@article{DitlmannSamiiZeitzoff, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Samii, Cyrus and Zeitzoff, Thomas}, title = {Addressing intergroup conflict from the bottom-up?}, series = {Social Issues and Policy Review}, volume = {11}, journal = {Social Issues and Policy Review}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1111/sipr.12027}, pages = {38 -- 77}, abstract = {How might interventions that engage ordinary citizens in settings of violent conflict affect broader conflict dynamics? Given the volume of resources committed every year to citizen-oriented programs that attempt to promote peace, this is an important question. We develop a framework to analyze processes through which individual-level interventions could mitigate violent conflict escalation more broadly. Individual-level interventions may increase positive feelings toward the outgroup, as well as psychological, social, and material resources among participants. These have the potential to influence behaviors such as policing of the ingroup, public advocacy, and political action that can contribute to peace. Yet, the effectiveness of interventions to influence the conflict is moderated by contextual factors like groups' access to material resources, their positions in society, and political institutions. We use this analytical framework to assess evidence from recent intervention studies. We find that the current evidence base is quite small, does not cover the diversity of relevant contexts, and gives too little attention to resources and capacities that enable people to engage in conflict mitigation behaviors. Researchers and policy makers should go beyond thinking only about improving attitudes to thinking about behavior, resources, and capacities for such behaviors, and contextual conditions that constrain behavior.}, language = {en} } @article{DitlmannPurdieVaughnsEibach, author = {Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Eibach, Richard P.}, title = {Heritage and ideology-based national identities and their implications for immigrant citizen relations in the United States and in Germany}, series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations}, volume = {35}, journal = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.07.002}, pages = {395 -- 405}, abstract = {The present research examines the meaning of national identity in the United States and Germany and its implications for immigrant citizen relations. In Study 1, American and German participants responded to the question "What does it mean to be American [German]?" Results revealed that the American national identity is ideology-based as characterized by an endorsement of a core set of transcendent and abstract values. The German national identity is heritage-based as characterized by self-descriptive traits and cultural traditions. In Study 2, American participants were less likely than German participants to express exclusion from national identity in response to an immigrant who gave affective versus pragmatic reasons for becoming a citizen. The reverse was true for German participants. In sum, culture shapes national identity and responses to immigrants.}, language = {en} } @article{DovidioGluszekJohnetal., author = {Dovidio, John F. and Gluszek, Agata and John, Melissa-Sue and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Lagunes, Paul}, title = {Understanding bias toward Latinos: Discrimination, dimensions of difference, and experience of exclusion}, series = {Journal of Social Issues}, volume = {66}, journal = {Journal of Social Issues}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01633.x}, pages = {59 -- 78}, abstract = {White-Black relations have historically been the defining form of intergroup relations in the study of prejudice and discrimination. The present article suggests that there are limitations to applying this model to understanding bias toward other groups and proposes that a comprehensive view of the dynamics of the Anglos' bias toward Latinos requires consideration of the distinctive elements of this form of intergroup relations. In four empirical studies, we experimentally document discrimination against Latinos (Study 1), explore the potential dimensions that underlie bias against Latinos (Study 2), and examine the effect of a particular social identity cue, accentedness, on perceptions of acceptance and belongingness of Latinos and members of other groups (Studies 3 and 4). These studies consider general processes of prejudice and identify how particular facets of bias against Latinos can shape their experiences and, taken together, illustrate how understanding bias against Latinos can reciprocally inform contemporary theories of prejudice.