@article{FlachslandEdenhoferCreutzig, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Creutzig, Felix}, title = {Closing the Emission Price Gap}, series = {Global Environmental Change}, volume = {31}, journal = {Global Environmental Change}, publisher = {Elsevier B.V.}, address = {Amsterdam}, doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.003}, pages = {132 -- 143}, abstract = {Even without internationally concerted action on climate change mitigation, there are important incentives for countries to put a price on their domestic emissions, including public finance considerations, internalizing the climate impacts of their own emissions, and co-benefits, such as clean air or energy security. Whereas these arguments have been mostly discussed in separate strands of literature, this article carries out a synthesis that exemplifies how policies to put a price on emissions can be conceptualized in a multi-objective framework. Despite considerable uncertainty, empirical evidence suggests that different countries may face quite different incentives for emission pricing. For instance, avoided climate damages and co-benefits of reduced air pollution appear to be the main motivation for emission pricing in China, while for the US generating public revenue dominates and for the EU all three motivations are of intermediate importance. We finally argue that such unilateral incentives could form the basis for incremental progress in international climate negotiations toward a realistic climate treaty based on national interest and differentiated emission pricing and describe how such an agreement could be put into practice.}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandGrosjeanAcworthetal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Grosjean, G. and Acworth, W. and Marschinski, R.}, title = {After Monetary Policy, Climate Policy: Is Delegation Key to EU ETS reform?}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {16}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, doi = {10.1080/14693062.2014.965657}, pages = {1 -- 25}, abstract = {Since the crash of carbon prices in phase II of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), many have argued that the low price mirrors structural failures requiring intervention. A wide range of reform options have been suggested, including delegating the governance of the carbon market to an independent authority. This article analyses the debate by reconstructing the various arguments for or against reform. Three possible drivers of the price decline are investigated: (1) exogenous shocks; (2) insufficient credibility; and (3) market imperfections. It is argued that the extent to which a low price is problematic and warrants reform depends on the specific objectives associated with the EU ETS and the perception on the functioning of the market. A two-dimensional EU ETS Reform Space, comprising the degree of price certainty within the EU ETS and the level of delegation, is devised. Within the Reform Space, EU ETS reform options currently discussed are mapped. This descriptive structure offers a framework to clarify whether delegation responds to various concerns with respect to the EU ETS. Delegation might enhance flexibility under unforeseen circumstances, decrease policy uncertainty, and increase the credibility of long-term policy commitments. However, higher degrees of delegation face challenges including democratic legitimacy and political feasibility.}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandJoas, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Joas, F.}, title = {The (Ir)relevance of Transaction Costs in Climate Policy Instrument Choice: An analysis of the EU and the US}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {16}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1752-7457}, doi = {10.1080/14693062.2014.968762}, pages = {26 -- 49}, abstract = {This article assesses the relevance of ex post transaction costs in the choice of climate policy instruments in the EU (focusing mainly on the example of Germany) and the US. It reviews all publicly available empirical ex post transaction cost studies of climate policy instruments broken down by the main private and public sector cost factors and offers hypotheses on how these factors may scale depending on instrument design and other contextual factors. The key finding from the evaluated schemes is that it is possible to reject the hypothesis that asymmetries in ex post transaction costs across instruments are large and, thus, play a pivotal role in climate policy instrument choice. Both total and relative ex post transaction costs can be considered low. This conjecture differs from the experience in other areas of environmental policy instruments where high total transaction costs are considered to be important factors in the overall assessment of optimal environmental policy choice. Against this background, the main claim of this article is that in climate policy instrument choice, ex post transaction cost considerations play a minor role in large countries that feature similar institutional characteristics as the EU and the US. Rather, the focus should be on the efficiency properties of instruments for incentivizing abatement, as well as equity and political economy considerations (and other societally relevant objectives). In order to inform transaction cost considerations in climate policy instrument choice in countries that adopt new climate policies, more data would be desirable in order to enable more robust estimates of design- and context-specific transaction-cost scaling factors.}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandJakob, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael}, title = {The Atmosphere as a Global Commons - Challenges for International Cooperation and Governance}, series = {The Handbook on the Macroeconomics of Climate Change}, booktitle = {The Handbook on the Macroeconomics of Climate Change}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {978-0199856978}, pages = {260 -- 296}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandJakobSteckeletal.2014, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael and Steckel, Jan C. and Baumstark, Lavinia}, title = {Climate Finance for Developing Country Mitigation: Blessing or Curse?}, series = {Climate and Development}, volume = {7}, journal = {Climate and Development}, number = {1}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, issn = {1756-5537}, doi = {10.1080/17565529.2014.934768}, pages = {1 -- 15}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, industrialized countries have agreed to cover the incremental costs of climate change mitigation in developing countries and recent climate negotiations have reaffirmed the central role of climate finance for global mitigation efforts. We use an integrated energy-economy-climate model to assess the potential magnitude of financial transfers to developing countries that can be expected under non-market transfer mechanisms as well as international emission trading with several allocation schemes. Our results indicate that for the latter, depending on international permit allocation rules financial transfers to developing countries could reach almost USD bln 400 per year in 2020, with Sub-Saharan Africa receiving financial inflows of as much as 14.5\% of its GDP. Reviewing the literature on natural resource revenues, official development assistance and foreign direct investment, we identify three major channels through which such sizable financial inflows may induce harmful effects for recipients: volatility, Dutch disease, and rent-seeking and corruption. We discuss the relevance of these mechanisms for climate finance and identify institutional arrangements which could help to avoid a 'climate finance curse'. We conclude that there is no deterministic relationship between financial inflows and adverse consequences, as the most serious problems could be prevented or at least alleviated by appropriately designed policies and governance provisions.}, language = {en} } @incollection{Flachsland, author = {Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Mitigation of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}, series = {Climate Change 2014}, booktitle = {Climate Change 2014}, editor = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Pichs - Madruga, R. and Sokona, Y.}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, isbn = {978-1107654815}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandBrunnerMarschinski, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Brunner, S. and Marschinski, M.}, title = {Credible commitment in carbon policy}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {12}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {2}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1752-7457}, doi = {10.1080/14693062.2011.582327}, pages = {255 -- 271}, abstract = {In this article the problem of credible commitment in carbon policy is discussed. Investors favour long-term predictability of the policy, but without any external enforcement mechanisms a commitment made by a government can be withdrawn, leading to scepticism and lack of credibility. This results in increased market risks and investment hold-up. Regulatory uncertainty stems from (i) strategic interactions between government and firms, (ii) potential learning about climate damage and abatement cost and (iii) political volatility. Although commitment to future policy encourages private investment, it also imposes costs in the form of reduced flexibility to accommodate new information or preferences. The article reviews devices that may help policy makers raise the level of commitment while also leaving some room for flexible adjustments. In particular, legislation of a long-term governance framework, delegation to an independent carbon agency and securitization of investors' stakes in emission markets offer palliative approaches.}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandMarschinskiJakob, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Marschinski, Robert and Jakob, Michael}, title = {Sectoral Linking of carbon markets: A trade-theory analysis}, series = {Resource and Energy Economics}, volume = {34}, journal = {Resource and Energy Economics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Mexico}, issn = {1873-0221}, doi = {10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.05.005}, pages = {585 -- 606}, abstract = {The linking of emission trading systems (ETS) is a widely discussed policy option for future international cooperation on climate change. Benefits are expected from efficiency gains and the alleviation of concerns over competitiveness. However, from trade-theory it is known that due to general equilibrium effects and market distortions, linking may not always be beneficial for all participating countries. Following-up on this debate, we use a Ricardo-Viner type general equilibrium model to study the implications of sectoral linking on carbon emissions ('leakage'), competitiveness, and welfare. By comparing pre- and post-linking equilibria, we show analytically how global emissions can increase if one of the 'linked' countries lacks an economy-wide emissions cap, although in case of a link across idiosyncratic sectors a decrease of emissions ('anti-leakage') is also possible. If - as a way to address concerns about competitiveness - a link between the EU ETS and a hypothetical US system is established, the partial emission coverage of the EU ETS can lead to the creation of new distortions between the non-covered domestic and international sector. Finally, we show how the welfare effect from linking can be decomposed into gains-from-trade and terms-of-trade contributions, and how the latter can make the overall effect ambiguous.