@article{RuhnauBannikOttenetal., author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Bannik, Sergej and Otten, Sydney and Praktiknjo, Aaron and Robinius, Martin}, title = {Direct or indirect electrification? A review of heat generation and road transport decarbonisation scenarios for Germany 2050}, series = {Energy}, volume = {166}, journal = {Energy}, number = {1}, issn = {0360-5442}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.114}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-30602}, pages = {989 -- 999}, abstract = {Energy scenarios provide guidance to energy policy, not least by presenting decarbonisation pathways for climate change mitigation. We review such scenarios for the example of Germany 2050, with a focus on the decarbonisation of heat generation and road transport. In this context, we characterize the role of renewable electricity and contrast two rivalling narratives: direct and indirect electrification. On the one hand, electricity directly provides heat and transport, using electric heat pumps, electric heaters, and battery electric vehicles. On the other hand, electricity, heat, and transport are indirectly linked, using gas heat pumps, gas heaters, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engine vehicles, in combination with power-to-gas and power-to-liquid processes. To reach climate policy targets, our findings imply that energy stakeholders must (1) plan for the significant additional demand for renewable electricity for heat and road transport, (2) pave the way for system-friendly direct heat electrification, (3) be aware of technological uncertainties in the transport sector, (4) clarify the vision for decarbonisation, particularly for road transport, and (5) use holistic and more comparable scenario frameworks.}, language = {en} } @article{RuhnauHirthPraktiknjo, author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Hirth, Lion and Praktiknjo, Aaron}, title = {Heating with Wind: Economics of heat pumps and variable renewables}, series = {Energy Economics}, volume = {92}, journal = {Energy Economics}, doi = {10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104967}, abstract = {With the growth of wind and solar energy in electricity supply, the electrification of space and water heating is becoming a promising decarbonization option. In turn, such electrification may help the power system integration of variable renewables, for two reasons: thermal storage could provide low-cost flexibility, and heat demand is seasonally correlated with wind power. However, temporal fluctuations in heat demand may also imply new challenges for the power system. This study assesses the economic characteristics of electric heat pumps and wind energy and studies their interaction on wholesale electricity markets. Using a numerical electricity market model, we estimate the economic value of wind energy and the economic cost of powering heat pumps. We find that, just as expanding wind energy depresses its €/MWhel value, adopting heat pumps increases their €/MWhel cost. This rise can be mitigated by synergistic effects with wind power, "system-friendly" heat pump technology, and thermal storage. Furthermore, heat pumps raise the wind market value, but this effect vanishes if accounting for the additional wind energy needed to serve the heat pump load. Thermal storage facilitates the system integration of wind power but competes with other flexibility options. For an efficient adoption of heat pumps and thermal storage, we argue that retail tariffs for heat pump customers should reflect their underlying economic cost.}, language = {en} } @article{RuhnauBannikOttenetal., author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Bannik, Sergej and Otten, Sydney and Praktiknjo, Aaron and Robinius, Martin}, title = {Direct or indirect electrification? A review of heat generation and road transport decarbonisation scenarios for Germany 2050}, series = {Energy}, volume = {166}, journal = {Energy}, number = {1}, issn = {0360-5442}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.114}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-31063}, pages = {989 -- 999}, abstract = {Energy scenarios provide guidance to energy policy, not least by presenting decarbonisation pathways for climate change mitigation. We review such scenarios for the example of Germany 2050, with a focus on the decarbonisation of heat generation and road transport. In this context, we characterize the role of renewable electricity and contrast two rivalling narratives: direct and indirect electrification. On the one hand, electricity directly provides heat and transport, using electric heat pumps, electric heaters, and battery electric vehicles. On the other hand, electricity, heat, and transport are indirectly linked, using gas heat pumps, gas heaters, fuel cell electric vehicles, and internal combustion engine vehicles, in combination with power-to-gas and power-to-liquid processes. To reach climate policy targets, our findings imply that energy stakeholders must (1) plan for the significant additional demand for renewable electricity for heat and road transport, (2) pave the way for system-friendly direct heat electrification, (3) be aware of technological uncertainties in the transport sector, (4) clarify the vision for decarbonisation, particularly for road transport, and (5) use holistic and more comparable scenario frameworks.}, language = {en} } @article{RuhnauHirthPraktiknjo, author = {Ruhnau, Oliver and Hirth, Lion and Praktiknjo, Aaron}, title = {Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling}, series = {Nature Scientific Data}, volume = {6}, journal = {Nature Scientific Data}, number = {189}, doi = {10.1038/s41597-019-0199-y}, abstract = {With electric heat pumps substituting for fossil-fueled alternatives, the temporal variability of their power consumption becomes increasingly important to the electricity system. To easily include this variability in energy system analyses, this paper introduces the "When2Heat" dataset comprising synthetic national time series of both the heat demand and the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pumps. It covers 16 European countries, includes the years 2008 to 2018, and features an hourly resolution. Demand profiles for space and water heating are computed by combining gas standard load profiles with spatial temperature and wind speed reanalysis data as well as population geodata. COP time series for different heat sources - air, ground, and groundwater - and different heat sinks - floor heating, radiators, and water heating - are calculated based on COP and heating curves using reanalysis temperature data. The dataset, as well as the scripts and input parameters, are publicly available under an open source license on the Open Power System Data platform.}, language = {en} }