@article{KnoxLoweMummolo, author = {Knox, Dean and Lowe, Will and Mummolo, Jonathan}, title = {Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing}, series = {American Political Science Review}, volume = {114}, journal = {American Political Science Review}, number = {3}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, issn = {0003-0554}, doi = {10.1017/S0003055420000039}, pages = {619 -- 637}, abstract = {Researchers often lack the necessary data to credibly estimate racial discrimination in policing. In particular, police administrative records lack information on civilians police observe but do not investigate. In this article, we show that if police racially discriminate when choosing whom to investigate, analyses using administrative records to estimate racial discrimination in police behavior are statistically biased, and many quantities of interest are unidentified—even among investigated individuals—absent strong and untestable assumptions. Using principal stratification in a causal mediation framework, we derive the exact form of the statistical bias that results from traditional estimation. We develop a bias-correction procedure and nonparametric sharp bounds for race effects, replicate published findings, and show the traditional estimator can severely underestimate levels of racially biased policing or mask discrimination entirely. We conclude by outlining a general and feasible design for future studies that is robust to this inferential snare.}, language = {en} } @article{vanDaalenRomanelloRockloevetal., author = {van Daalen, Kim R and Romanello, Marina and Rockl{\"o}v, Joacim and Semenza, Jan C and Tonne, Cathryn and Markandya, Anil and Dasandi, Niheer and Jankin, Slava and Achebak, Hicham and Ballester, Joan and Bechara, Hannah and Callaghan, Max W and Chambers, Jonathan and Dasgupta, Shouro and Drummond, Paul and Farooq, Zia and Gasparyan, Olga and Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube and Hamilton, Ian and H{\"a}nninen, Risto and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra and Kendrovski, Vladimir and Kennard, Harry and Kiesewetter, Gregor and Lloyd, Simon J and Lotto Batista, Martin and Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime and Mil{\`a}, Carles and Minx, Jan C and Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark and Palamarchuk, Julia and Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos and Robinson, Elizabeth J Z and Scamman, Daniel and Schmoll, Oliver and Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo and Sj{\"o}din, Henrik and Sofiev, Mikhail and Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan and Springmann, Marco and Tri{\~n}anes, Joaquin and Anto, Josep M and Nilsson, Maria and Lowe, Rachel}, title = {The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future}, series = {The Lancet Public Health}, volume = {7}, journal = {The Lancet Public Health}, number = {11}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {2468-2667}, doi = {10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00197-9}, pages = {E942 -- E965}, language = {en} } @article{DasandiGrahamHudsonetal., author = {Dasandi, Niheer and Graham, Hilary and Hudson, David and Jankin, Slava and vanHeerde-Hudson, Jennifer and Watts, Nick}, title = {Positive, global, and health or environment framing bolsters public support for climate policies}, series = {Communications Earth \& Environment}, volume = {3}, journal = {Communications Earth \& Environment}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, issn = {2662-4435}, doi = {10.1038/s43247-022-00571-x}, abstract = {Public support for climate policies is important for their efficacy, yet little is known about how different framings of climate change affect public support for climate policies around the world. Here we report findings from a conjoint experiment of 7,500 adults in five countries - China, Germany, India, UK, and USA - to identify climate messages that elicit greater support for policies to tackle climate change. Messages were randomly varied on four attributes: positive (opportunity) or negative (threat) framings, theme (health, environment, economy, migration), scale (individual, community, national, global), and time (current, 2030, 2050). We find that a positive frame, health and environmental frames, and global and immediate frames bolster public support. We examine differences between countries, and across groups within countries - particularly focusing on the effect of these frames among individuals that are unconcerned about climate change. Among this group, positive and health frames increase the likelihood of support for climate policies, indicating the relevance of these frames for shifting policy preferences for different audience groups.}, language = {en} } @article{MuellerHansenLeeCallaghanetal., author = {M{\"u}ller-Hansen, Finn and Lee, Yuan Ting and Callaghan, Max and Jankin, Slava and Minx, Jan C.