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Institute
The public goods game is a famous example illustrating the tragedy of the commons (Hardin in Science 162:1243–1248, 1968). In this game cooperating individuals contribute to a pool, which in turn is distributed to all members of the group, including defectors who reap the same rewards as cooperators without having made a contribution before. The question is now, how to incentivize group members to all cooperate as it maximizes the common good. While costly punishment (Helbing et al. in New J Phys 12:083005, 2010) presents one such method, the cost of punishment still reduces the common good. The selfishness of the group members favors defectors. Here we show that including other members of the groups and sharing rewards with them can be another incentive for cooperation, avoiding the cost required for punishment. Further, we show how punishment and this form of inclusiveness interact. This work suggests that a redistribution similar to a basic income that is coupled to the economic success of the entire group could overcome the tragedy of the commons.
The Asymmetric Public Goods Game (APGG) C++ framework offers an easy to use environment to study game theoretical questions. Specifically, it is designed to address questions in the domain of asymmetric public goods games. The modular architecture allows for a vast amount of scenarios and setups for experimenting with different public goods games, using easy to change parameters. Users can experiment with well mixed and structured populations as well as with symmetric and asymmetric payoffs. APGG also features group level payoffs and individual payoffs, and different evolutionary selection mechanisms (Miller et al., 1995) and replication schemes. Results are automatically saved in semantic and descriptive structures and can be easily visualized with the included Python scripts. This paper aims to explain the functionality and the structure of the framework, to show the workflow that APGG follows, to present the different modules that are available, and to show how APGG can be used to run experiments with public goods games on example scenarios.
The Asymmetric Public Goods Game (APGG) C++ framework offers an easy to use environment to study game theoretical questions. Specifically, it is designed to address questions in the domain of asymmetric public goods games.
We hereby publish version 1.1.2 of our software APGG (Release for DOI via Zenodo for paper in JOSS, the Journal of Open Source Software).