}, language = {en} } @article{PurdieVaughnsSteeleDaviesetal., author = {Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Steele, Claude M. and Davies, Paul G. and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Crosby, Jennifer Randall}, title = {Social identity contingencies: How diversity cues signal threat or safety for African Americans in mainstream institutions}, series = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {94}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, number = {4}, doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.615}, pages = {615 -- 630}, abstract = {This research demonstrates that people at risk of devaluation based on group membership are attuned to cues that signal social identity contingencies--judgments, stereotypes, opportunities, restrictions, and treatments that are tied to one's social identity in a given setting. In 3 experiments, African American professionals were attuned to minority representation and diversity philosophy cues when they were presented as a part of workplace settings. Low minority representation cues coupled with colorblindness (as opposed to valuing diversity) led African American professionals to perceive threatening identity contingencies and to distrust the setting (Experiment 1). The authors then verified that the mechanism mediating the effect of setting cues on trust was identity contingent evaluations (Experiments 2 \& 3). The power of social identity contingencies as they relate to underrepresented groups in mainstream institutions is discussed.}, language = {en} } @incollection{AnnabringDitlmannKempf, author = {Annabring, Ute and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Kempf, Wilhelm}, title = {Die kognitive Repr{\"a}sentation von Nachkriegskonflikten imSpannungsfeld zwischen Mainstream-Diskurs undabweichender Berichterstattung}, series = {Nachrichtenmedien als Mediatoren von Demokratisierung, Peace-Building und Vers{\"o}hnung in Nachkriegsgesellschaften}, booktitle = {Nachrichtenmedien als Mediatoren von Demokratisierung, Peace-Building und Vers{\"o}hnung in Nachkriegsgesellschaften}, publisher = {Regener}, address = {Berlin}, isbn = {978-3-936014-05-1}, publisher = {Hertie School}, language = {de} } @article{TurkogluDitlmannFirestone, author = {Turkoglu, Oguzhan and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Firestone, Berenike}, title = {Commemorating local victims of past atrocities and far-right support over time}, series = {PNAS}, volume = {120}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {28}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2221158120}, abstract = {Does public remembrance of past atrocities lead to decreased support for far-right parties today? Initiatives commemorating past atrocities aim to make visible the victims and crimes committed against them. This runs counter to revisionist actors who attempt to downplay or deny atrocities and victims. Memorials for victims might complicate such attempts and reduce support for revisionist actors. Yet, little empirical evidence exists on whether that happens. In this study, we examine whether exposure to local memorials that commemorate victims of atrocities reduces support for a revisionist far-right party. Our empirical case is the Stolpersteine ("stumbling stones") memorial in Berlin, Germany. It commemorates victims and survivors of Nazi persecution in front of their last freely chosen place of residence. We employ time-series cross-sectional analyses and a discontinuity design using a panel dataset that matches the location and date of placement of new Stolpersteine with the election results from seven elections (2013 to 2021) at the level of polling station areas. We find that, on average, the presence of Stolpersteine is associated with a 0.96\%-point decrease in the far-right vote share in the following election. Our study suggests that local memorials that make past atrocities visible have implications for political behavior in the present.}, language = {en} } @article{StadlerChesaniukHaeringetal., author = {Stadler, Gertraud and Chesaniuk, Marie and Haering, Stephanie and Roseman, Julia and Straßburger, Vera Maren and Schraudner, Martina and Ahmad, Aisha-Nusrat and Auma, Maisha and Banas, Kasia and Borde, Theda and Buspavanich, Pichit and Dewey, Marc and Di Maio, Sally and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Enarovic, Ilona and Fischer, Marina and Gellert, Paul and Gerstorf, Denis and Grittner, Ulrike and Gutsell, Jennifer and Hagelskamp, Carolin and Henschel, Anna and Herrmann, Wolfram and Hilger, Caren and Horozoglu, G{\"u}lru and H{\"o}vener, Claudia and Hunter, Emma and Iida, Masumi and Keller, Lena and Kendel, Friederike and Krumbholz, Charlotte Ariane and Licha, Matthias and Mason, Kimberly and Mata, Jutta and Mau, Steffen and Meuwly, Nathalie and Moschko, Tomasz and M{\"u}ller-Werdan, Ursula and O'Sullivan, Julie Lorraine and Radl, Jonas and Rathmann, Christian and Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera and Rieckmann, Nina and Rommel, Alexander and Salikutluk, Zerrin and Shrout, Patrick E. and Smith, Jamie and Specht, Jule and Stephan, Petra and Stock, Christiane and Wenzel, Mine}, title = {Diversified innovations in the health sciences: Proposal for a Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS)}, series = {Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy}, volume = {33}, journal = {Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy}, doi = {10.1016/j.scp.2023.101072}, abstract = {Background Science strives to provide high-quality evidence for all members of society, but there continues to be a considerable gender and diversity data gap, i.e., a systematic lack of data for traditionally underrepresented groups. Gender and other diversity domains are related to morbidity, mortality, and social and economic participation, yet measures as well as evidence regarding how these domains intersect are missing. We propose a brief, efficient Diversity Minimal Item Set (DiMIS) for routine data collection in empirical studies to contribute to closing the diversity and gender data gap. We focus on the example of health but consider the DiMIS applicable across scientific disciplines. Methods To identify items for the DiMIS across diversity domains, we performed an extensive literature search and conducted semi-structured interviews with scientific experts and community stakeholders in nine diversity domains. Using this information, we created a minimal item set of self-report survey items for each domain. Findings Items covering nine diversity domains as well as discrimination experiences were compiled from a variety of sources and modified as recommended by experts. The DiMIS focuses on an intersectional approach, i.e., studying gender, age, socioeconomic status, care responsibilities, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religion, disability, mental and physical health, and their intersections. It allows for data sets with comparable assessments of gender and diversity across multiple projects to be combined, creating samples large enough for meaningful analyses. Interpretation In proposing the DiMIS, we hope to advance the conversation about closing the gender and diversity data gap in science.}, language = {en} } @article{AsimovicDitlmannSamii, author = {Asimovic, Nejla and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Samii, Cyrus}, title = {Estimating the effect of intergroup contact over years: evidence from a youth program in Israel}, series = {Political Science Research and Methods}, journal = {Political Science Research and Methods}, issn = {2049-8470}, doi = {10.1017/psrm.2024.8}, pages = {1 -- 19}, abstract = {We study how an intervention combining youth intergroup contact and sports affects intergroup relations in the context of an active conflict. We first conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of one-year program exposure in Israel. To track effects of a multiyear exposure, we then use machine-learning techniques to fuse the RCT with the observational data gathered on multiyear participants. This analytical approach can help overcome frequent limitations of RCTs, such as modest sample sizes and short observation periods. Our evidence cannot affirm a one-year effect on outgroup regard and ingroup regulation, although we estimate benefits of multiyear exposure among Jewish-Israeli youth, particularly boys. We discuss implications for interventions in contexts of active conflict and group status asymmetry.}, language = {en} } @article{BarronDitlmannGehrigetal., author = {Barron, Kai and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Gehrig, Stefan and Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian}, title = {Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment}, series = {Management Science}, journal = {Management Science}, issn = {0025-1909 (print)}, doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2022.01229}, abstract = {This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely, when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design.}, language = {en} } @techreport{BarronDitlmannGehrigetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Barron, Kai and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Gehrig, Stefan and Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian}, title = {Explicit and Implicit Belief-Based Gender Discrimination: A Hiring Experiment}, edition = {No. 35}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-5361}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-53610}, pages = {73}, abstract = {This paper studies a key element of discrimination, namely when stereotypes translate into discriminatory actions. Using a hiring experiment, we rule out taste-based discrimination by design and test for the presence of two types of belief-based gender discrimination. We document evidence of explicit discriminators—individuals who are willing to discriminate even when their hiring choices are highly revealing of their gender-biased beliefs. Crucially, we also identify implicit discriminators—individuals who do not discriminate against women when taking a discriminatory action is highly revealing of their biased beliefs, but do discriminate against women when their biased motive is obscured. Our analysis highlights the central role played by features of the choice environment in determining whether and how discrimination will manifest. We conclude by discussing the implications for policy design.}, language = {en} }