}, title = {The German coal debate on Twitter: Reactions to a corporate policy process}, series = {Energy Policy}, volume = {169}, journal = {Energy Policy}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0301-4215}, doi = {10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113178}, abstract = {Phasing out coal is a prerequisite to achieving the Paris climate mitigation targets. In 2018, the German government established a multi-stakeholder commission with the mandate to negotiate a plan for the national coal phase-out, fueling a continued public debate over the future of coal. This study analyzes the German coal debate on Twitter before, during, and after the session of the so-called Coal Commission, over a period of three years. In particular, we investigate whether and how the work of the commission translated into shared perceptions and sentiments in the public debate on Twitter. We find that the sentiment of the German coal debate on Twitter becomes increasingly negative over time. In addition, the sentiment becomes more polarized over time due to an increase in the use of more negative and positive language. The analysis of retweet networks shows no increase in interactions between communities over time. These findings suggest that the Coal Commission did not further consensus in the coal debate on Twitter. While the debate on social media only represents a section of the national debate, it provides insights for policy-makers to evaluate the interaction of multi-stakeholder commissions and public debates.}, language = {en} } @article{WeeksJankinMikhaylovHerzogetal., author = {Weeks, Liam and Jankin Mikhaylov, Slava and Herzog, Alex and {\´O} Fathartaigh, M{\´i}che{\´a}l and Bechara, Hannah}, title = {It's Only Words? Analysing the Roots of the Irish Party System Using Historical Parliamentary Debates}, series = {Parliamentary Affairs}, journal = {Parliamentary Affairs}, issn = {0031-2290}, doi = {10.1093/pa/gsac020}, abstract = {While the public image of legislative debates is often less than favourable, parliamentary deliberations can be an important indicator of policy preferences, issue saliency and cohesion within political parties. We consider the case of a parliamentary debate that had a considerable long-term political legacy, forging a party system that endured for almost a century. The debates in the Irish parliament over the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty were a critical juncture that split a dominant party, resulting in, first, a civil war and, later, a new mode of party competition. We analyse the text of the debates from this period to see if they contribute to a greater understanding of the ensuing split. Few differences between the two sides in parliament are found, which might explain why few were the differences between the key actors in the party system that evolved.}, language = {en} } @article{LimadeMirandaSnower, author = {Lima de Miranda, Katharina and Snower, Dennis J.}, title = {The societal responses to COVID-19: Evidence from the G7 countries}, series = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {119}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, number = {25}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2117155119}, abstract = {This paper provides a picture of how societies in the G7 countries have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our point of departure is to examine the effects of the pandemic in terms of four fundamental normative sources for well-being: Solidarity (S; willingness for social cooperation), Agency (A; empowerment to shape one's prospects through one's own efforts), GDP (G), and Environmental Performance (E)—SAGE for short. The normative foundations of SAGE are communitarianism, classical liberalism, materialistic utilitarianism, and ecoethics. We find that although G and E responded predictably and uniformly to the pandemic (such as G declining and carbon emissions improving), the societal responses were strikingly different. Societies that are cohesive and empowered (high S and A) may be expected to cope with the pandemic better than those that are fragmented and disempowered (low S and A). Furthermore, the pandemic has had diverse effects on S and A; while some societies became cohering and empowering (rising S and A), others became fragmenting and disempowering (falling S and A), and yet others became fragmenting and empowering. We also show that most G7 countries experienced greater tribalization (measured as the difference between inward S and outward S) during the pandemic. These trends are a matter of concern since they suggest that the willingness and perceived ability to address collective challenges collectively have waned. The analysis also suggests that governments' social policies may have an important role to play alongside economic and health policies in coping with the pandemic.