@techreport{WollAlemannoBradfordetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Alemanno, Alberto and Bradford, Anu and et al.,}, title = {European Strategic Autonomy in 2020}, volume = {10}, pages = {28}, abstract = {When Ursula von der Leyen spoke about a "Geopolitical Commission" when she took office in 2019, the disruption brought about by the year 2020 could not quite be predicted. Faced with the world's upheavals, caught up in between Sino-American rivalry, it is essential to assess and question the Union's position in the world and its perspectives for the future. At the heart of this endeavour is a debate on the meaning of European strategic autonomy. As part of the Groupe d'{\´e}tudes g{\´e}opolitiques' publications, following a major interview with the French President and a long analysis written by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, we have asked some twenty scholars, observers and experts from multiple horizons, nationalities and fields of expertise to position themselves on a scale from 0 ("the EU has become less strategically autonomous") to 5 ("the EU has become more strategically autonomous"), explaining their mark with a short text}, language = {en} } @incollection{WollClift, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Clift, Ben}, title = {The Revival of Economic Patriotism}, series = {Capitalisms and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century}, booktitle = {Capitalisms and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century}, editor = {Morgan, Glenn and Whitley, Richard}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {9780199694761}, doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694761.001.0001}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {70 -- 89}, abstract = {In the late twentieth century, the rise of neo-liberal economics appeared to some to signal the withdrawal of the nation state from key areas of economic life in the industrialized world. However, this was always an illusion. The recent financial crisis has demonstrated clearly that states remain the actor of last resort when the business system begins to collapse. International efforts at coordination have been dwarfed by the fiscal policies of states to stimulate their economies. These revival efforts reveal the underlying differences which remain between states and how economic policy-making in crisis responds most directly to threats to the national system. This chapter examines these processes and how they can be combined with continued commitment to a neo-liberal global order and efforts at global coordination.}, language = {en} } @techreport{WollDeweyRonconi, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Dewey, Mat{\´i}as and Ronconi, Lucas}, title = {The Political Economy of Law Enforcement}, series = {MaxPo Discussion Paper}, volume = {21}, journal = {MaxPo Discussion Paper}, number = {1}, pages = {24}, abstract = {The legal order is the legitimate foundation of liberal democracy. Its incomplete enforcement of the law can therefore appear dysfunctional, reflecting weak institutions, state capture, and corrupt practices. This paper casts doubt on such categorical assessments by systematically examining the reasons for and intentions behind incomplete enforcement. It argues that law enforcement is part of the political process that is deeply affected by the constellation of actors concerned. Choices over law enforcement produce social order that is analytically distinct from the production of legal norms and their formal implementation. By analyzing different types of partial enforcement, its rationales, and intended effects, we propose an approach that studies law enforcement as an integral part of public policy analysis and of the study of socioeconomic orders.}, language = {en} } @techreport{Woll, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {On the Role of Social Sciences: What Crisis Are We Facing?}, series = {Destabilizing Orders - Understanding the Consequences of Neoliberalism. Proceedings of the MaxPo Fifth-Anniversary Conference. Paris, January 12-13, 2018. MaxPo Discussion Paper.}, volume = {18}, journal = {Destabilizing Orders - Understanding the Consequences of Neoliberalism. Proceedings of the MaxPo Fifth-Anniversary Conference. Paris, January 12-13, 2018. MaxPo Discussion Paper.}, number = {1}, editor = {Andersson, Jenny and Godechat, Olivier}, pages = {105 -- 107}, language = {en} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Who scripts European trade policy? Business-government relations in the EU-Canada partnership negotiations}, series = {Europe, Canada and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement}, booktitle = {Europe, Canada and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London}, isbn = {9781138215269}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {41 -- 58}, language = {en} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {The Defense of Economic Interests in the European Union: The Case of Hedge Fund Regulation}, series = {Crisis and Control: Institutional Change in Financial Market Regulation}, booktitle = {Crisis and Control: Institutional Change in Financial Market Regulation}, editor = {Mayntz, Renate}, publisher = {Campus Verlag}, address = {Frankfurt a.M.