}, language = {en} } @incollection{FlachslandLessmannEdenhofer, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Lessmann, Kai and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Climate Policy in a decentralized World}, series = {Climate Change, Justice, and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy}, booktitle = {Climate Change, Justice, and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, isbn = {978-9400799028}, pages = {257 -- 268}, language = {en} } @incollection{KnopfKowarschFlachsland, author = {Knopf, B. and Kowarsch, M. and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {The 2°C reconsidered}, series = {Climate Change, Justice, and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy}, booktitle = {Climate Change, Justice, and Sustainability: Linking Climate and Development Policy}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, isbn = {978-9400799028}, pages = {121 -- 137}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandBrunnerEdenhoferetal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Brunner, Steffen and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Creutzig, Felix}, title = {Climate Policies for road transport revisited (II): Closing the policy gap with cap-and-trade}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {39}, journal = {Energy Policy}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Mexico}, issn = {1873-6777}, doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.053}, pages = {2100 -- 2110}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandBrunner, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Brunner, Steffen}, title = {Wer besitzt die Atmosph{\"a}re? Zur politischen {\"O}konomie des Klimwandels}, series = {Leviathan}, volume = {39}, journal = {Leviathan}, number = {2}, pages = {201 -- 221}, language = {de} } @incollection{FlachslandLudererSteckeletal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Luderer, C. and Steckel, G. and Knopf, J.}, title = {International Emissions: Trading and the Global Deal}, series = {The Economics of Climate Change in China: Towards a Low Carbon Economy}, booktitle = {The Economics of Climate Change in China: Towards a Low Carbon Economy}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London}, isbn = {978-1849711746}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandEdenhoferKnopf, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Knopf, Brigitte}, title = {Science and religion in dialogue over the global commons}, series = {Nature Climate Change}, volume = {5}, journal = {Nature Climate Change}, number = {10}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1038/nclimate2798}, pages = {907 -- 909}, abstract = {The Pope's encyclical makes unprecedented progress in developing scientific dialogue with religion by drawing on research, and encouraging further discussion about the ethical challenge of governing the global commons.}, language = {en} } @incollection{BrunnerFlachslandEdenhofer, author = {Brunner, Steffen and Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Domestic Emissions Trading Systems}, series = {The Economics of Climate Change in China: Towards a Low Carbon Economy}, booktitle = {The Economics of Climate Change in China: Towards a Low Carbon Economy}, publisher = {Routledge}, address = {London}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandHareStockwelletal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Hare, B. and Stockwell, C. and Oberth{\"u}r, Sebastian}, title = {The Architecture of the Global Climate Regime}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {10}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {6}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1752-7457}, doi = {10.3763/cpol.2010.0161}, pages = {600 -- 614}, abstract = {This article argues that a legally binding, multilateral agreement is a necessary condition for achieving the highest levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions consistent with limiting warming to below either 2°C or below 1.5°C. Clear legally binding commitments within a multilaterally agreed process with strong legal and institutional characteristics are needed to give countries the confidence that their economic interests are being fairly and equally treated. Common accounting rules are needed for comparability of effort, and in order to protect environmental integrity, to demonstrate transparency, for effective monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of emissions and actions, and to facilitate and support a strong international carbon market. Securing full implementation will depend, in part, on the strength of an agreement's compliance mechanism. The Copenhagen Accord, by itself, represents a quintessential 'bottom-up'/'pledge and review' approach. It is open to interpretation whether the Accord can become a stepping stone on the way to strengthening the legally binding, multilateral framework to fight climate change, building on both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, or whether it will lead to the unravelling and fragmentation of all that has been built up to date. Legal architecture choices made in 2010 and beyond are likely to be determinative.}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandKnopfEdenhoferetal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Kok, Marcel and Lotze-Campen, Hermann and Luderer, Gunnar and Popp, Alexander and van Vuuren, Detlef P.}, title = {Managing the Low-Carbon Transition - From Model Results to Policies, Special Issue:'The Economics of Low Stabilization'}, series = {The Energy Journal}, volume = {31}, journal = {The Energy Journal}, number = {Special Issue 1}, publisher = {IAEE - International Association for Energy Economics}, address = {Cleveland}, issn = {0195-6574}, pages = {223 -- 245}, abstract = {Model analysis within the ADAM project has shown that achieving low greenhouse gas concentration levels, e.g. at 400ppm CO 2 -eq, is technologically feasible at costs of a few percent of GDP. However, models simplify the dynamics involved in implementing climate policy and the results depend on critical model assumptions such as global participation in climate policy and full availability of current and newly evolving technologies. The design of a low stabilization policy regime in the real world depends on factors that can only be partly covered by models. In this context, the paper reflects on limits of the integrated assessment models used to explore climate policy and addresses the issues of (i) how global participation might be achieved, (ii) which kind of options are available to induce deep GHG reductions inside and outside the energy sector, and (iii) which risks and which co-benefits of mitigation options are not assessed by the models.}, language = {en} } @incollection{FlachslandMarschinskiEdenhofer, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Marschinski, Robert and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Developing the international carbon market post-2012: Options and the cost of delay}, series = {Global Climate Governance Beyond 2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptiveness}, booktitle = {Global Climate Governance Beyond 2012: Architecture, Agency and Adaptiveness}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, address = {Cambridge}, isbn = {9780521180924}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandMarschinskiEdenhofer, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Marschinski, Robert and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Global Trading versus Linking: Architectures for international emissions trading}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {37}, journal = {Energy Policy}, pages = {1637 -- 1647}, language = {en} } @article{FlachslandMarschinskiEdenhofer, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Marschinski, Robert and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {To link or not to link: Benefits and disadvantages of linking cap-and-trade systems}, series = {Climate Policy}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {9}, pages = {358 -- 372}, language = {en} } @techreport{BiermannvanAsseltBoasetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Biermann, Frank and van Asselt, Harro and Boas, Ingrid and Massey, Eric and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Climate Governance Post-2012. Options for EU-Policy-making}, series = {CEPS Policy Brief}, volume = {177}, journal = {CEPS Policy Brief}, pages = {16}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandMarschinski, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Marschinski, Robert}, title = {Towards a Global CO2 Market : An economic analysis ; Expertise for the Policy Planning Staff in the Federal Foreign Office}, volume = {May, 2007}, pages = {46 S.}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandLessmann, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Lessmann, K.}, title = {RECCS : Strukturell-{\"o}konomisch-{\"o}kologischer Vergleich regenerativer Energietechnologien (RE) mit Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)}, pages = {210}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandJakobetal., author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael and Hilaire, J{\´e}r{\^o}me}, title = {Immer heißer. Es gibt nicht zu wenig, sondern zu viel fossile Ressourcen - sie m{\"u}ssen in der Erde bleiben}, series = {Le monde diplomatique}, journal = {Le monde diplomatique}, language = {de} } @article{FlachslandHeld, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Held, H.}, title = {Wohin mit den Treibhausgasen?}, series = {Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung}, journal = {Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung}, language = {de} } @techreport{NeuhoffDroegeEdenhoferetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Neuhoff, Karsten and Dr{\"o}ge, Susanne and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Translating model results to economic policies}, series = {PIK-Potsdam RECIPE Working paper}, journal = {PIK-Potsdam RECIPE Working paper}, language = {en} } @techreport{TuerkSterkHaitesetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Tuerk, A. and Sterk, W. and Haites, E. and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Linking Emissions Trading Systems. Climate Strategies Synthesis Report}, language = {en} } @techreport{FlachslandEdenhoferJakobetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Jakob, Michael and Steckel, Jan}, title = {Developing the International Carbon Market : Linking Options for the EU ETS ; Report to the Policy Planning Staff in the Federal Foreign Office}, pages = {105 S.}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferLudererFlachslandetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Luderer, Gunnar and Flachsland, Christian and F{\"u}ssel, Hans-Martin}, title = {A global contract on climate change : Potsdam Institute for Climate Change Impact Research, Policy paper prepared for the conference on A global contract based on climate justice ; the need for a new approach concerning international relations, Potsdam, November}, pages = {77 S.}, language = {en} } @article{TuerkMehlingFlachsland, author = {Tuerk, A. and Mehling, M. and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Linking carbon markets. Concepts, case studies and pathways}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {9}, journal = {Climate Policy}, pages = {341 -- 357}, language = {en} } @techreport{KnopfKochGrosjeanetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Knopf, B. and Koch, N. and Grosjean, G. and Fuss, S. and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {The European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS): Ex-Post Analysis, the Market Stability Reserve and Options for a Comprehensive Reform. FEEM Working Paper Note di lavoro}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandStavinsetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Stavins, Robert and Stowe, Robert}, title = {Identifying Options for a New International Climate Regime Arising from the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action: Policy Brief, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School and Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandJakobetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael and Lessmann, Kai}, title = {The Atmosphere as a Global Commons - Challenges for International Cooperation and Governance. MCC working paper 1-2013, and Discussion Paper 2013-58, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Laudato si': Concern for our global commons}, series = {Thinking Faith}, journal = {Thinking Faith}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandJakobetal., author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael and Hilaire, J{\´e}r{\^o}me}, title = {Den Klimawandel stoppen: Es gibt nicht zu wenig, sondern zu viel fossile Ressourcen - sie m{\"u}ssen in der Erde bleiben}, series = {Atlas der Globalisierung: Weniger wird mehr - Der Postwachstumsatlas}, journal = {Atlas der Globalisierung: Weniger wird mehr - Der Postwachstumsatlas}, pages = {90 -- 93}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{EdenhoferKowarschFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Kowarsch, Martin and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Cartography of Policy Paths: A New Role for Science in Policy}, series = {nterfaces of Science and Policy and the Role of Foundations}, booktitle = {nterfaces of Science and Policy and the Role of Foundations}, editor = {Stiftung Mercator,}, organization = {Stiftung Mercator}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Globale Energiewende - Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung}, series = {Rolle der Wissenschaft im Globalen Wandel. Nova Acta Leopoldina}, booktitle = {Rolle der Wissenschaft im Globalen Wandel. Nova Acta Leopoldina}, publisher = {Leopoldina}, address = {Halle}, isbn = {978-3-8047-3210-0}, pages = {275 -- 295}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Globale Energiewende. Dekarbonisierung der Wirtschaft}, series = {Jahrbuch {\"O}kologie}, booktitle = {Jahrbuch {\"O}kologie}, publisher = {Verlag S. Hirzel}, address = {Stuttgart}, pages = {125 -- 140}, language = {de} } @article{FlachslandEdenhofer, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Auf mehreren Ebenen Agieren}, series = {Politische {\"O}kologie}, journal = {Politische {\"O}kologie}, number = {133}, pages = {108 -- 117}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Ein Global Deal f{\"u}r den Klimaschutz}, series = {Amos international}, volume = {2}, journal = {Amos international}, number = {1}, pages = {24 -- 33}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandLuderer, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Luderer, Gunnar}, title = {Eckpunkte einer globalen Klimaschutzpolitik}, series = {Kirche und Gesellschaft}, journal = {Kirche und Gesellschaft}, number = {355}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Kosten und Optionen f{\"u}r den Klimaschutz}, series = {Der UN - Weltklimareport. Bericht {\"u}ber eine aufhaltsame Katastrophe}, booktitle = {Der UN - Weltklimareport. Bericht {\"u}ber eine aufhaltsame Katastrophe}, publisher = {KiWi-Taschenbuch}, isbn = {978-3462039603}, pages = {268 -- 280}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Kosten und Optionen f{\"u}r den Klimaschutz}, series = {Der UN - Weltklimareport. Bericht {\"u}ber eine aufhaltsame Katastrophe}, booktitle = {Der UN - Weltklimareport. Bericht {\"u}ber eine aufhaltsame Katastrophe}, publisher = {Kiepenheuer und Witsch}, address = {K{\"o}ln}, isbn = {978-3462039603}, pages = {268 -- 280}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandBruckner, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Bruckner, Thomas}, title = {Deutschlands Beitrag zur L{\"o}sung des Weltklimaproblems - Was l{\"a}sst sich erreichen ?}, series = {Ifo Schnelldienst}, journal = {Ifo Schnelldienst}, number = {60. Jahrgang}, pages = {22 -- 26}, language = {de} } @techreport{KaulAbottDrageretal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kaul, I. and Abott, F. and Drager, N. and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Global Public Goods. A concept for framing the Post - 2015 Agenda? DIE Discussion Paper 2/2013}, language = {en} } @techreport{CreutzigFlachslandMcGlynn, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Creutzig, Felix and Flachsland, Christian and McGlynn, Emily}, title = {CITIES: Car industry, road transport and an international emission trading scheme - policy options. A report commissioned by BMW}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferCarraroHourcadeetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Carraro, Carlo and Hourcade, Jean-Charles and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {RECIPE - The Economics of Decarbonization. Synthesis Report}, language = {en} } @article{KowarschFlachslandMinxetal., author = {Kowarsch, Martin and Flachsland, Christian and Minx, Jan C. and et al.,}, title = {A road map for global environmental assessments}, series = {Nature Climate Change}, volume = {7}, journal = {Nature Climate Change}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, issn = {1758-678X}, doi = {10.1038/nclimate3307}, pages = {379 -- 382}, abstract = {Increasing demand for solution-oriented environmental assessments brings significant opportunities and challenges at the science-policy-society interface. Solution-oriented assessments should enable inclusive deliberative learning processes about policy alternatives and their practical consequences.}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachslandKornek, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Kornek, Ulrike}, title = {Der Grundriss f{\"u}r ein neues Klimaregime}, series = {ifo Schnelldienst}, volume = {69}, journal = {ifo Schnelldienst}, number = {3}, issn = {0018-974X}, pages = {11 -- 15}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Laudato si'. Die Sorge um die globalen Gemeinschaftsg{\"u}ter}, series = {Stimmen der Zeit}, volume = {233}, journal = {Stimmen der Zeit}, number = {9}, issn = {0039-1492}, pages = {579 -- 591}, language = {de} } @techreport{CreutzigFlachslandMcGlynnetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Creutzig, Felix and Flachsland, Christian and McGlynn, Emily and Minx, Jan C.}, title = {CITIES: Car Industry, Road Transport and an international Emission Trading Scheme. Policy options}, pages = {130}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandLorentz, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Lorentz, Bernhard}, title = {Die Atmosph{\"a}re als globales Gemeingut}, series = {Commons. F{\"u}r eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat}, booktitle = {Commons. F{\"u}r eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat}, publisher = {Transcript}, isbn = {978-3837620368}, pages = {473 -- 478}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandLorentz, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Lorentz, Bernhard}, title = {The Atmosphere as a Global Commons}, series = {The Wealth of the Commons. A World beyond Market and State}, booktitle = {The Wealth of the Commons. A World beyond Market and State}, publisher = {Levellers Press}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Globale Energiewende - Wege zu einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung}, series = {Globale Trends 2013. Frieden, Entwicklung, Umwelt}, booktitle = {Globale Trends 2013. Frieden, Entwicklung, Umwelt}, publisher = {Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, isbn = {978-3596194230}, pages = {265 -- 284}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Transforming the Global Energy System - Pathways Towards a Sustainable Energy Supply}, series = {Global Trends 2013. Peace - Development - Environment}, booktitle = {Global Trends 2013. Peace - Development - Environment}, publisher = {Stiftung Entwicklung und F rieden (SEF)}, address = {Bonn}, pages = {53 -- 71}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Die Nutzung globaler Gemeinschaftsg{\"u}ter: Polit{\"o}konomische Heraus forderungen an die Klimapolitik}, series = {ifo Schnelldienst}, volume = {12}, journal = {ifo Schnelldienst}, number = {65}, pages = {29 -- 35}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Die Nutzung globaler Gemeinschaftsg{\"u}ter: Polit{\"o}konomische Herausforderungen an die Klimapolitik.}, series = {Die Zukunft der Energieversorgung: Atomausstieg, Versorgungssicherhei t und Klimawandel. 2012. Rundgespr{\"a}che der Kommission f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie}, journal = {Die Zukunft der Energieversorgung: Atomausstieg, Versorgungssicherhei t und Klimawandel. 2012. Rundgespr{\"a}che der Kommission f{\"u}r {\"O}kologie}, number = {41}, editor = {Bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften,}, pages = {137 -- 151}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Wem geh{\"o}rt die Atmosph{\"a}re? Nach dem Klimagipfel in Canc{\´u}n}, series = {Stimmen der Zeit}, journal = {Stimmen der Zeit}, number = {2}, pages = {75 -- 88}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandLuderer, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Luderer, Gunnar}, title = {Global Deal: Eckpunkte einer globalen Klimaschutzpolitik.}, series = {Klimawandel und globale Armut}, booktitle = {Klimawandel und globale Armut}, publisher = {Kohlhammer}, address = {Stuttgart}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Der 'Global Deal' f{\"u}r den Klimaschutz - ein Pfad auf des Messers Schneide}, series = {Energiegeladen. Koordinaten einer zukunftsf{\"a}higen Klima - und Energiepolitik}, booktitle = {Energiegeladen. Koordinaten einer zukunftsf{\"a}higen Klima - und Energiepolitik}, publisher = {Ch. Goetz Verlag}, address = {Potsdam}, isbn = {9783980934947}, language = {de} } @article{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Der Friedensnobelpreis f{\"u}r den Weltklimarat}, series = {Stimmen der Zeit}, journal = {Stimmen der Zeit}, number = {2}, pages = {75 -- 86}, language = {de} } @article{SteckelJakobFlachslandetal., author = {Steckel, Jan Christoph and Jakob, Michael and Flachsland, Christian and Kornek, Ulrike and Lessmann, Kai and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {From climate finance towards sustainable development finance}, series = {WIREs Climate Change}, volume = {8}, journal = {WIREs Climate Change}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1002/wcc.437}, pages = {8}, abstract = {Decarbonizing the global energy system requires large-scale investment flows, with a central role for international climate finance to mobilize private funds. The willingness to provide international finance in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities was acknowledged by the broad endorsement of the Paris Agreement, and the Green Climate Funds in particular. The international community aims to mobilize at least USD 100 billion per year for mitigation and adaption in developing countries. In this article, we argue that too little attention has been paid on the spending side of climate finance, both in the political as well as the academic debate. To this end, we review the challenges encountered in project-based approaches of allocating climate finance in the past. In contrast to project-based finance, we find many advantages to spending climate finance in support of price-based national policies. First, the support for international climate cooperation is improved when efforts of successively rising domestic carbon pricing levels are compensated. Second, carbon pricing sets incentives for least-cost mitigation. Third, investing domestic revenues from emission pricing schemes could advance a country's individual development goals and ensure the recipient's 'ownership' of climate policies. We conclude that by reconciling the global goal of cost-efficient mitigation with national policy priorities, climate finance for carbon pricing could become a central pillar of sustainable development and promote international cooperation to achieve the climate targets laid down in the Paris Agreement.}, language = {en} } @incollection{FlachslandEdenhoferKornek, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Kornek, Ulrike}, title = {Koordinierte CO2-Preise : Ein Vorschlag zur Weiterentwicklung des Pariser Abkommens}, series = {Unter 2 Grad? Was der Weltklimavertrag wirklich bringt}, booktitle = {Unter 2 Grad? Was der Weltklimavertrag wirklich bringt}, editor = {M{\"u}ller, Michael and Sommer, J{\"o}rg}, publisher = {Hirzel}, address = {Stuttgart}, isbn = {978-3-7776-2570-6}, pages = {69 -- 78}, abstract = {Im Dezember 2015 wurde in Paris Geschichte geschrieben: Die Weltklimakonferenz einigte sich auf das erste Klimaschutzabkommen, das alle L{\"a}nder in die Pflicht nimmt. Damit bekennt sich die Weltgemeinschaft v{\"o}lkerrechtlich verbindlich zum Ziel, die Erderw{\"a}rmung auf unter zwei Grad zu begrenzen. Doch was ist dieses Paris-Abkommen wert? Wo liegen seine St{\"a}rken, welche Herausforderungen kommen auf die Weltgemeinschaft zu? Welche Risiken birgt es? Was muss jetzt politisch folgen? Expertinnen und Experten aus Wissenschaft, Politik, Medien und NGOs analysieren in diesem Buch Hintergr{\"u}nde, Inhalte und Konsequenzen des neuen Weltklimavertrages.