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Research questions: What are the most dangerous threats organizations are exposed to when conducting in hostile environment? What are the initial impacts and the consequential effects? What are complex incidents? Which approach to mitigate the outcome of incidents is the most effective? Is the mixture of theory and experience crucial? Is there coherence between the crisis management industry’s perception and their potential costumer’s expectation? Is the developed approach verified by the crisis management industry’s references and academic research? What are the recommendations for the clients “risk or security buyer”.
Methods: A multilateral approach, consisting of quantitative surveys and positivist qualitative interviews with experts offered the possibility to crosscheck the results of the questionnaire.
Results: A holistic, flexible and modular crisis management approach allows companies to anticipate risks early, and mitigate them with suitable in-house solutions.
Package ‘CoopGame’
(2019)
The theory of cooperative games with transferable utility offers useful insights into the way parties can share gains from cooperation and secure sustainable agreements, see e.g. one of the books by Chakravarty,Mitra and Sarkar (2015, ISBN:978-1107058798) or by Driessen (1988,ISBN:978-9027727299) for more details. A comprehensive set of tools for cooperative game theory with transferable utility is provided. Users can create special families of cooperative games, like e.g. bankruptcy games,cost sharing games and weighted voting games. There are functions to check various game properties and to compute five different set-valued solution concepts for cooperative games. A large number of point-valued solution concepts is available reflecting the diverse application areas of cooperative game theory. Some of these point-valued solution concepts can be used to analyze weighted voting games and measure the influence of individual voters within a voting body. There are routines for visualizing both set-valued and point-valued solutions in the case of three or four players.
Large multinational organizations are still suffering from the shocks of the financial crisis that began in 2008. With growth slow to return to Western Europe and North America, there is an increasing drive to seek bottom line expansion in emerging markets. For many companies, this includes business in areas where risks to people, assets or contracts may previously have fallen outside their risk appetite.
Operating in these hostile environments carries risks that are complex in nature and that can have major initial impacts and consequential effects. In this paper man-made threats and their potential impacts organizations operating in hostile environment face are studied in detail.
The paper then considers the range of risk management options available to organizations operating in these environments, and specially the balance between measures to anticipate, prevent and respond to any man-made incidents. Moreover, it is considered if it is possible to mitigate the impacts of complex incidents with a holistic crisis management approach.
Then, the paper draws comparison between the crisis management industry’s perception of the risks and management measures available, and the perceptions of those organizations conducting business.
Finally, the paper will show that the combination of scientific methods and the support of experienced crisis management professionals can soften the impacts, consequences and duration of an incident, offering the possibility to recover more quickly.
The author interviewed enterprises and crisis management companies. The particular interest of the paper is the attitudes to, and the mitigation of, the initial impacts and consequential effects.
This study investigates chemical grafting with fatty acid chlorides as a method for the surface modification of hydrophilic web materials. The resulting changes in the water repellence and barrier properties were studied. For this purpose, different grades of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were coated on regenerated cellulose films (“cellophane”) and paper and then grafted with fatty acid chlorides. The PVOH grades varied in their degree of hydrolysis and average molecular weight. The surface was esterified with two fatty acid chlorides, palmitoyl (C16) and stearoyl chloride (C18), by chemical grafting. The chemical grafting resulted in water-repellent surfaces and reduced water vapor transmission rates by a factor of almost 19. The impact of the surface modification was greater for a higher degree of hydrolysis of the polyvinyl alcohol and for shorter fatty acid chains. Although the water vapor barrier for palmitoyl-grafted PVOH was higher than for stearoyl-grafted PVOH, the contact angle with water was lower. Additionally, it was shown that a higher degree of hydrolysis led to higher water vapor barrier improvement factors after grafting. Furthermore, the oxygen permeability decreased after grafting significantly, due to the fact that the grafting protects the PVOH against humidity when the humidity is applied on the grafted side. It can be concluded that the carbon chain length of the fatty acid chlorides is the limiting factor for water vapor adsorption, but the grafting density is the bottleneck for water diffusing in the polymer.