}, isbn = {978-3-593-39505-0}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {197 -- 212}, language = {en} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {EU Foreign Economic Policies: autonomy of EU institutions}, series = {Key Controversies in European Integration}, booktitle = {Key Controversies in European Integration}, editor = {D{\"u}r, Andreas and Zimmermann, Hubert}, publisher = {Palgrave}, address = {London}, isbn = {9781137006141}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {184 -- 189}, language = {en} } @techreport{Woll, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Beyond Ideological Battles: A Strategic Analysis of Hedge Fund Regulation in Europe}, series = {Les Cahiers europ{\´e}ens de Sciences Po}, volume = {2}, journal = {Les Cahiers europ{\´e}ens de Sciences Po}, pages = {20}, abstract = {The highly politicized debate about the recent Alternative Investment Fund Manager (AIFM) Directive of the European Union led many observers to suspect an ideological battle between countries seeking to impose transnational regulation on financial service industries such as hedge funds and liberal market economies insisting on the benefits of market discipline in order to protect their financial centers. The battle that appeared to particularly pit France against the United Kingdom can thus be interpreted as an example of a regulatory paradigm shift in the aftermath of the crisis. This article cautions against such an ideas-centered account of financial regulation and points to the economic interests that drove the French and German agendas. However, contrary to the assumptions of traditional political economy approaches, national preferences were not simply defined by the aggregate of a country's economic interests. Rather, industry success in shaping government positions on alternative investment regulation crucially depended on how a given industry fit into the government's overarching geo-political agenda. By highlighting this feedback loop between government strategy and industry lobbying, the paper proposes a strategic analysis of financial regulation, as opposed to accounts that consider positions to be pre-determined by ideas or socioeconomic structures.}, language = {en} } @article{WollJacquot, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Jacquot, Sophie}, title = {Action publique Europ{\´e}enne : les acteurs strat{\´e}giques face a l'Europe}, series = {Politique europ{\´e}enne}, volume = {25}, journal = {Politique europ{\´e}enne}, number = {2}, doi = {10.3917/poeu.025.0161}, pages = {161 -- 192}, abstract = {Cet article s'int{\´e}resse {\`a} l'influence de la sociologie dans l'analyse de l'action publique europ{\´e}enne. Nous revenons notamment sur la notion "d'usage" que nous avons d{\´e}velopp{\´e}e auparavant et plaidons pour une prise en compte plus syst{\´e}matique de l'action strat{\´e}gique dans l'analyse des transformations europ{\´e}ennes. Nous analysons les {\´e}volutions r{\´e}centes des {\´e}tudes europ{\´e}ennes vers une prise en compte plus syst{\´e}matique de l'imbrication sociale des acteurs, ce qui permet d'{\´e}tudier leur rationalit{\´e} sans tomber dans certains pi{\`e}ges des approches du choix rationnel trop r{\´e}ductrices. L'analyse de l'action intentionn{\´e}e permet de mettre en lumi{\`e}re trois dimensions sp{\´e}cifiques des transformations europ{\´e}ennes : (1) les processus non contraignants et informels, (2) les effets de la circulation des acteurs entre les diff{\´e}rents niveaux du syst{\`e}me europ{\´e}en, et (3) l'importance des coalitions ambigu{\"e}s et parfois inattendues qui se forment, souvent malgr{\´e} des divergences profondes sur les objectifs {\`a} atteindre.}, language = {fr} } @techreport{WollGrossman, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Grossman, Emiliano}, title = {Saving the Banks: The Political Economy of Bailouts}, series = {Open Forum CES Paper Series}, volume = {8}, journal = {Open Forum CES Paper Series}, pages = {24}, abstract = {How much leeway did governments have in designing bank bailouts and deciding on the height of intervention during the 2007-2009 financial crisis? This paper analyzes comparatively what explains government responses to banking crises. Why does the type of intervention during financial crises vary to such a great extent across countries? By analyzing the variety of bailouts in Europe and North America, we will show that the strategies governments use to cope with the instability of financial markets does not depend on economic conditions alone. Rather, they take root in the institutional and political setting of each country and vary in particular according to the different types of business-government relations banks were able to entertain with public decision-makers. Still, "crony capitalism" accounts overstate the role of bank lobbying. With four case studies of the Irish, Danish, British and French bank bailout, we show that countries with close one-on-one relationships between policy-makers and bank management tended to develop unbalanced bailout packages, while countries where banks have strong interbank ties and collective negotiation capacity were able to develop solutions with a greater burden sharing from private institutions.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Leading the Dance? Power and Political Resources of Business Lobbyists}, series = {Journal of Public Policy}, volume = {27}, journal = {Journal of Public Policy}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1017/S0143814X07000633}, pages = {57 -- 78}, abstract = {Studies of lobbying try to determine the influence and power of non-governmental actors on public policy. Although influence is very difficult to measure empirically, many continue to push for better research design to solve the problem. Through case studies of business-government relations in the United States and the European Union, this article argues that the difficulties with power and influence concern not only their operationalisation, but they also reflect conceptual confusions. Trying to determine the 'winners' and 'losers' of a policy issue can be misleading, since power also structures apparently harmonious exchange relationships. The perceived success of business lobbying in the cases studied depended on the governments' receptiveness to their demands, which in turn depended on strategic advantages they saw for themselves in international negotiations. Even when business appears to lead the dance, it is more promising to look at resource distribution and the interdependence of both sides, instead of assuming the domination of business power over policy outcomes.