@techreport{RuhnauMuessel, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Muessel, Jarusch}, title = {Update and extension of the When2Heat dataset}, abstract = {The "When2Heat" dataset comprises synthetic national time series for heat demand and heat pumps' coefficient of performance (COP) in hourly resolution. Heat demands for space and water heating are computed by combining gas standard load profiles with spatial temperature reanalysis data and population geodata. With this update, we extend the dataset to 28 European countries and the period from 2008 to 2019, including new, state-of-the-art data sources. For the geographical extension, we propose a novel approach, shifting established German heat demand curves based on country-specific heating thresholds to account for regional differences in thermal insulation and user behavior. Using the example of Italy, we illustrate the effect of shifting heat demand curves. The dataset, scripts, and input parameters are publicly available under an open-source license on the Open Power System Data platform.}, language = {en} } @techreport{RuhnauStieweMuesseletal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Stiewe, Clemens and Muessel, Jarusch and Hirth, Lion}, title = {Gas demand in times of crisis. The response of German households and industry to the 2021/22 energy crisis}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Europe is in the midst of the most severe energy crisis in a generation, at the core of which is the continuously plummeting supply of Russian natural gas. With alternative supply options being limited, natural gas prices have surged. This paper empirically estimates the response of natural gas demand to the price increase, using data from Germany—the so far largest consumer of Russian natural gas. We identify the crisis response of small and large consumers separately, controlling for temperature, gas-fired power generation, and economic activity. For small consumers, including mostly households, we find a substantial demand reduction of 6\% from March onwards—most likely due to political and ethical considerations after the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. For industrial consumers, demand reductions started much earlier in August 2021, when wholesale prices for natural gas started to surge, with an average reduction of 11\%. We conclude that voluntary industrial demand response has played a significant role in coping with the energy crisis so far.}, language = {en} }