}, language = {en} } @article{DasandiCaiFribergetal., author = {Dasandi, Niheer and Cai, Wenjia and Friberg, Peter and Jankin, Slava and Kuylenstierna, Johan and Nilsson, Maria}, title = {The inclusion of health in major global reports on climate change and biodiversity}, series = {BMJ Global Health}, volume = {7}, journal = {BMJ Global Health}, number = {6}, publisher = {BMJ}, issn = {2059-7908}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008731}, abstract = {This article argues that human health has become a key consideration in recent global reports on climate change and biodiversity produced by various international organisations; however, greater attention must be given to the unequal health impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss around the world and the different health adaptation measures that are urgently required.}, language = {en} } @article{SchumacherTrebeschEnderlein, author = {Schumacher, Julian and Trebesch, Christoph and Enderlein, Henrik}, title = {Sovereign defaults in court}, series = {Journal of International Economics}, volume = {131}, journal = {Journal of International Economics}, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, issn = {0022-1996}, doi = {10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103388}, abstract = {For centuries, defaulting governments were immune from legal action by foreign creditors. This paper shows that this is no longer the case. Building a dataset covering four decades, we find that creditor lawsuits have become an increasingly common feature of sovereign debt markets. The legal developments have strengthened the hands of creditors and raised the cost of default for debtors. We show that legal disputes in the US and the UK disrupt government access to international capital markets, as foreign courts can impose a financial embargo on sovereigns. The findings are consistent with theoretical models with creditor sanctions and suggest that sovereign debt is becoming more enforceable. We discuss how the threat of litigation affects debt management, government willingness to pay, and the resolution of debt crises.}, language = {en} } @misc{Gohdes, author = {Gohdes, Anita R.}, title = {The Rise of Digital Repression: How Technology Is Reshaping Power, Politics, and Resistance. By Steven Feldstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. 336p. \$29.95 cloth.}, series = {Perspectives on Politics}, volume = {20}, journal = {Perspectives on Politics}, number = {2}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, issn = {1537-5927}, doi = {10.1017/S1537592722000330}, pages = {773 -- 775}, language = {en} } @article{HaesslerUllrichSebbenetal., author = {H{\"a}ssler, Tabea and Ullrich, Johannes and Sebben, Simone and Shnabel, Nurit and Bernardino, Michelle and Valdenegro, Daniel and Van Laar, Colette and Gonz{\´a}lez, Roberto and Visintin, Emilio Paolo and Tropp, Linda R. and Ditlmann, Ruth K. and Abrams, Dominic and Aydin, Anna Lisa and Pereira, Adrienne and Selvanathan, Hema Preya and von Zimmermann, Jorina and Lantos, N{\´o}ra Anna and Sainz, Mario and Glenz, Andreas and Kende, Anna and Oberpfalzerov{\´a}, Hana and Bilewicz, Michal and Branković, Marija and Noor, Masi and Pasek, Michael H. and Wright, Stephen C. and Žeželj, Iris and Kuzawinska, Olga and Maloku, Edona and Otten, Sabine and Gul, Pelin and Bareket, Orly and Corkalo Biruski, Dinka and Mugnol-Ugarte, Luiza and Osin, Evgeny and Baiocco, Roberto and Cook, Jonathan E. and Dawood, Maneeza and Droogendyk, Lisa and Loyo, Ang{\´e}lica Herrera and Jelić, Margareta and Kelmendi, Kaltrina and Pistella, Jessica}, title = {Need satisfaction in intergroup contact: A multinational study of pathways toward social change}, series = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {122}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, number = {4}, publisher = {American Psychological Association (APA)}, issn = {1939-1315}, doi = {10.1037/pspi0000365}, pages = {634 -- 658}, language = {en} } @article{ChelottiDasandiJankinMikhaylov, author = {Chelotti, Nicola and Dasandi, Niheer and Jankin Mikhaylov, Slava}, title = {Do Intergovernmental Organizations Have a Socialization Effect on Member State Preferences? Evidence from the UN General Debate}, series = {International Studies Quarterly}, volume = {66}, journal = {International Studies Quarterly}, number = {1}, publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)}, issn = {0020-8833}, doi = {10.1093/isq/sqab069}, abstract = {The question of whether intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have a socialization effect on member state preferences is central to international relations. However, empirical studies have struggled to separate the socializing effects of IGOs on preferences from the coercion and incentives associated with IGOs that may