}, language = {de} } @article{LeipprandFlachslandPahle, author = {Leipprand, Anna and Flachsland, Christian and Pahle, Michael}, title = {Advocates or cartographers? Scientific advisors and the narratives of German energy transition}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {102}, journal = {Energy Policy}, issn = {0301-4215}, doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.021}, pages = {222 -- 236}, abstract = {Political debate on energy in Germany has been shaped by two historically opposed discourses, one pushing for a transition to renewables, the other holding on to the status quo. Scientific policy advice (SPA) has been involved in their evolution from the beginning. This paper draws on the Advocacy Coalition Framework and on discourse and narrative theory to study the role of SPA in recent German energy policy. We explore 1) whether scientific advisors have been members of advocacy coalitions, and 2) how their contributions may have interacted with the evolution of the discourses and major narratives. We perform a qualitative text analysis of 50 SPA reports published between 2000 and 2015. We find that the majority of studies clearly take sides in the debate, and that in most cases the reports' positions are fully transparent. Despite the polarization, SPA provides differentiated information on key aspects of the discourses, and alternative design options for policy instruments. We conclude that SPA contributions have improved the conditions for political consensus and compromise. Collectively, SPA studies provide a basis for mapping different policy pathways and their consequences. In the future, SPA should address additional critical issues such as coal phase-out and international leadership.}, language = {en} } @article{PahleBurtrawFlachslandetal., author = {Pahle, Michael and Burtraw, Dallas and Flachsland, Christian and Kelsey, Nina and Meckling, Jonas and Biber, Eric and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Zysman, John}, title = {Sequencing to ratchet up climate policy stringency}, series = {Nature Climate Change}, volume = {8}, journal = {Nature Climate Change}, issn = {1758-6798}, doi = {10.1038/s41558-018-0287-6}, pages = {861 -- 867}, abstract = {The Paris Agreement formulates the goal of GHG neutrality in the second half of this century. Given that Nationally Determined Contributions are as yet insufficient, the question is through which policies can this goal be realized? Identifying policy pathways to ratchet up stringency is instrumental, but little guidance is available. We propose a policy sequencing framework and substantiate it using the cases of Germany and California. Its core elements are policy options to overcome barriers to stringency over time. Such sequencing can advance policy design and hopefully reconcile the controversy between first-best and second-best approaches.}, language = {en} } @article{FussFlachslandKochetal., author = {Fuss, Sabine and Flachsland, Christian and Koch, Nicolas and Kornek, Ulrike and Knopf, Brigitte and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {A Framework for Assessing the Performance of Cap-and-Trade Systems: Insights from the European Union Emissions Trading System}, series = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}, volume = {12}, journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}, number = {2}, issn = {1750-6816}, doi = {10.1093/reep/rey010}, pages = {220 -- 241}, abstract = {The performance of the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS) and other cap-and-trade schemes has been under scrutiny because of their inability to create a stable price for greenhouse gas emissions. This article seeks to inform the often confusing debate about the economic performance of cap-and-trade systems over time, with a focus on the EU ETS. Based on a simple intertemporal framework of emissions trading and a review of the literature, we show that different frameworks and notions of efficiency result in both different assessments of performance and different recommended strategies for improving performance. More specifically, we argue that if cap-and-trade systems have temporal flexibility (i.e., they include banking and borrowing of emissions allowances), it can be highly misleading to base the economic assessment on short-term efficiency. We seek to draw attention to the concept of long-term economic performance, which takes into account the intertemporal nature of emissions trading systems. In particular, we identify market and government distortions (e.g., myopia, lack of policy credibility, excessive discounting) that may depress allowance prices and hamper intertemporal efficiency. We then examine whether the recently adopted Market Stability Reserve and the alternative price collar are likely to address these distortions.}, language = {en} } @article{LeipprandFlachsland, author = {Leipprand, Anna and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Regime destabilization in energy transitions: The German debate on the future of coal}, series = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, volume = {40}, journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, issn = {2214-6296}, doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2018.02.004}, pages = {190 -- 204}, abstract = {Greenhouse gas emissions are stagnating in Germany despite increasing deployment of renewable energy. This makes the government's Energiewende appear inconsistent and has triggered a discussion on phasing-out coal. The focus has thus turned from niche technology development to the destabilization of the existing high-carbon regime. In this paper we investigate stakeholders' framings and their perceptions of different policy options to advance the understanding of regime destabilization processes and theory-building in the context of the multi-level perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions. We find that actors still form coalitions with traditional allies and cling to established lines of reasoning, although there are indications for a beginning disintegration of the status quo-defending coalition. In their framings, core actors emphasize risks and threats. This confirms that regime destabilization is particularly conflictual and shows that for actors pushing regime change it is more difficult to offer a positive story. Linking policies for phasing-out incumbent technologies to accompanying measures for managing structural change in affected regions may facilitate compromise. The results moreover point to a tension between national and supra-national action as a core issue in destabilization debates. Our insights are relevant for countries in similar transition phases and may inform future comparative research.}, language = {en} } @article{RoseWeiVandycketal., author = {Rose, Adam and Wei, Dan and Vandyck, Toon and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Policy Brief—Achieving Paris Climate Agreement Pledges: Alternative Designs for Linking Emissions Trading Systems}, series = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}, volume = {12}, journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy}, number = {1}, issn = {1750-6816}, doi = {10.1093/reep/rex029}, pages = {170 -- 182}, abstract = {The coordination of international climate policy, such as linking systems of tradable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions allowances, can greatly lower the cost to all participants of slowing climate change. We consider alternative policy designs of international agreements that would help implement the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement's GHG reduction pledges. In particular, we examine a stepwise approach to implementing a global system of GHG emissions trading, which includes estimating the benefits of alternative configurations of participating countries. We also illustrate the importance of allowance trading design features, such as the transfer of auction revenues to low-income countries. Numerical simulations indicate that an emissions trading system covering the power and industry sectors in all countries that made unconditional pledges could reduce the associated mitigation costs by more than 72 percent. Moreover, transferring the revenues from the sale of emission allowances could greatly enhance the capability of lower-income countries to meet their Paris Agreement pledges.}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandSchmid, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Schmid, Lisa Katharina}, title = {Decarbonization and EU ETS Reform: Introducing a price floor to drive low-carbon investments}, series = {12 Years of European Emissions Trading in German}, booktitle = {12 Years of European Emissions Trading in German}, editor = {Angrick, Michael and K{\"u}hleis, Christoph and Landgrebe, J{\"u}rgen and Weiß, Jan}, publisher = {Metropolis}, address = {Marburg}, isbn = {978-3-7316-1375-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {207 -- 232}, abstract = {The EU ETS is in a crisis. There is a fundamental concern that persistently low allowance prices will fail to incentivize the investments in low-carbon capital stock and technology research and development (R\&D) required to achieve long-term European decarbonization targets in the context of the Paris Agreement. Attainment of these targets is at risk. Introducing a carbon price floor can re-affirm the role of the EU ETS as the central pillar in the European effort towards decarbonization. Such a price floor should start at an economically significant level and rise over time. Many observers argue that it is misguided to focus on the EU ETS allowance (EUA) price, since the emissions cap determines environmental effectiveness and the allowance market works well in technical terms. Four interrelated considerations underpin our concern over the persistently low EUA price: First, the EU ETS cap is not cast in stone. It might be relaxed in the future if the costs of maintaining it become politically unacceptable. This could be the case if allowance prices escalate, which can be expected to result from a high-carbon capital stock building up in presence of persistently low allowance prices. Second, there is emerging scientific evidence that the EUA price is distorted as the carbon market does not operate cost-efficiently in a long-term perspective due to private sector short-sightedness and regulatory uncertainty. Third, the EU ETS has so far not allowed the effective expression of different climate policy preferences across EU member states. Without compensatory measures, voluntary unilateral emission reductions within member states (e.g. UK carbon price support, potential German coal power exit) dampen short-term allowance prices and shift emissions in space and time. Finally, all ambitious short-term climate policy measures required for embarking on long-term decarbonization pathways face significant political opposition. This opposition can be expected to come not only from reluctant EU member states, but also industry constituencies concerned about impacts on competitiveness, businessmodels and jobs. These distributional challenges need to be tackled more effectively by strategically allocating allowance value, providing limited compensation to adversely affected constituencies, promoting low carbon R\&D to reduce future costs of decarbonization, and fostering public support for ambitious climate policy. The recent EU ETS reform effort offers an entry point to tackle these concerns, but does not sufficiently address the underlying problems. The magnitude and direction of its impact on the EUA price is highly uncertain. More fundamental change will be required to reaffirm the role of the EU ETS as the central pillar of European decarbonization efforts. In particular, a carbon price floor that rises over time can provide a clearer policy signal for guiding short-and mid-term capital stock and technology R\&D investment decisions towards low-carbon options, and can thus enable cost-efficient achievement of long-term decarbonization targets. If designed accordingly, it allows member states with a higher preference for ambitious climate policy to effectively achieve additional emission reductions. In addition, targeted and transitory compensation models for particularly affected constituencies, and public investments into the development of new technologies and related business models will be required to ensure short-and long-term political support and reinforce policy credibility. Companion policies can play an important role in fostering low-carbon investment, but are inadequate substitutes to effective long-term carbon pricing. Ideally, a carbon price floor will be implemented at the EU-level. An alternative is to start with a coalition of countries including Germany (also in view of attaining its 2020 climate targets), France and others, and to expand it over time}, language = {en} } @article{EdenhoferKnopfBurghausetal., author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Knopf, Brigitte and Burghaus, Kerstin and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael and Koch, Nicolas}, title = {Shifting Paradigms in Carbon Pricing}, series = {Intereconomics}, volume = {53}, journal = {Intereconomics}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1007/s10272-018-0735-6}, pages = {135 -- 140}, abstract = {Carbon pricing is essential to achieve a reduction in global CO2 emissions. A carbon price can either be set directly via a carbon tax (price control) or be achieved through a cap-and-trade system (quantity control). While there has been much debate about the relative merits of each approach, cap-and-trade systems have been favoured in the political arena. In principle, they offer the most straightforward way to achieve a country's emission reduction target by simply setting the cap at the remaining emission budget. Existing emissions trading schemes (ETSs) can be found in Europe, California and Qu{\´e}bec, for example.