Refine
Year of publication
- 2019 (2)
Document Type
- Article (2)
Language
- English (2)
Publication reviewed
- begutachtet (2)
Keywords
- Akkumulator (1)
- Batterie (1)
Institute
The rapid increase of renewable energy sources made coordinated control of the distributed and intermittent generation units a more demanded task. Matching demand and supply is particularly challenging in islanded microgrids. In this study, we have demonstrated a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) method to achieve efficient use of sources within an islanded microgrid. A unique objective function involving fuel consumption of diesel generator, degradation in a lithium-ion battery energy storage system, carbon emissions, load shifting, and curtailment of the renewable sources is constructed, and an optimal operating point is pursued using the MIQP approach. A systematic and extensive methodology for building the objective function is given in a sequential and explicit manner with an emphasis on a novel model-based battery aging formulation. Performance of the designed system and a sensitivity analysis of resulting battery dispatch, diesel generator usage, and storage aging against a range of optimization parameters are presented by considering real-world specifications of the Semakau Island, an island in the vicinity of Singapore.
To achieve maximum profit by dispatching a battery storage system in an arbitrage operation, multiple factors must be considered. While revenue from the application is determined by the time variability of the electricity cost, the profit will be lowered by costs resulting from energy efficiency losses, as well as by battery degradation. In this paper, an optimal dispatch strategy is proposed for storage systems trading on energy arbitrage markets. The dispatch is based on a computationally-efficient implementation of a mixed-integer linear programming method, with a cost function that includes variable-energy conversion losses and a cycle-induced battery capacity fade. The parametrisation of these non-linear functions is backed by in-house laboratory tests. A detailed analysis of the proposed methods is given through case studies of different cost-inclusion scenarios, as well as battery investment-cost scenarios. An evaluation with a sample intraday market data set, collected throughout 2017 in Germany, offers a potential monthly revenue of up to 8762 EUR/MWh cap installed capacity, without accounting for the costs attributed to energy losses and battery degradation. While this is slightly above the revenue attainable in a reference application—namely, primary frequency regulation for the same sample month (7716 EUR/MWh cap installed capacity)—the situation changes if costs are considered: The optimisation reveals that losses in battery ageing and efficiency reduce the attainable profit by up to 36% for the most profitable arbitrage use case considered herein. The findings underline the significance of considering both ageing and efficiency in battery system dispatch optimisation.