lead to foreign policy alignment without altering preferences. This article addresses this issue. We adopt a novel approach to measuring state preferences by applying text analytic methods to country statements in the annual United Nations General Debate (UNGD). The absence of interstate coordination with UNGD statements makes them particularly well suited for testing socialization effects on state preferences. We focus on the European Union (EU), enabling us to incorporate the pre-accession period—when states have the strongest incentives for foreign policy alignment—into our analysis. The results of our analysis show that EU membership has a socialization effect that produces preference convergence, controlling for coercion and incentive effects.}, language = {en} } @article{Kreyenfeld, author = {Kreyenfeld, Michaela}, title = {Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform}, series = {Comparative Population Studies}, volume = {46}, journal = {Comparative Population Studies}, publisher = {German Federal Institute for Population Research}, issn = {1869-8999}, doi = {10.12765/cpos-2021-10}, abstract = {This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations. * This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data".}, language = {en} } @article{GoebelMunzert, author = {G{\"o}bel, Sascha and Munzert, Simon}, title = {The Comparative Legislators Database}, series = {British Journal of Political Science}, journal = {British Journal of Political Science}, issn = {0007-1234}, doi = {10.1017/S0007123420000897}, abstract = {Knowledge about political representatives' behavior is crucial for a deeper understanding of politics and policy-making processes. Yet resources on legislative elites are scattered, often specialized, limited in scope or not always accessible. This article introduces the Comparative Legislators Database (CLD), which joins micro-data collection efforts on open-collaboration platforms and other sources, and integrates with renowned political science datasets. The CLD includes political, sociodemographic, career, online presence, public attention, and visual information for over 45,000 contemporary and historical politicians from ten countries. The authors provide a straightforward and open-source interface to the database through an R package, offering targeted, fast and analysis-ready access in formats familiar to social scientists and standardized across time and space. The data is verified against human-coded datasets, and its use for investigating legislator prominence and turnover is illustrated. The CLD contributes to a central hub for versatile information about legislators and their behavior, supporting individual-level comparative research over long periods.}, language = {en} } @article{SalomonsenFlindersHustedt, author = {Salomonsen, Heidi Houlberg and Flinders, Matthew and Hustedt, Thurid}, title = {A comparative analysis of senior civil servants' involvement in media management}, series = {Policy \& Politics}, journal = {Policy \& Politics}, publisher = {Bristol University Press}, issn = {0305-5736}, doi = {10.1332/03055736y2024d000000037}, abstract = {This article offers results of a comparative case study into how pressures from the media translate into the involvement of senior civil servants (SCSs) in media management and how this is reflected in differentiated ways in politico-administrative relationships. It offers tentative explanations for these differences through the lens of 'public service bargains'. Based upon a qualitative analysis of documents and 62 interviews with SCSs and advisers in Denmark, Sweden and the UK, the research found that: (i) media management, in some countries, generates an extension and an amplification of the normative expectations towards SCSs' involvement in media management; (ii) this is accompanied by a revitalisation of the reflections from SCSs to balance their responsiveness to the minister with anonymity and neutrality when involved in media management; (iii) an extensive formal politicisation seems to curb pressures on SCSs' anonymity and neutrality and their involvement in media management. These findings improve our knowledge of SCSs' involvement in media management by raising crucial questions about the political neutrality of administrators, tendencies towards politicised governance and (more) interventionist political staffers - amid intensified pressures from the media on governments.