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This study examines how team identification affects intergroup behavior between different fan groups by means of a unique field experiment with fans of a German Bundesliga team prior to one of its matches. The experiment combines an adaptation of the dictator game with the classical 'minimal-group paradigm'. Contrary to the predictions of social identity theory, subjects do not engage in intergroup discrimination. Instead, participants in the experiment show a pronounced tendency towards a fair split which is interpreted as evidence for a common and shared norm of fairness and solidarity among soccer fans. With respect to fairness, participants appear to perceive themselves as soccer fans in general rather than fans of “their” club. The self-categorization between the superior identity as soccer fan or as a club fan is dependent on previously unknown situation factors.
Beyond windfall gains
(2014)
The article on experimental economic research to further develop the model of the classic homo oeconomicus is based above all on experiments in which the behaviour of test subjects who were provided with windfall gains was observed. Dealing with windfall gains is systematically different from dealing with losses. In order to model this, we use squat jumps with arm-swings as payment instead of money, and test whether threatened losses in the sense of the assumptions of the homo oeconomicus will be minimised in an anonymous laboratory situation, or whether it shows the influence of implemented social norms. We find independence of the payment streams from physical influence factors, which suggests that the selected method is suitable. In addition, the payments measured by us are different both from chance behaviour and from behaviour which seeks to maximise use. We interpret this as an effect of social norms in anonymous small-cost situations with real losses.