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To find the optimal system-level design of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), component models are used in simulations to evaluate a large number of different designs within a high dimensional design space. As the electrical machine (EM) represents a key component of the HEV powertrain in terms of energy consumption, models require scalability and sufficient accuracy with manageable computational effort. This paper presents a novel approach for the development of scalable EM models based on Neural Networks (NN). The models are trained with data derived by a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based scaling procedure and capable to represent the characteristics of a wide range of EM designs without the incorporation of further details. Once a model is trained, it can be directly used in system-level design optimization. The practicality of the model is proven within an exemplary simulation study and its goodness of fit to the training data is validated by a statistical analysis. This approach can help to reduce the computational effort of EM efficiency maps calculation, since only a small number of time-consuming FEA based scaling simulations must be performed prior to the optimization.
Polymer materials that regulate the relative humidity in their environment are relevant for applications in the packaging and building sectors. By integration of salts in polymer structures, such materials are able to absorb and desorb high amounts of water vapor. In this study, films of polylactic acid and polypropylene with dispersed calcium chloride (2 and 4 wt %) were produced and biaxially stretched to induce the formation of cavities. The resulting cavities in these films account up to 10 vol % and are able to contain emerging calcium chloride solution formed by water vapor absorption. These films absorb reversibly up to 15 wt % water vapor at 75% relative humidity at 23 °C. This absorption behavior is described by effective diffusion and effective sorption coefficients. Using a simple model, the effective water vapor diffusion coefficient of these films can be estimated from the permeation coefficient of the polymer and the sorption coefficient of the absorber.
Dieser Beitrag behandelt ein erweitertes analytisches Berechnungsmodell zum mechanischen Verhalten von beliebig rechtwinklig berandeten Mehrschraubenverbindungen (MV). Es werden die Modellvoraussetzungen, -einschränkungen, Theorie und Ergebnisgüte vorgestellt. Dazu werden die Ergebnisse des analytischen Berechnungsmodells den Ergebnissen der numerischen Untersuchungen gegenübergestellt.
Die mechanischen Eigenschaften additiv gefertigter Bauteile lassen sich nicht nur durch bessere Verfahrens- und Anlagentechnik steigern. Vor allem beim Lasersintern lohnt sich ein genauer Blick auf das eingesetzte Polymerpulver. Eine umfangreiche Untersuchung zeigt, warum und wie sich eine spezifische Pulverqualifizierung auswirkt.
The mechanical properties of additively produced components can only be increased by means of improved processing and plant technology. Particularly with laser sintering, a closer look at the polymer powder used is worthwhile. A comprehensive investigation shows why and how such a specific powder qualification has an effect.