}, language = {en} } @article{RavensSiebererDevineNappetal., author = {Ravens-Sieberer, Ulrike and Devine, Janine and Napp, Ann-Kathrin and Kaman, Anne and Saftig, Lynn and Gilbert, Martha and Reiß, Franziska and L{\"o}ffler, Constanze and Simon, Anja Miriam and Hurrelmann, Klaus and Walper, Sabine and Schlack, Robert and H{\"o}lling, Heike and Wieler, Lothar Heinz and Erhart, Michael}, title = {Three years into the pandemic: results of the longitudinal German COPSY study on youth mental health and health-related quality of life}, series = {Frontiers in Public Health}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in Public Health}, issn = {2296-2565}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129073}, abstract = {Purpose For the past three years, the German longitudinal COPSY (COVID-19 and PSYchological Health) study has monitored changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A nationwide, population-based survey was conducted in May-June 2020 (W1), December 2020-January 2021 (W2), September-October 2021 (W3), February 2022 (W4), and September-October 2022 (W5). In total, n = 2,471 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years (n = 1,673 aged 11-17 years with self-reports) were assessed using internationally established and validated measures of HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10), mental health problems (SDQ), anxiety (SCARED), depressive symptoms (CES-DC, PHQ-2), psychosomatic complaints (HBSC-SCL), and fear about the future (DFS-K). Findings were compared to prepandemic population-based data. Results While the prevalence of low HRQoL increased from 15\% prepandemic to 48\% at W2, it improved to 27\% at W5. Similarly, overall mental health problems rose from 18\% prepandemic to W1 through W2 (30-31\%), and since then slowly declined (W3: 27\%, W4: 29\%, W5: 23\%). Anxiety doubled from 15\% prepandemic to 30\% in W2 and declined to 25\% (W5) since then. Depressive symptoms increased from 15\%/10\% (CES-DC/PHQ-2) prepandemic to 24\%/15\% in W2, and slowly decreased to 14\%/9\% in W5. Psychosomatic complaints are across all waves still on the rise. 32-44\% of the youth expressed fears related to other current crises. Conclusion Mental health of the youth improved in year 3 of the pandemic, but is still lower than before the pandemic.}, language = {en} } @article{ClaassenMairBidet, author = {Claassen, Casper Hendrik and Mair, Johanna and Bidet, Eric}, title = {Social Enterprises Within the Public Sector's Purview: A Taxonomy-Based Study on South Korea}, series = {VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, journal = {VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations}, issn = {0957-8765}, doi = {10.1007/s11266-023-00622-7}, abstract = {This study applies a hierarchical clustering approach to identify social enterprise models that have appeared in a setting of public sector-led incubation. Within such a context, a high degree of conformity ought to be apparent due to the coercive isomorphic pressures associated with public sector patronage. We nominate South Korea for our analysis, given that the rising number of social enterprises in the country is closely related to a regulatory intervention. Based on an analysis of 468 social enterprises, we find, contrary to expectations, that distinct clusters of government-certified social enterprises have emerged, namely social utility niche, job outsourcing, market opportunity, and integrated balanced models. We typologize these models according to their strategic orientation, mission focus, and institutional alignment. In doing so, we contribute to social enterprise research by illustrating how organizational pluralism may manifest when the growth of a population of social enterprises is directly linked to public sector intervention and regulation.}, language = {en} } @techreport{JessenSchweighoferKodritschWeinhardtetal., type = {Working Paper}, author = {Jessen, Jonas and Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian and Weinhardt, Felix and Berkes, Jan}, title = {Separate Housework Spheres}, series = {Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers}, journal = {Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers}, edition = {No. 43}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-5549}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-55494}, pages = {39, xxiv}, abstract = {Using novel time-use data from Germany before and after reunification, we document two facts: First, spouses who both work full-time exhibit similar housework patterns whether they do so voluntarily or due to a full-time mandate, as in the GDR. Second, men's amount of housework is independent of their spouse's labour supply. We theoretically explain this pattern by the presence of two household goods and socially learned gender-specific comparative advantage in their home production. We label this gender specialisation as separate housework spheres. Empirical evidence strongly confirms separate housework spheres in the GDR, West Germany, subsequent years post-reunification, and in international time-use data across 17 countries since the 1970s. We consider several implications, such as those for child penalties, where separate housework spheres provide a novel explanation for why it is the mothers whose labour market outcomes strongly deteriorate upon the arrival of children.