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {From National Champions to Global Players? Lobbying by Network Operators During the WTO's Basic Telecommunication Negotiations}, series = {Business \& Society}, volume = {46}, journal = {Business \& Society}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1177/0007650307301384}, pages = {229 -- 252}, abstract = {Observers generally assume that firms which engage in lobbying know what they want. Business—government relations and especially the corporate political activities of network operators during the basic telecommunication negotiations of the World Trade Organization present a slightly different picture. European monopoly providers benefited from the old international regime and initially ignored trade discussions in their sector. In the course of negotiations, however, they became part of a three-level game, which obliged them to consider national, European, and multilateral objectives simultaneously. In the course of these complex negotiations, their preferences evolved. Because governments advanced independently on the liberalization project, companies adapted their policy stances from reluctance to support for the negotiations. This article thus cautions against treatments of lobbying that consider preferences as exogenously given.}, language = {en} } @techreport{WollFourcadeSteineretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Fourcade, Marion and Steiner, Philippe and Streeck, Wolfgang}, title = {Moral Categories in the Financial Crisis}, series = {MaxPo Discussion Paper}, volume = {13}, journal = {MaxPo Discussion Paper}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, abstract = {Karl Marx observed long ago that all economic struggles invite moral struggles, or masquerade as such. The reverse may be true as well: deep moral-political conflicts may be waged through the manipulation of economic resources. Using the recent financial and Eurozone crises as empirical backgrounds, the four papers gathered here propose four different perspectives on the play of moral judgments in the economy, and call for broader and more systematic scholarly engagement with this issue. Focusing on executive compensation, bank bailouts, and the sovereign debt crisis, the symposium builds on a roundtable discussion held at the opening of the Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (MaxPo) in Paris on November 29, 2012.}, language = {en} } @article{WollArtigas, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Artigas, Alvaro}, title = {When trade liberalization turns into regulatory reform: The impact on business-government relations in international trade politics}, series = {Regulation \& Governance}, volume = {1}, journal = {Regulation \& Governance}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00010.x}, pages = {121 -- 138}, abstract = {Business-government relations on trade issues are generally characterized as protectionist lobbying or - less often - lobbying for the liberalization of markets. However, with the evolution of the trading system, negotiations today concern not just market opening, but also the regulatory frameworks that structure international trade. This transformation has important consequences for the ways in which private interests can contribute to trade negotiations. Instead of simply trying to exert pressure, businesses and other private actors now form working relationships with governments based on expertise, learning, and information exchange. This article illustrates these new forms of public-private interactions with examples from the USA, the European Union, and Brazil.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {National business associations under stress: Lessons from the French case}, series = {West European Politics}, volume = {29}, journal = {West European Politics}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1080/01402380600619819}, pages = {489 -- 512}, abstract = {Since its reform in 1998, the national association of French employers and industry, MEDEF, appears to be an example of strong interest organisation. Unlike trade unions, the peak business organisation has been stable and unified, especially in terms of membership density. Through a study of the collective action of businesses in France, this article sheds doubt on such an impression and argues that the national business association has been put severely under stress in recent years. Like all encompassing associations, MEDEF comprises a great variety of interests and constantly has to manage its internal heterogeneity. An analysis of the historical and institutional context of its recent reform demonstrates that MEDEF's forceful media campaign should not be understood as a display of actual strength and coherence; rather it is the last resort of collective action that the association can claim legitimately as its responsibility.