter freier und {\"o}ffentlicher Tr{\"a}ger geplant und reguliert. Diese Strukturelemente sind rechtlich in Form des Subsidiarit{\"a}tsprinzips und der kommunalen Finanzierung verankert. In diesem Beitrag argumentieren wir, dass die finanzielle Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom kommunalen Budget und eine undurchsichtige Bedarfsplanung wesentliche Hemmnisse f{\"u}r eine bedarfsgerechte Versorgung mit Kinderbetreuungspl{\"a}tzen darstellen. Dem derzeitigen „Mix" aus {\"o}ffentlichen und {\"o}ffentlich finanzierten Kindertageseinrichtungen stellen wir das System einer nachfrageorientierten Steuerung des Angebots gegen{\"u}ber. Am Beispiel von einem „Gutscheinmodell" stellen wir konkrete {\"U}berlegungen und Umsetzungsbeispiele eines derartigen Systems f{\"u}r Deutschland vor.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Verwertbarkeit ausl{\"a}ndischer Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse: Das Beispiel der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, volume = {30}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Soziologie}, number = {4}, publisher = {Lucius und Lucius}, address = {Stuttgart}, issn = {0340-1804}, doi = {10.1515/zfsoz-2001-0402}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-9857}, pages = {267 -- 282}, abstract = {Seit dem Zusammenbruch der kommunistischen Regime in Osteuropa ist der Zuzug von Aussiedlern nach Deutschland sprunghaft angestiegen. In diesem Aufsatz analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Aussiedler auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt anhand von Daten des Sozio-{\"O}konomischen Panels aus dem Jahr 1998. Unter theoretischen Gesichtspunkten steht die Frage der Verwertbarkeit ausl{\"a}ndischer Bildungszertifikate im Mittelpunkt unseres Interesses. Obwohl Aussiedler ihre im Ausland erworbenen Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse formell anerkennen lassen k{\"o}nnen, gelingt der Mehrheit von ihnen nicht der Zugang zum erlernten Beruf. Die Besch{\"a}ftigung im erlernten Beruf hat jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf eine erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration. Die Probleme, denen sich Aussiedler bei der Verwertung ihrer Ausbildungsabschl{\"u}sse ausgesetzt sehen, erlauben R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt dominierenden Allokationsmechanismen und die Arbeitsmarktchancen zuk{\"u}nftiger Ost-West-Migranten.}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldHank, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Hank, Karsten}, title = {Does the availability of child care influence the employment of mothers? Findings from Western Germany}, series = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {19}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, number = {4}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {Dordrecht}, issn = {0167-5923}, doi = {10.1023/A:1026556309080}, pages = {317 -- 337}, abstract = {There is a vast empirical literature investigating the effects of child care costson female employment. Day-care costs are usually treated as a reduction infemale wages and are supposed to reduce a woman's propensity to participatein the labor market. In this paper we argue that an analysis of the effects ofchild care on the employment of mothers in Germany should focus on theavailability rather than the affordability of care, due to peculiarities of theGerman day-care regime. Our empirical findings cast doubt on the effectivenessof the current German day-care regime. Specifically, we question the extent towhich it enables mothers to participate in the labor market.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Changes in the timing of first birth in East Germany after Reunification}, series = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, volume = {120}, journal = {Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften}, number = {2}, publisher = {Duncker und Humblot}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0342-1783}, pages = {169 -- 186}, abstract = {When German re-unificatioin was accompanied by a rapid decline in aggregate fertility rates, researchers particularly assigned high umemployment rates a dominant role in the changes in fertility behavior. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we investigate changes in the timing of first births in East Germany after re-unification. Using data from the SOEP, we show that even after re-unification East Germans are younger at first birth than their West German counterparts. Second, we investigate the relationship between male and female unemployment and first birth risks. A major result is that female unemployment encourages the transition into parenthood in East Germany.}, language = {en} } @article{KreyenfeldCitlak, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Citlak, Banu}, title = {Wahrnehmung von Umweltrisiken: Empirische Ergebnisse f{\"u}r Deutschland}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r angewandte Umweltforschung}, volume = {12}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r angewandte Umweltforschung}, number = {1}, publisher = {Analytica Verl.-Ges.}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {0933-9027}, pages = {112 -- 119}, language = {de} } @article{KreyenfeldWagner, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Wagner, Gert}, title = {Der gescheiterte "Gutscheinversuch" f{\"u}r Kinderbetreuuung in Großbritannien}, series = {Theorie und Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit}, volume = {49}, journal = {Theorie und Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit}, number = {9}, publisher = {Beltz Juventa}, address = {Weinheim [u.a.]}, issn = {0342-2275}, pages = {347 -- 350}, abstract = {Mit der wachsenden Finanzknappheit der kommunalen Haushalte wird unter dem Schlagwort "neue Steuerungsmodelle" die Forderung laut, marktnahe Steuerungsmechanismen auch bei der Produktion sozialer Dienste anzuwenden. Der weitgehendste Vorschlag in diesem Zusammenhang ist, das derzeitige Finanzierungssystem zugunsten von Subjektsubventionen abzuschaffen. Anstelle oeffentlicher Produktion oder Subventionierung frei-gemeinnuetziger Traeger sollen nun die Nachfrager subventioniert werden, die eigenverantwortlich waehlen koennen, ob sie ihren Bedarf an sozialen Diensten durch frei-gemeinnuetzige, kommunale oder private Anbieter decken wollen. Eine vieldiskutierte Variante der Subjektsubventionierung ist die Ausgabe von Gutscheinen (vouchers). Fuer Deutschland liegen derartige Vorschlaege bspw. fuer das Bildungswesen und die Kinderbetreuung vor. Grossbritannien bietet nun die Chance, die Konsequenzen der Einfuehrung eines Gutscheinsystems zu analysieren, da dort erstmals ein Vouchersystem fuer die Kinderbetreuung eingefuehrt wurde.(DJI/Abstract {\"u}bernommen).}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Bleibt alles anders: Geburten- und Familienentwicklung in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {Demografischer Wandel}, booktitle = {Demografischer Wandel}, publisher = {Nomos}, address = {Baden-Baden}, pages = {50 -- 70}, language = {de} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {{\"O}konomische Unsicherheit und der Aufschub der Familiengr{\"u}ndung}, series = {Flexibilisierung: Folgen f{\"u}r Arbeit und Familie}, booktitle = {Flexibilisierung: Folgen f{\"u}r Arbeit und Familie}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3531152165}, pages = {232 -- 254}, language = {de} } @incollection{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Bildungsspezifische Unterschiede im Geburtenverhalten in Ost- und Westdeutschland}, series = {Demographisierung des Gesellschaftlichen: Analysen und Debatten zur demographischen Zukunft Deutschlands}, booktitle = {Demographisierung des Gesellschaftlichen: Analysen und Debatten zur demographischen Zukunft Deutschlands}, publisher = {Springer VS}, address = {Wiesbaden}, isbn = {978-3-531-90417-7}, pages = {83 -- 112}, language = {de} } @incollection{KreyenfeldKonietzka, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela and Konietzka, Dirk}, title = {Education and fertility in Germany}, series = {Demographic Change in Germany: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences}, booktitle = {Demographic Change in Germany: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {978-3540681359}, pages = {165 -- 187}, language = {en} }