}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachslandSchmid, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Schmid, Lisa Katharina}, title = {Wie der Emissionshandel wieder zur zentralen S{\"a}ule der europ{\"a}ischen Klimapolitik werden kann}, series = {12 Jahre Europ{\"a}ischer Emissionshandel in Deutschland: Bilanz und Perspektiven f{\"u}r einen wirkungsvollen Klimaschutz}, booktitle = {12 Jahre Europ{\"a}ischer Emissionshandel in Deutschland: Bilanz und Perspektiven f{\"u}r einen wirkungsvollen Klimaschutz}, editor = {Angrick, Michael and K{\"u}hleis, Christoph and Landgrebe, J{\"u}rgen and Weiß, Jan}, publisher = {metropolis}, address = {Marburg}, isbn = {978-3-7316-1362-6}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {217 -- 244}, language = {de} } @incollection{DasguptaEdenhoferAmezquitaetal., author = {Dasgupta, Purnamita and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Amezquita, Adriana Mercedes Avendano and Bento, Antonio M. and Caney, Simon and De la Croix, David and Fosu, Augustin Kwasi and Jakob, Michael and Saam, Marianne and Shrader-Frechette, Kristin and Flachsland, Christian and Weyant, John and You, Liangzhi and Delgado-Ramos, Gian and Dorsch, Marcel J. and Klenert, David and Lempert, Robert and Leroux, Justin and Lessmann, Kai and Liu, Junguo and Mattauch, Linus and Perrings, Charles and Schwerhoff, Gregor and Seyboth, Kristin and Streckel, Jan}, title = {Economic Growth, Human Development, and Welfare}, series = {Rethinking Society for the 21st Century Report of the International Panel on Social Progress}, booktitle = {Rethinking Society for the 21st Century Report of the International Panel on Social Progress}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, isbn = {9781108399661}, doi = {10.1017/9781108399661}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {139 -- 184}, abstract = {Economic Growth, Human Development, and Welfare" of the 2018 Report of the International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP). Mission of the IPSP: The International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP) will harness the competence of hundreds of experts about social issues and will deliver a report addressed to all social actors, movements, organizations, politicians and decision-makers, in order to provide them with the best expertise on questions that bear on social change. The Panel will seek consensus whenever possible but will not hide controversies and will honestly present up-to-date arguments and analyses, and debates about them, in an accessible way. The Panel will have no partisan political agenda, but will aim at restoring hope in social progress and stimulating intellectual and public debates. Different political and philosophical views may conceive of social progress in different ways, emphasizing values such as freedom, dignity, or equality. The Panel will retain full independence from political parties, governments, and organizations with a partisan agenda. While the Panel will primarily work for the dissemination of knowledge to all relevant actors in society, it will also foster research on the topics it will study and help to revive interest for research in social long-term prospective analysis}, language = {en} } @techreport{FlachslandPahleBurtrawetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Flachsland, Christian and Pahle, Michael and Burtraw, Dallas and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Elkerbout, Milan and Fischer, Carolyn and Tietjen, Oliver and Zetterberg, Lars}, title = {Five myths about an EU ETS carbon price floor}, abstract = {This policy briefbuilds on theworkshop EU ETS Reform: Taking Stock and Examining Carbon Price Floor Options,held at the Centrefor European Policy Studies (CEPS) in Brussels on July 3, 2018. The workshop was cosponsored by CEPS and the AHEAD and Mistra CarbonExit projects. While the brief draws on insights from workshop discussions, its views are solely those of the authors. The brief outlinesdifferent perspectives on thepast performanceof the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)in terms of its allowance price (Section 1), analyzes how the recent reform respondedto related challenges(Section 2), and considers the case for introducinga carbon pricefloor in the EU ETS(Section 3). The main part of the brief (Section 4) identifies five myths in the debate of an EU ETSpricefloorand criticallyconfrontsthem. Section 5 concludes by discussing potential entry points for introducing a carbon price floor in the context of the upcoming EU climate policy process}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandKalkuhletal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Knopf, Brigitte and Pahle, Michael}, title = {Optionen f{\"u}r eine CO2-Preisreform. MCC-PIK-Expertise f{\"u}r den Sachverst{\"a}ndigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung}, series = {ECONSTOR}, journal = {ECONSTOR}, edition = {04/2019}, pages = {106}, abstract = {Die deutsche Klimapolitik ben{\"o}tigt eine grundlegende Neuausrichtung. Deutschland muss im Rahmen der EU-Lastenteilungsverordnung bis 2030 seine Emissionen im Verkehrs-, Geb{\"a}ude- und Landwirtschaftssektor sowie in Teilen des Industrie- und Energiesektors um 38 Prozent gegen{\"u}ber 2005 vermindern, sonst drohen erhebliche Strafzahlungen. Das erfordert einen deutlich steileren CO2-Reduktionspfad als in den vergangenen Jahren. Die Regierung plant daher, bis zum Ende des Jahres ein Klimaschutzgesetz zu verabschieden. Mit der aktuellen Ausrichtung von Energiewende und Klimapolitik kann dieses Ziel allerdings nicht erreicht werden, weil die bestehenden {\"o}konomischen Anreize unzureichend sind und f{\"u}r Investoren und Innovatoren erhebliche Unsicherheiten {\"u}ber die zuk{\"u}nftige Ausrichtung der Klimapolitik bestehen. Außerdem sind die bisherigen Maßnahmen sozial unausgewogen. Der klimapolitische Rahmen muss dringend auf das zentrale Ziel ausgerichtet werden, also das Vermeiden von CO2-Emissionen. Der CO2-Preis sollte zum Leitinstrument der Klimapolitik werden. Gleichzeitig w{\"a}chst die Unzufriedenheit mit dem unzureichenden klimapolitischen Fortschritt in breiten Teilen der Gesellschaft: Die nationalen Klimaziele f{\"u}r 2020 werden verfehlt. Die Jugend, prominent vertreten durch die „Fridays for Future"-Bewegung, sieht die Lebensgrundlagen ihrer eigenen und k{\"u}nftiger Generationen in Gefahr. Klimaschutz ist zu einem zentralen Thema in der Mitte der Gesellschaft geworden. Daraus ist ein unmittelbarer klimapolitischer Handlungsdruck entstanden, der f{\"u}r eine umfassende Reform der Klimapolitik genutzt werden sollte. Die n{\"o}tigen Reformen lassen sich nur durch einen Paradigmenwechsel erreichen, bei dem auch die Umwelt- und Klimapolitik an den grundlegenden Prinzipien der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft ausgerichtet wird. Dabei gilt es den Wettbewerb um die g{\"u}nstigsten Vermeidungstechnologien zu f{\"o}rdern, Investitionssicherheit zu st{\"a}rken, die Gesamtkosten f{\"u}r die Erreichung der Ziele m{\"o}glichst gering zu halten und die Belastungen gerecht {\"u}ber Haushalte und Unternehmen zu verteilen. Ordnungsrecht und F{\"o}rderprogramme sollten k{\"u}nftig nur eine erg{\"a}nzende Rolle einnehmen. Im Zentrum der Neuausrichtung muss eine umfassende und koordinierte Bepreisung der CO2-Emissionen stehen. Die Ausgestaltung einer deutschen CO2-Preisreform sollte von Beginn an als Dreiklang gedacht werden: Erstens muss der Konvergenzpunkt eine europaweit harmonisierte CO2-Bepreisung sein. Zweitens sollte Deutschland als Zwischenschritt z{\"u}gig eine nationale CO2-Preisreform umsetzen, um seine Ziele im Rahmen der EU-Lastenteilungsverordnung zu erreichen. Drittens sollte die europ{\"a}ische CO2-Preisreform Grundlage f{\"u}r erfolgreiche internationale Klimaverhandlungen werden. Mit dieser Reform haben Deutschland und Europa die Chance, nicht nur die europ{\"a}ische Klimapolitik voranzubringen, sondern auch ihre Position in den internationalen Verhandlungen zu verbessern.}, language = {de} } @article{DorschFlachslandKornek, author = {Dorsch, Marcel J. and Flachsland, Christian and Kornek, Ulrike}, title = {Building and enhancing climate policy ambition with transfers: allowance allocation and revenue spending in the EU ETS}, series = {Environmental Politics}, volume = {29}, journal = {Environmental Politics}, number = {5}, issn = {1743-8934}, doi = {10.1080/09644016.2019.1659576}, pages = {781 -- 803}, abstract = {Sustaining and increasing climate policy ambition in the presence of heterogeneous interests and potential veto players is a key challenge for climate governance. We examine the conceptual and empirical significance of transfers to balance heterogeneous interests and build support for raising climate policy ambition in the development of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). We provide insights into how to strategically sequence 'brown cushioning' and 'green push' policy incentives within the EU ETS to deliberately incentivize transformative change among actor constituencies towards decarbonization endogenously. The analysis demonstrates the significance of preventive and compensatory buy-in, via allowance allocation and revenue spending design, for the introduction and each major reform of the scheme. Given the potential for a substantially increasing value distributed within the EU ETS, future policy options should aim to strengthen the scheme's inherent incentives towards decarbonization and to prevent an increasing structural divide among EU member states.