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Lobbying in the European Union: From sui generis to a comparative perspective}, series = {Journal of European Public Policy}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of European Public Policy}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1080/13501760600560623}, pages = {456 -- 469}, abstract = {This article reviews the literature on lobbying in the European Union. After initial surveys of the landscape of non-governmental actor participation, theoretical investigations have focused on the modes of network governance and later on the phenomenon of Europeanization. Yet studies have increasingly moved away from considering EU lobbying as a sui generis phenomenon. Normalizing the study of interest group participation in the EU and understanding the opportunities and constraints that are characteristic for it has led more and more scholars to adopt a comparative perspective. The most interesting parallels exist between Washington and Brussels, but unfortunately there have been very few attempts to explore the connection between the American literature on lobbying and EU studies. This article makes a first step towards such a comparison and points to concepts common in comparative politics that could provide considerable insight into the study of EU lobbying.}, language = {en} } @article{WollBalme, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Balme, Richard}, title = {Europe and the Transformation of French Policy-Making: a Cross-Sectoral Approach}, series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Staats- und Europawissenschaften}, volume = {3}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Staats- und Europawissenschaften}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1515/zfse.2005.3.3.388}, pages = {388 -- 409}, abstract = {This article sheds light on the "Europeanisation" of French policy-making - defined as the national adjustment to European integration - and asks whether different policy domains experience the same kind of pressure to adjust. Four sectors representing different policy types are examined: monetary and budgetary policies, public services, agricultural policy and equal employment. This cross-sectional approach reveals different degrees of change and patterns of adaptation, whilst in no case the EU fully supplanted national decision-making. The authors' conclusion suggests that regulative and redistributive policies are less conflicting with European integration than distributive policies at the core of the French welfare state, but that the latter are also strongly resilient and resistant to radical changes. Patterns of policy changes are highly complex and diversified, and their "path-dependency" is rooted in the political feasibility of public policy at the domestic level.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {La r{\´e}forme du Medef : chronique des difficult{\´e}s de l'action collective patronale}, series = {Revue fran{\c{c}}aise de science politique}, volume = {56}, journal = {Revue fran{\c{c}}aise de science politique}, number = {2}, doi = {10.3917/rfsp.562.0255}, pages = {255 -- 279}, abstract = {Depuis sa r{\´e}forme en 1998, le Mouvement des entreprises de France (Medef) appara{\^i}t comme une association puissante et unifi{\´e}e. En {\´e}tudiant l'action collective patronale en France, cet article met en doute cette impression. Contrairement aux apparences, l'organisation centrale du patronat fran{\c{c}}ais se trouve face {\`a} des d{\´e}fis comparables {\`a} la d{\´e}syndicalisation des salari{\´e}s. En tant que f{\´e}d{\´e}ration, le Medef est constitu{\´e} d'une multitude d'int{\´e}r{\^e}ts divers et doit g{\´e}rer cette h{\´e}t{\´e}rog{\´e}n{\´e}it{\´e} interne avant de pouvoir agir politiquement. L'analyse du contexte historique et institutionnel de sa r{\´e}forme r{\´e}cente montre que la nouvelle strat{\´e}gie de communication politique du Medef n'atteste pas de la puissance ou de la coh{\´e}rence de l'organisation ; elle est plut{\^o}t le dernier domaine d'action publique que l'association peut assumer pleinement sans perdre sa l{\´e}gitimit{\´e} aux yeux de ses membres.}, language = {fr} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom?}, series = {Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues}, booktitle = {Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues}, editor = {Coen, David and Richardson, Jeremy}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {978-0-19-920735-0}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {277 -- 297}, abstract = {What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This chapter surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-{\`a}-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business-government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {La politique de concurrence}, series = {Politiques europ{\´e}ennes}, booktitle = {Politiques europ{\´e}ennes}, editor = {Dehousse, Renaud}, publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {978-2-7246-1132-8}, doi = {10.3917/scpo.dehou.2009.03.0171}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {171 -- 188}, abstract = {POLITIQUES EUROPEENNES offre une vue d'ensemble du syst{\`e}me institutionnel, des acteurs, du jeu politique et des modes d'action de l'Union, {\`a} la fois dans les domaines o{\`u} son intervention est ancienne et dans ceux o{\`u} son influence est plus r{\´e}cente. Agriculture, monnaie, concurrence, mais aussi commerce, enseignement sup{\´e}rieur, social, environnement ou m{\^e}me politique {\´e}trang{\`e}re : l'influence de l'Europe se fait sentir dans un grand nombre de domaines, et pourtant son action reste largement m{\´e}connue. Fruit d'une coop{\´e}ration entre politistes, juristes, {\´e}conomistes et sociologues, tous enseignants {\`a} Sciences Po, ce manuel sans {\´e}quivalent en langue fran{\c{c}}aise donne les cl{\´e}s pour mettre en perspective les dynamiques de la construction europ{\´e}enne depuis ses origines et pour comprendre les d{\´e}fis auxquels elle fait face aujourd'hui. Con{\c{c}}u comme un support pour des enseignements d'introduction {\`a} l'int{\´e}gration europ{\´e}enne, il propose un panorama clair et synth{\´e}tique des politiques europ{\´e}ennes et de leur d{\´e}veloppement. Enrichi de nombreux encadr{\´e}s, zooms, documents et r{\´e}f{\´e}rences bibliographiques, il s'adresse aux {\´e}tudiants, chercheurs et enseignants des premiers et deuxi{\`e}mes cycles en science politique, droit, {\´e}conomie, administration publique et administration {\´e}conomique et sociale.