}, language = {en} } @techreport{DanilovHongSchoettner, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Danilov, Anastasia and Hong, Ju Yeong and Sch{\"o}ttner, Anja}, title = {Strategic Use of Unfriendly Leadership and Labor Market Competition: An Experimental Analysis}, series = {Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers}, journal = {Berlin School of Economics Discussion Papers}, edition = {No. 42}, doi = {10.48462/opus4-5547}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b1570-opus4-55471}, pages = {76}, abstract = {A significant portion of the workforce experiences what we term `unfriendly leadership,' encompassing various forms of hostile behavior exhibited by managers. The motivations driving managers to adopt such behaviors are insufficiently understood. To explore this phenomenon, we conducted a laboratory experiment examining the relationship between managers' use of unfriendly leadership and labor market competition. We discern two labor market states: excess labor demand, where managers compete to hire workers, and excess labor supply, where workers compete to be hired. By perceiving unfriendly leadership as a performance-contingent punishment device inflicting discomfort on workers, we hypothesize that managers are less inclined to resort to unfriendly leadership when they compete to hire workers. We find that managers tend to engage in unfriendly leadership more frequently and intensely under excess labor supply, in comparison to excess labor demand. This trend is particularly pronounced among male participants. Additionally, workers display a decreased likelihood of accepting employment offers from more unfriendly managers and exert lower levels of effort when working under such managers, indicating that unfriendly leadership is costly.}, language = {en} } @article{Schmauk, author = {Schmauk, Sarah}, title = {Who receives the most? Gendered consequences of divorce on public pension income in West Germany and Sweden}, series = {Ageing and Society}, journal = {Ageing and Society}, editor = {Kridahl, Linda}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X23000703}, pages = {1 -- 24}, abstract = {Sweden and West Germany have had persistently high divorce rates in recent decades, but these two welfare states were differently equipped to mitigate the economic consequences of divorce for individual security in old age: Sweden followed a gender-equal policy approach to enable women and men to achieve economic autonomy, while West Germany, following the male-breadwinner model, introduced the system of 'divorce-splitting' to account for differences in women's and men's income. Against this background, this study uses large-scale register data from the German Public Pension Fund and the Swedish population registers to examine how divorce is related to the monthly public old-age pension income of women and men. The main comparison groups are divorced and (re)married individuals who entered retirement between 2013 and 2018. We descriptively show annual income histories from ages 20 to 65, and calculate monthly public old-age pension income with respect to lifetime income and pension regulations, such as the supplements/deductions for 'divorce-splitting'. Multiple ordinary least square regression models further examine how family status relates to monthly public old-age pension income by gender. The results reveal that women and men in Sweden experience similar working histories, although women's incomes are lower. This is also reflected in women still having lower pension incomes than men. However, divorced and married women show comparable pension incomes, while divorced men receive approximately 26 per cent less pension income than married men. In West Germany, divorced women have significantly higher pension incomes than married women. The system of 'divorce-splitting' increases women's and decreases men's pension incomes, which seems to equalise their pension incomes. However, both stay below a married man's pension income. The findings indicate economic inequality in public old-age pension income by family status in Sweden and West Germany.}, language = {en} } @incollection{PalmiottoEttorre, author = {Palmiotto Ettorre, Francesca}, title = {Tracing Transparency: Public Governance of Algorithms and the Experience of Contact Tracing Apps}, series = {Sovereignty, Technology and Governance after COVID-19: Legal Challenges in a Post-Pandemic Europe}, booktitle = {Sovereignty, Technology and Governance after COVID-19: Legal Challenges in a Post-Pandemic Europe}, editor = {De Abreu Duarte, Francisco and Palmiotto Ettorre, Francesca}, publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing}, isbn = {9781509955985}, doi = {10.5040/9781509956012.ch-005}, publisher = {Hertie School}, pages = {77 -- 102}, language = {en} }