}, language = {en} } @article{PahleEdenhoferPietzckeretal., author = {Pahle, Michael and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Pietzcker, Robert and Tietjen, Oliver and Osorio, Sebastian and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Die untersch{\"a}tzten Risiken des Kohleausstiegs}, series = {Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen}, volume = {69}, journal = {Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen}, number = {6}, pages = {1 -- 4}, language = {de} } @article{FlachslandPahleBurtrawetal., author = {Flachsland, Christian and Pahle, Michael and Burtraw, Dallas and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Elkerbout, Milan and Fischer, Carolyn and Tietjen, Oliver and Zetterberg, Lars}, title = {How to avoid history repeating itself: the case for an EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) price floor revisited}, series = {Climate Policy}, volume = {20}, journal = {Climate Policy}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1080/14693062.2019.1682494}, pages = {133 -- 142}, abstract = {Several years of very low allowance prices in the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) have motivated calls to introduce a price floor to correct potential underlying distortions and design flaws, including (i) the political nature of allowance supply and related credibility issues, (ii) potential myopia of market participants and firms, and (iii) waterbed and rebound effects resulting from policy interactions. In the wake of the recent EU ETS reform, allowance prices have sharply increased. This raises the question of whether the case for introducing a price floor in the EU ETS remains valid. We argue that such a price floor, also adopted in several other greenhouse gas cap-and-trade systems worldwide, remains an important improvement in the design of the system, as long as the above-mentioned distortions and design flaws persist. An EU ETS price floor can safeguard against these issues and provides more explicit guidance on the minimum allowance price policymakers consider acceptable. Either as a complement or substitute to the current Market Stability Reserve (MSR), a price floor would thus make the EU ETS less prone to future revision in case of unexpectedly low prices. We identify and confront four prominent arguments against the introduction of an EU ETS price floor. Key policy insights: - An EU ETS price floor would be an important institutional innovation enhancing political and economic stability, and predictability of the EUA price - The recent Market Stability Reserve (MSR) reform has not removed the need for a carbon price floor. - Introducing an element of price responsiveness into the so far purely quantitative design of the EU ETS would help to preserve its integrity - In contrast to conventional wisdom, legal analysis reveals that an EU ETS price floor can be legally feasible - Political support for a carbon price floor is gaining traction across Europe}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachslandKalkuhletal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Knopf, Brigitte and Pahle, Michael}, title = {Bewertung des Klimapakets und n{\"a}chste Schritte. CO2-Preis, sozialer Ausgleich, Europa, Monitoring}, publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH}, pages = {1-16}, abstract = {Das von der Bundesregierung vorgelegte Klimapaket wird aller Voraussicht nach unzureichend sein, um die Ziele f{\"u}r 2030 zu erreichen. Zwar wird eine sinnvolle Architektur f{\"u}r eine umfassende CO2-Bepreisung sichtbar: Einstieg mit einem Fixpreis, mittelfristig ein nationaler Emissionshandel f{\"u}r W{\"a}rme und Verkehr und langfristig Integration in den EU-Emissionshandel mit einem Mindestpreis. Aber der Preispfad ist zu niedrig und reicht nicht weit genug in die Zukunft, um eine ausreichende Lenkungswirkung zu entfalten und die notwendige Sicherheit f{\"u}r Investitionen zu vermitteln. So wie der Preispfad jetzt festgeschrieben worden ist, sind nach 2026 voraussichtlich erhebliche Preissteigerungen zur Zielerreichung n{\"o}tig. Dadurch wird das Erreichen der 2030er-Ziele unn{\"o}tig teuer. Weiterhin besteht das Risiko, dass der Preispfad mittelfristig (2022 bis 2025) wom{\"o}glich schon zu einem Verletzen der EU-Lastenteilungsziele f{\"u}hrt. Auch die Frage des sozialen Ausgleichs in der deutschen Klimapolitik ist noch nicht befriedigend gel{\"o}st. Es zeigt sich, dass die Mittelschicht am st{\"a}rksten belastet wird, w{\"a}hrend die Belastung f{\"u}r {\"a}rmere Haushalte zwar abgefedert wird, der Ausgleich aber noch unzureichend ist: Gerade hier treten besondere H{\"a}rtef{\"a}lle auf. Die soziale Schieflage versch{\"a}rft sich dramatisch bei steigenden CO2-Preisen, die ab 2026 zu erwarten sind. Es kommt nun darauf an, in den n{\"a}chsten Schritten nachzusteuern: Der CO2-Preispfad sollte auf ein Ambitionsniveau angehoben werden, mit dem die Klimaziele zuverl{\"a}ssig erreicht werden k{\"o}nnen. Außerdem m{\"u}ssen die klimapolitischen Instrumente sozialvertr{\"a}glich ausgestaltet werden. Weiterhin ist eine aktivere Rolle Deutschlands in der europ{\"a}ischen Klimapolitik entscheidend. Denn parallel zum nationalen Einstieg sollte Deutschland die Einf{\"u}hrung einer integrierten europaweiten CO2-Bepreisung vorantreiben, um eine dauerhafte Zersplitterung und entsprechend hohe Kosten der europ{\"a}ischen Klimapolitik zu verhindern. Die europ{\"a}ische Klimadebatte um eine Erh{\"o}hung des Klimaziels f{\"u}r das Jahr 2030, angestoßen durch die neue EU-Kommission, bietet daf{\"u}r in der kommenden Zeit einen guten Einstiegspunkt. Zentral ist zudem ein effektiver Monitoringprozess. Dabei sollte der einberufene Expertenrat nicht nur das Ex-post-Monitoring der Emissionen unterst{\"u}tzen, sondern auch ein Vorschlagsrecht f{\"u}r das Nach-steuern von Maßnahmen zur Zielerreichung haben (Ex-ante-Evaluierung alternativer Optionen). Auch eine Berichtspflicht gegen{\"u}ber dem Bundestag w{\"a}re wichtig, um Transparenz {\"u}ber den Fortschritt bei der Zielerreichung herzustellen. Der jetzt aufgesetzte Expertenrat hat dagegen nur ein schwaches Mandat zur bloßen {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung von Daten und Modellannahmen. Doch das Gremium sollte nicht bloß den Fortschritt hinsichtlich der Klimaziele notariell best{\"a}tigen, sondern der Schrittmacher f{\"u}r deren Umsetzung sein. Hier wurde es verpasst, eine starke Institution zu schaffen.}, language = {de} } @incollection{EdenhoferRoolfsGaitanetal., author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Roolfs, Christiana and Gaitan, Beatriz and Nahmacher, Paul and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Agreeing on an EU ETS minimum price to foster solidarity, subsidiarity and efficiency in the EU}, series = {Energy Tax and Regulatory Policy in Europe: Reform Priorities}, booktitle = {Energy Tax and Regulatory Policy in Europe: Reform Priorities}, editor = {Parry (et al.), Ian}, publisher = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {31 -- 61}, language = {en} } @techreport{KalkuhlRoolfsEdenhoferetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar and Haywood, Luke and Heinemann, Maik and Bekk, Anke and Flachsland, Christian and George, Jan and Held, Anne and aus dem Moore, Nils and Luderer, Gunnar and Koch, Nicolas and Nikodinoska, Dragana and Pahle, Michael and Schill, Wolf-Peter and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Meyer, Henrika}, title = {Reformoptionen f{\"u}r ein nachhaltiges Steuer- und Abgabensystem. Wie Lenkungssteuern effektiv und gerecht f{\"u}r den Klima- und Umweltschutz ausgestaltet werden k{\"o}nnen. Ein Ariadne-Kurzdossier.}, pages = {23}, language = {de} } @techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Auswirkungen der Energiepreiskrise auf Haushalte in Deutschland: sozialpolitische Herausforderungen und Handlungsoptionen}, organization = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH}, pages = {1-37}, language = {de} } @techreport{KellnerKnoppHaywoodetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Kellner, Maximilian and Knopp, Felix and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Flachsland, Christian and Kalkuhl, Matthias}, title = {Klimapolitik zwischen CO2-Bepreisung und F{\"o}rderprogrammen. Eine fiskalpolitische Betrachtung.}, pages = {25}, abstract = {Klimapolitische Maßnahmen sind sowohl mit potenziell hohen Einnahmen als auch Ausgaben verbunden. Abh{\"a}ngig von der Entwicklung des CO2-Preises k{\"o}nnen die Einnahmen aus dem nationalen und dem auf Deutschland entfallenden Anteil des europ{\"a}ischen Emissionshandels bis 2030 real insgesamt zwischen 178 und 302 Mrd. Euro betragen. Gleichzeitig wird der reale Gesamtbedarf f{\"u}r {\"o}ffentliche Klimainvestitionen eines großz{\"u}gigen Green Spending Programms auf bis zu 616 Mrd. Euro gesch{\"a}tzt - ein solches Programm d{\"u}rfte insbesondere bei zu niedrigen CO2-Preisen n{\"o}tig werden. Die Transformation zu Klimaneutralit{\"a}t ließe sich dann nicht ausschließlich durch Einnahmen aus der CO2-Bepreisung finanzieren, sondern erfordert zus{\"a}tzliche Mittel aus dem allgemeinen Bundeshaushalt. Dieser Bedarf wird weiter versch{\"a}rft, wenn zur Abfederung der Zusatzbelastung durch steigende Energiepreise ein Klimageld ausgezahlt werden soll. Zur Reduktion der Finanzierungsl{\"u}cke sollte der CO2-Preis daher als Leitinstrument der Klimapolitik ausgebaut und durch begrenzte Subventionsprogramme mit besonders effektiver F{\"o}rderung privater Investitionen unterst{\"u}tzt werden. Neben der inhaltlichen Analyse stellen wir ein Excel-Tool bereit, das zur eigenst{\"a}ndigen Ermittlung des Finanzbedarfs f{\"u}r verschiedene Ausgabenprogramme verwendet werden kann.}, language = {de} } @article{LeviFlachslandJakob, author = {Levi, Sebastian and Flachsland, Christian and Jakob, Michael}, title = {Political Economy Determinants of Carbon Pricing}, series = {Global Environmental Politics}, volume = {20}, journal = {Global Environmental Politics}, number = {2}, issn = {1526-3800}, doi = {10.1162/glep_a_00549}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-35698}, pages = {128 -- 156}, abstract = {Carbon pricing is widely considered a key policy instrument for achieving substantial climate change mitigation. However, implementation remains patchy and price levels vary significantly across countries and regions. In this article, we analyze the structural social, political, and economic conditions under which carbon prices have been implemented so far. We estimate a Tobit regression model to investigate variations in explicit carbon prices over 262 national and subnational jurisdictions. Our results highlight well-governed institutions and public attitudes as the most important conditions for carbon pricing and characterize fossil fuel consumption as a barrier to the implementation of carbon prices. The results suggest that governance and public attitude need to be integrated into political economy analysis. Policy makers should take regulatory capacities and public attitudes seriously when designing carbon pricing policies.}, language = {en} } @article{PahleTietjenOsorioetal., author = {Pahle, Michael and Tietjen, Oliver and Osorio, Sebastian and Knopf, Brigitte and Flachsland, Christian and Korkmaz, Pinar and Fahl, Ulrich}, title = {Die Ansch{\"a}rfung der EU-2030-Klimaziele und Implikationen f{\"u}r Deutschland.}, series = {Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen}, volume = {70}, journal = {Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen}, number = {7/8}, pages = {10 -- 13}, language = {de} } @article{JakobLambSteckeletal., author = {Jakob, Michael and Lamb, William F. and Steckel, Jan Christoph and Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Understanding different perspectives on economic growth and climate policy}, series = {WIREs Climate Change}, journal = {WIREs Climate Change}, doi = {10.1002/wcc.677}, pages = {1 -- 17}, abstract = {Should economic growth continue in a world threatened by the prospect of catastrophic climate change? The scientific and public debate has brought forth a broad spectrum of views and narratives on this question, ranging from neoclassical economics to degrowth. We argue that different positions can be attributed to underlying differences in views on (a) factors that determine human well-being, (b) the feasibility and desirability of economic growth, (c) appropriate intervention points, and (d) preferences about governance and policy options. For each of these dimensions, we propose points of agreement on which a consensus between conflicting positions might be achieved. From this basis, we distill a sustainability transition perspective that could act as a basis for a renewed debate on how to align human well-being with environmental sustainability.}, language = {en} } @article{RaiserKornekFlachslandetal., author = {Raiser, Kilian and Kornek, Ulrike and Flachsland, Christian and Lamb, William F.}, title = {Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence}, series = {Environmental Research Letters}, volume = {15}, journal = {Environmental Research Letters}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c}, pages = {1 -- 16}, abstract = {The Paris Agreement (PA) sets out to strengthen the global response to climate change, setting targets for mitigation, adaptation, and finance, and establishing mechanisms through which to achieve these targets. The effectiveness of the PA's mechanisms in achieving its targets, however, has been questioned. This review systematically maps the peer-reviewed literature on the PA, categorizing the available evidence on whether or not the 'Paris Regime' can be effective. We split our analysis into three methodologically distinct sections: first we categorize the literature according to the mechanisms being studied. We find a diverse body of literature, albeit with a clear focus on mitigation, and identify adaptation and capacity building to be clear gaps. Second, we carry out a content analysis, identifying common drivers of, barriers to, and recommendations for effectiveness. Here we find mixed evidence, with potential drivers often qualified by more concrete barriers. Thirdly, we use scientometrics to identify six research clusters. These cover loss and damage, finance, legal issues, international politics, experimental evidence, and studies on tracking progress on the PA's targets. We conclude with a narrative discussion of our findings, presenting three central themes. First, transparency is widely considered a precondition for the PA to be institutionally effective. However, a lack of clear reporting standards and comparable information renders the PA's transparency provisions ineffective. Second, environmental effectiveness relies on national ambition, of which there is currently too little. It remains unclear to which extent the Paris Regime structure itself can induce significant ratcheting-up of ambition. Finally, the PA facilitates the diffusion of norms, enables learning and the sharing of best practices. This production of shared norms provides the most promising avenue for overcoming the current lack of ambition. One of the primary successes of the PA is in providing a platform for the exchange of experiences and ideas.