}, language = {fr} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {The road to external representation: the European Commission's activism in international air transport}, series = {Journal of European Public Policy}, volume = {13}, journal = {Journal of European Public Policy}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1080/13501760500380734}, pages = {52 -- 69}, abstract = {This article argues that the role the Commission plays in European foreign policies goes beyond the execution of the competences delegated by the member states. The Commission is not just the external negotiator of the EU, it can also use its powers as the guardian of the Treaties to expand its foreign policy competences. The case study of international air transport illustrates how the Commission was able to obtain an external negotiation mandate in June 2003 to which member states were originally opposed. The analysis draws particular attention to the Commission's reliance on the European Court of Justice and to a cognitive strategy centred on the United States. By means of these two tools, the Commission was able to affect the default condition of member state preferences and reorient the focal point of intergovernmental negotiations.}, language = {en} } @article{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Vers des comp{\´e}tences externes : l'activisme de la commission europ{\´e}enne en mati{\`e}re d'aviation internationale}, series = {Politique europ{\´e}enne}, volume = {17}, journal = {Politique europ{\´e}enne}, number = {3}, doi = {10.3917/poeu.017.0137}, pages = {137 -- 158}, abstract = {Pour analyser le r{\^o}le jou{\´e} par la Commission dans les politiques {\´e}trang{\`e}res europ{\´e}ennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut {\´e}largir ses comp{\´e}tences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des trait{\´e}s. L'{\´e}tude de cas de la politique europ{\´e}enne en mati{\`e}re d'aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de n{\´e}gociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refus{\´e}. Pour cela la Commission s'est appuy{\´e}e sur des recours juridictionnels et a employ{\´e} une strat{\´e}gie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l'aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les pr{\´e}f{\´e}rences des Etats membres et r{\´e}orienter le point focal des n{\´e}gociations intergouvernementales.}, language = {fr} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {The Demise of Statism? Associations and the Transformation of Interest Intermediation in France}, series = {The French Fifth Republic at Fifty. Beyond Stereotypes.}, booktitle = {The French Fifth Republic at Fifty. Beyond Stereotypes.}, editor = {Mazour, Amy and Appleton, Andrew and Brouard, Sylvain}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, isbn = {9780230221246}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {226 -- 244}, language = {en} } @incollection{Woll, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Les strat{\´e}gies des pays {\´e}mergents au sein de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce}, series = {L'enjeu mondial. Les pays {\´e}mergents.}, booktitle = {L'enjeu mondial. Les pays {\´e}mergents.}, editor = {Jaffrelot, Christophe}, publisher = {Presses de Sciences Po}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {9782724610871}, doi = {10.3917/scpo.jaffr.2008.01.0273}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {273 -- 286}, language = {fr} } @incollection{WollSaurugger, author = {Woll, Cornelia and Saurugger, Sabine}, title = {Les groupes d'int{\´e}r{\^e}t: l'action collective en Europe}, series = {Science politique de l'Union europ{\´e}enne}, booktitle = {Science politique de l'Union europ{\´e}enne}, editor = {Belot, C{\´e}line and Magnette, Paul and Saurugger, Sabine}, publisher = {Economica}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {9782717855708}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {223 -- 248}, language = {fr} } @techreport{Woll, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Woll, Cornelia}, title = {Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom?}, series = {MPIfG Working Paper}, volume = {06}, journal = {MPIfG Working Paper}, number = {7}, pages = {14}, abstract = {What role do firms play in the making of EU trade policy? This article surveys the policy domain and lays out the instruments firms can employ to influence decisions on trade. It underlines that European trade policy is characterized by a high degree of institutional complexity, which firms have to manage in order to be successful. In particular, the European Commission works intensively to solicit business input in order to gain bargaining leverage vis-{\`a}-vis third countries and the EU member states. This reverse lobbying creates a two-channel logic of trade policy lobbying in the EU. Corporate actors have a very good chance of working closely with the European Commission if they can propose pan-European trade policy solutions. This can be either trade liberalization or EU-wide regulatory restrictions on trade. Demands for traditional protectionist measures, especially those that reveal national interest divergences, are difficult to defend at the supranational level. Protectionist lobbying therefore goes through the national route, with corporate actors working to block liberalization by affecting the consensus in the Council of Ministers. The chapter illustrates this two-channel logic by studying business-government interactions in agricultural trade, textiles and clothing, financial services, and telecommunication services.}, language = {en} }