@techreport{KurbanElmas, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kurban, Dilek and Elmas, Esra}, title = {Communicating Democracy - Democratizing Communication: Media in Turkey: Legislation, Policies, Actors}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-17535}, pages = {67}, abstract = {This report is an attempt to understand the relationship between media and democracy in Turkey. Towards that end, it situates the media in its political and historical context. It argues that Turkey's media structure falls under the "Mediterranean or Polarised Pluralistic Model" developed by Hallin and Mancini due to the very low level of newspaper circulation, the tradition of advocacy journalism, the structure of media ownership, the absence of an autonomous profession immune to pressure from politicians, interest groups, state institutions, the army and the judiciary and the extremely low level of unionization in the media which leads to high levels of labour exploitation. The report argues that despite relative progress achieved in the EU accession process, Turkey continues to fall far below the goal of harmonizing its legal framework with the EU's acquis communitaire, mainly due to the prevalent political culture and the historical origins of state-media relations in Turkey.}, language = {en} } @incollection{KurbanElmas, author = {Kurban, Dilek and Elmas, Esra}, title = {Turkish Media Policy in National Context}, series = {Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective}, booktitle = {Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, isbn = {978-0-230-34812-7}, pages = {214 -- 229}, abstract = {Since the foundation of the press, the media in Turkey has had a symbiotic relationship with the state. The state's heavy involvement rendered the development of a "media policy" impossible, since the media did not exist as an independent realm to shape and be shaped by society and politics. Instead, it existed as a tool for both civilian and military governments to control and manipulate society. In the past two decades, the changes induced by the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, the banking crisis of 2000-2001 and the European Union accession process produced a complex regulatory framework governing the media content and structure in Turkey. This chapter argues that, despite some progress, there are still significant legal infringements on media freedom in Turkey, where the media's economic and political dependence on the state continues.}, language = {en} }