}, language = {en} } @article{LeipprandFlachslandPahle, author = {Leipprand, Anna and Flachsland, Christian and Pahle, Michael}, title = {Starting low, reaching high? Sequencing in EU climate and energy policies}, series = {Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions}, volume = {37}, journal = {Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions}, doi = {10.1016/j.eist.2020.08.006}, pages = {140 -- 155}, abstract = {In order to achieve the UNFCCC Paris Agreement goals, climate policies worldwide require considerable ratcheting-up. Policy sequencing provides a framework for analysing policy process dynamics that facilitate ratcheting-up. We apply a sequencing perspective to two key EU climate and energy policies, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), to comparatively test the empirical relevance of sequencing for single policies - in addition to sequencing across policies, which has been the focus of sequencing theory so far - and to uncover specific mechanisms. Our results confirm that sequencing, based on triggering positive and controlling negative feedback, is relevant both within and across policies. Policy choices that may facilitate ratcheting-up include tools to control costs, the possibility to centralise and harmonise in a multi-level governance context, options for compensation of reluctant actors, and the encouragement of learning processes.}, language = {en} } @article{JakobFlachslandSteckeletal., author = {Jakob, Michael and Flachsland, Christian and Steckel, Jan Christoph and Urpelainen, Johannes}, title = {Actors, objectives, context: A framework of the political economy of energy and climate policy applied to India, Indonesia, and Vietnam}, series = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, volume = {70}, journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101775}, pages = {1 -- 12}, abstract = {Devising policies that facilitate a transition to low-carbon energy systems requires a close understanding of the country-specific political economy of energy and climate policy. We develop a generalized AOC ('Actors, Objectives, Context') political economy framework to inform and enable comparison of country-specific case studies of how economic structure, political institutions, and the political environment shape policy outcomes. Our actor-centered perspective is built on the assumption that those policies are implemented that best meet the objectives of actors with the greatest influence on policy decisions. Applying the framework in practice includes four basic steps: i) identifying the societal and political actors most relevant for the formulation, implementation and enforcement of energy and climate policies; ii) spelling out these actors' underlying objectives; iii) assessing the economic, institutional, discursive and environmental context which determines how certain objectives matter for certain societal actors; and iv) analyzing the dynamic interactions among these factors leading to aggregate policy outcomes. Context factors determine how societal actors influence political actors engaged in formal public policy formulation, implementation and enforcement, and how the dynamic interplay of different political actors' interests results in energy and climate policy outcomes. The framework can accommodate a wide range of theoretical perspectives. We illustrate how the framework enables conducting comparable energy and climate policy country case studies, using the example of coal use in India, Indonesia and Vietnam. Finally, we discuss how the framework can contribute to the identification of entry points that could bring about policy change.}, language = {en} } @article{MuellerHansenCallaghanLeeetal., author = {M{\"u}ller-Hansen, Finn and Callaghan, Max W. and Lee, Yuan Ting and Leipprand, Anna and Flachsland, Christian and Minx, Jan C.}, title = {Who cares about coal? Analyzing 70 years of German parliamentary debates on coal with dynamic topic modeling}, series = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, volume = {72}, journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101869}, abstract = {Despite Germany's Paris Agreement pledge and coal exit legislation, the political debate around carbon-intensive coal remains heated. Coal power and mining have played an important, yet changing role in the history of German politics. In this paper, we analyze the entire parliamentary debate on coal in the German parliament (Bundestag) from its inception in 1949 to 2019. For this purpose we extract the more than 870,000 parliamentary speeches from all protocols in the history of the Bundestag. We identify the 9167 speeches mentioning coal and apply dynamic topic modeling - an unsupervised machine learning technique that reveals the changing thematic structure of large document collections over time - to analyze changes in parliamentary debates on coal over the past 70 years. The trends in topics and their varying internal structure reflect how energy policy was discussed and legitimized over time: Initially, coal was framed as a driver of economic prosperity and guarantee of energy security. In recent years, the debate evolved towards energy transition, coal phase-out and renewable energy expansion. Germany's smaller and younger parties, the Greens and the Left Party, debate coal more often in the context of the energy transition and climate protection than other parties. Our results reflect trends in other countries and other fields of energy policy. Methodologically, our study illustrates the potential of and need for computational methods to analyze vast corpora of text and to complement traditional social science methods.}, language = {en} } @incollection{EdenhoferFlachsland, author = {Edenhofer, Ottmar and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Laudato si'. Die Sorge um die globalen Gemeinschaftsg{\"u}ter}, series = {Christlicher Sch{\"o}pfungsglaube heute. Spirituelle Oase oder vergessene Verantwortung?}, booktitle = {Christlicher Sch{\"o}pfungsglaube heute. Spirituelle Oase oder vergessene Verantwortung?}, editor = {Voges, Sefan}, publisher = {Matthias Gr{\"u}newald Verlag}, address = {Mainz}, isbn = {9783786732266}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {35 -- 49}, language = {de} } @techreport{PahleKoschKnopfetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Pahle, Michael and Kosch, Mirjam and Knopf, Brigitte and Flachsland, Christian and Edenhofer, Ottmar}, title = {Eckpunkte und no-regret Maßnahmen f{\"u}r die Weiterentwicklung der CO2-Bepreisung auf deutscher und europ{\"a}ischer Ebene. Ariadne-Hintergrund.}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {Dieses Papier beschreibt Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung des nationalen Brennstoff-Emissionshandelsgesetzes (BEHG) - und wie ein reibungsfreier {\"U}bergang zur europ{\"a}ischen Ebene gestaltet werden kann. Bei der Einf{\"u}hrung und Ausgestaltung eines EU-Emissionshandelssystem f{\"u}r Geb{\"a}ude und Straßenverkehr (EU ETS-II) bestehen derzeit noch diverse Unsicherheiten. Unabh{\"a}ngig von den Entscheidungen auf europ{\"a}ischer Ebene identifizieren wir jedoch vier No-Regret Maßnahmen zur Weiterentwicklung des BEHG, die in allen F{\"a}llen f{\"o}rderlich sind: 1. Zeitliches Vorziehen und Anhebung des Preiskorridors plus Versteigerung: Die Einf{\"u}hrung eines Preiskorridors und die Versteigerung von Zertifikaten sollte auf das Jahr 2023 vorgezogen werden. Zudem sollte der Preiskorridor angehoben und verbreitert werden, um den neuen nationalen Klimazielen Rechnung zu tragen. 2. BEHG Emissionsmengen analog zu Sektorzielen: Die EU-Kommission hat im Fit-for-55 Paket eine Erh{\"o}hung des deutschen ESR-Ziels auf 50\% vorgeschlagen, was auch ungef{\"a}hr den nationalen Zielen im Rahmen des Klimaschutzgesetzes (KSG) von 2021 entspricht. Um zu einem fr{\"u}heren Zeitpunkt Verbindlichkeit zu schaffen, sollten daher die BEHG-Emissionsmengen aus den KSG Sektorzielen abgeleitet werden. 3. Direkte Pro-Kopf-R{\"u}ckerstattung: F{\"u}r den zu erwartenden Fall deutlich steigender CO2-Preise sollte die Bundesregierung schon vor 2023 die institutionellen Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r die Umsetzung des Klimagelds wie im Koalitionsvertrag beschrieben schaffen. 4. Nationaler CO2-Mindestpreis: Bis sp{\"a}testens 2025 sollte ein Mindestpreis zur eventuellen Erg{\"a}nzung eines EU ETS-II vorbereitet und ggf. implementiert werden. Dadurch kann im Fall anf{\"a}nglich niedriger Preise im EU ETS-II garantiert werden, dass der CO2-Preis in Deutschland weiterhin kontinuierlich ansteigt. Neben diesen Maßnahmen auf nationaler Ebene, sollte sich die Bundesregierung in den Fit-for-55 Verhandlungen einsetzen (1) f{\"u}r die Flexibilit{\"a}t zwischen EU ETS und ESR sowie (2) f{\"u}r ein graduelles Linking zwischen ETS-I und ETS-II. Mit beiden Maßnahmen k{\"o}nnen die sehr hohen Preisunterscheide reduziert und die Effizienz der Klimapolitik erh{\"o}ht werden.}, language = {de} } @techreport{KuehnerJakobFlachsland, type = {Working Paper}, author = {K{\"u}hner, Ann-Kathrin and Jakob, Michael and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Positionen deutscher Stakeholder zu einem europ{\"a}ischen CO2-Grenzausgleich. Ariadne-Hintergrund.}, pages = {1-39}, abstract = {Die Sorge um „Carbon Leakage" ist ein zentrales Hindernis f{\"u}r eine ambitionierte deutsche und Europ{\"a}ische Klimapolitik und hat in der Vergangenheit zu intensiven politischen Konflikten gef{\"u}hrt. Um angesichts der ambitionierten Klimaziele des Green Deal Carbon Leakage in Zukunft zu verhindern, hat die Europ{\"a}ische Union in ihrem „Fit f{\"u}r 55"-Paket ein CO2-Grenzausgleichssystem (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM) vorgeschlagen. {\"U}ber den Gesetzesvorschlag der Kommission wird momentan im zust{\"a}ndigen Umweltausschuss des EU-Parlaments beraten. Die Entscheidung des EU-Parlaments wird dann an den Rat der Europ{\"a}ischen Union, nun unter dem Vorsitz Frankreichs, {\"u}bermittelt und dort weiter diskutiert. Die Verordnung soll im Januar 2023 in Kraft treten. Angesichts der Sorgen und politischen Konflikte um m{\"o}gliches Carbon Leakage hat die Frage der Unterst{\"u}tzung und Ablehnung der verschiedenen spezifischen Designelemente eines EU CBAM durch verschiedene Stakeholdergruppen eine hohe politische Relevanz. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben wir mehr als 80 der zentralen Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der deutschen Fachdebatte aus Wirtschaft, Zivilgesellschaft und Wissenschaft sowohl nach ihren grundlegenden Einstellungen als auch zu spezifischen Details der Ausgestaltung eines CBAM befragt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass in Deutschland ein CBAM unter den wichtigsten Stakeholdergruppen durchschnittlich bef{\"u}rwortet wird. Als Hauptdiskussionspunkte identifiziert wurden(1) das Auslaufen der kostenlosen Zuteilung von Emissionsrechten bei Einf{\"u}hrung eines CBAM, (2) die Anwendung eines CBAM nur auf Importe (und nicht auch auf Exporte), (3) die Frage ob und f{\"u}r welche L{\"a}nder Ausnahmen gelten sollten und (4) die Verwendung der CBAM-Einnahmen.}, language = {de} } @techreport{KnodtRodiFlathetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Knodt, Mich{\`e}le and Rodi, Michael and Flath, Lucas and Kalis, Michael and Kemmerzell, J{\"o}rg and Leukhardt, Falko and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Mehr Kooperation wagen. Wasserstoffgovernance im deutschen F{\"o}deralismus. Interterritoriale Koordination, Planung und Regulierung.}, pages = {1-36}, abstract = {Die Notwendigkeit einer st{\"a}rkeren Kooperation zwischen Bund und L{\"a}ndern in der Energiewende wird im Koalitionsvertrag der neuen Bundesregierung explizit hervorgehoben. Im Bereich des Wasserstoffes buchstabiert der Koalitionsvertrag hier jedoch keine konkreten Schritte aus, obwohl dem Energietr{\"a}ger mit der im Juni 2020 verabschiedeten Nationalen Wasserstoffstrategie eine zentrale energiepolitische Bedeutung zugewiesen wurde. Die rechtlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r die Koordination wasserstoffpolitischer Maßnahmen und die Umsetzung der Nationalen Wasserstoffstrategie im deutschen F{\"o}deralismus wurden dabei bis dato noch wenig beachtet. Die vorliegende Ariadne-Analyse diskutiert die M{\"o}glichkeiten der vertikalen Koordination von Bund und L{\"a}ndern sowie der horizontalen Koordination zwischen den Bundesl{\"a}ndern. Die Analyse zeigt: Bestehende Modi der Koordination reichen entweder nicht aus oder werden durch divergierende Ziele nicht genutzt. F{\"u}r eine effektive Umsetzung der Nationalen Wasserstoffstrategie und der Wasserstoffstrategien einzelner L{\"a}nder bedarf es neuer Formen der Bund-L{\"a}nder-Koordination. Wir skizzieren deshalb drei komplement{\"a}re Optionen zur Steigerung der vertikalen und horizontalen Koordinationskapazit{\"a}ten: erstens die Festlegung grundlegender Standards der Herstellung und Nutzung von Wasserstoff, zweitens eine st{\"a}rkere Koordination der Bedarfsplanung und drittens die Institutionalisierung der Kooperation von Bund und L{\"a}ndern.}, language = {de} } @article{RaiserFlachslandCalı, author = {Raiser, Kilian and Flachsland, Christian and {\c{C}}al{\i}, Ba{\c{s}}ak}, title = {Understanding pledge and review: learning from analogies to the Paris Agreement review mechanisms}, series = {Climate Policy}, journal = {Climate Policy}, doi = {10.1080/14693062.2022.2059436}, pages = {1 -- 25}, abstract = {This article draws lessons for the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement's pledge and review mechanisms from the performance of comparable review mechanisms established under other international treaties. The article employs systematic evidence synthesis methods to review the existing literature on international review mechanisms in the human rights, trade, labour, and monetary policy fields and identifies six common factors influencing their performance. Applying these findings to the Paris Agreement, the analysis finds that its review mechanisms incorporate many of these factors. In particular, they combine both expert and peer review, allow for repeated interaction and capacity building, and facilitate the regular and transparent provision of information. The comparative analysis also highlights two major deficiencies of the Paris Agreement: the absence of procedures to assess the adequacy of national pledges and actions taken to implement them, and resource constraints in carrying out a complex and arduous review process. Active engagement of non-state actors with review mechanisms is identified as a potential remedy to these shortcomings. However, the overall experience of other regimes suggests that, on their own, review mechanisms provide few incentives for states to undertake significant policy changes. Rather, the political context of each regime conditions the performance of review mechanisms. We therefore conclude that the Paris Agreement's review mechanisms alone are unlikely to bring about the necessary ratcheting up of climate policy ambitions.}, language = {en} } @techreport{EdmondsonFlachslandausdemMooreetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edmondson, Duncan and Flachsland, Christian and aus dem Moore, Nils and Koch, Nicolas and Koller, Florian and Gruhl, Henri and Brehm, Johannes and Levi, Sebastian}, title = {Assessing Climate Policy Instrument Pathways: An Application to the German Light Duty Vehicle Sector}, publisher = {Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne}, address = {Potsdam}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-4713}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-47130}, pages = {138}, language = {en} } @techreport{ZwarEdenhoferFlachsland, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Zwar, Claudia and Edenhofer, Jacob and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Introducing and applying the Climate Institutions Analysis Framework (CIAF): A comparative analysis of climate institutions in Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Australia using the CIAF}, publisher = {SocArXiv}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/jf8ah_v1}, pages = {39, 88}, abstract = {Climate institutions - including framework legislation and advisory bodies - have proliferated globally as part of countries' responses to climate change. They have received growing attention amid a broader 'institutional turn' in the study of climate politics. We lack conceptual tools, however, to analyse these meso-level institutions and disentangle the mechanisms driving their effects on climate policymaking. To fill this gap, we develop the Climate Institutions Analysis Framework (CIAF) and use it to qualitatively analyse climate institutions in Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Australia. We demonstrate how cross-country variation in effects stems from interactions between institutions and 'intervening variables' specific to countries' contexts. Across our sample, most institutions address agenda-setting and knowledge-related strategic challenges; few deliver ex-ante accountability and none compensation. Our framework is relevant for comparative political economy analyses of meso-level political institutions, and, alongside our results, offers lessons for policymakers seeking to create or improve climate institutions.}, language = {en} } @techreport{AdolphsenFeistFlachslandetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Adolphsen, Ole and Feist, Marian and Flachsland, Christian and Geden, Oliver and G{\"o}rlach, Benjamin and Jakob, Michael}, title = {Deutschlands Klimaaußenpolitik: Kontext - R{\"u}ckschau - Weiterentwicklung}, publisher = {Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne}, address = {Potsdam}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.48485/pik.2024.017}, pages = {61}, language = {de} } @techreport{EdenhoferFlachsland, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Edenhofer, Jacob and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Introducing the Climate Politics Framework (CPF): An application to German climate policy}, publisher = {Center for Open Science}, doi = {10.31235/osf.io/qkbj3_v1}, pages = {74, 1}, abstract = {This paper introduces the Climate Politics Framework (CPF), a novel and comprehensive approach to analyzing climate policymaking. The CPF sets out four fundamental problems—pervasive collective action challenges, distributional dynamics, long-term policy, and deep uncertainty—that shape both elite and mass-level climate politics. These, in turn, influence the stringency and design of climate policy platforms, which consist of institutions, policy instruments as well as framing and rhetoric. These platforms can both cause emissions reductions—the main dependent variable of interest—and address strategic challenges in the climate policy process (e.g. agenda-setting, coordination, compensation, and commitment), thereby altering political dynamics over time. Applying the CPF to Germany, based on elite interviews and a literature review, we analyze key episodes and structural features of German climate policy over the past four decades. The CPF offers both an academic contribution—by synthesizing disparate strands of the climate politics literature—and, with a view to future applications, a practical tool for policymakers and stakeholders to diagnose political barriers and identify pathways for effective climate policymaking.}, language = {en} } @techreport{FeistKuehnerFlachsland, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Feist, Marian and K{\"u}hner, Ann-Kathrin and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {Selling CBAM: Diplomacy for the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism}, publisher = {Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne}, address = {Potsdam}, doi = {10.48485/pik.2024.010}, pages = {27}, language = {en} } @article{KuehnerJakobFlachsland, author = {K{\"u}hner, Ann-Kathrin and Jakob, Michael and Flachsland, Christian}, title = {German stakeholder perceptions of an EU carbon border adjustment mechanism}, volume = {17}, publisher = {Environmental Research Letters}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac9f23}, abstract = {The European Commission has proposed a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) that would apply the carbon price prevailing in the EU emissions trading system to import-related emissions. We conducted a survey to study perceptions of an EU CBAM among German key stakeholders from industry, civil society, and research in July 2021. We find that substantial support for CBAM exists as well as the expectation that the mechanism will eventually be introduced. We identified divergent views on key design options among stakeholder groups. Stakeholders from industry generally favour the continuation of free allocation of emissions allowances, rebates for exporters from the EU, coverage of only scope 1 emissions, and use of revenues for domestic spending. Stakeholders from civil society prefer phasing out free allocation, coverage only of imports, an emissions scope including all indirect emissions, exempting low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based climate policies, and the use of revenues to finance green transformation in low-income countries. Respondents from research would generally rather see free allocation being phased out, emissions coverage of scope 1 and 2, exemptions for low-income countries and countries that do implement non-price-based policies with comparable effects in relevant sectors and a transfer of revenues to support clean technologies in low-income countries and green technologies in the EU. Our survey design allows us to identify three cross-stakeholder group clusters, one containing stakeholders who are comparably more hesitant towards CBAM, a second one with respondents most in favour of introducing CBAM, as well as a 'middle ground' cluster which contains views that are often in between the other two. We also compare the survey responses to the design of the Commission's CBAM proposal to identify the most likely points of political disagreement.}, language = {en} } @article{OhlendorfFlachslandNemetetal., author = {Ohlendorf, Nils and Flachsland, Christian and Nemet, Gregory F. and Steckel, Jan Christoph}, title = {Carbon price floors and low-carbon investment: A survey of German firms}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {169}, journal = {Energy Policy}, number = {113187}, issn = {0301-4215}, doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113187}, abstract = {Introducing a price floor in emissions trading schemes (ETS) theoretically stabilizes expectations on future carbon prices and thus fosters low-carbon investment. Yet, ex post evidence on high carbon prices is scant and the relevance of carbon pricing for investment decisions is frequently contested. We provide empirical ex ante evidence on how a price floor in the EU ETS would impact the size and portfolio of energy firms' investments. Analyzing survey responses of high-level managers in 113 German energy and industry companies, we find that the level of the price floor is crucial. A low price floor trajectory only provides insurance against downward price fluctuations and would leave investments largely unchanged except for industries receiving electricity price compensation, which reduce their investments. A high floor, significantly increasing the price level beyond current expectations, leads to higher investment by the majority of firms, especially by green firms, while investment in fossil energy would partially be abolished. Our studies implies that price floors can be important design components of ETS. However, policymakers need to ensure that they are at sufficiently high levels to affect investment decisions in a meaningful way.}, language = {en} }