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Critical studies on intercultural communication have predominantly focused on international tourism settings to explore how tour guides and tourists deploy linguistic resources to produce, stylize, and commodify cultural differences. Yet, the interculturality in domestic tour guiding situations has been overlooked so far. Therefore, this chapter proposes to investigate two bilingual guided tours at the intra-national French-Swiss German language border in Switzerland, where guides and tour participants come from the same country/region and share the same language(s). The study views these tours as discursive spaces of identification and resistance, and adopts a critical ethnographic sociolinguistic approach to explore how cultural identities are invoked, negotiated, or challenged in guide-tour participant interactions. The analysis reveals that essentialist ideologies of the interrelation of space, language, ethnicity, and culture are celebrated to build and to consume a sense of group identity and belonging among the guides and the tour participants, but they are at times also contested. By shedding light on how languages are called into being and are used in these touristic activities, this chapter aims at unpacking the role of language in the (re)production of culturalized differences, power relations, and inequalities.
The price of immersion: language learners as a cheap workforce in Malta’s voluntourism industry
(2021)
This contribution treats “language immersion” as a linguistic ideology and explores narratives, practices, and subjectivities pertinent to that notion in the context of language-motivated voluntourism. Voluntourism programs offer short-term sojourns abroad, which combine voluntary work with holidays while promising “immersion” as an efficient alternative to classroom language learning. In the Mediterranean island state of Malta, whose population is mostly bilingual in English and Maltese, voluntourism has become an attractive product for the booming English language travel industry. Since there is a lack of critical sociolinguistic and second language acquisition research on the language learning trajectories of voluntourists, this piece examines the promise of immersion through the example of a hostel that figures as a workplace. Drawing on ethnographic data, it investigates how learning English through immersion while working abroad is imagined and promoted, whether or not it occurs, and what gains (linguistic or otherwise) it generates and for whom. The article argues that the voluntourism industry appropriates the discourse of immersion to responsibilize English learners for their linguistic self-skilling, thereby constituting them as neoliberal subjects that can easily be exploited as a cheap workforce.
Balancing the energy production and consumption is a huge challenge for future smart grids. In this context, many demand-side management programs are being developed to achieve flexibility from different loads like space heating. As space heating models for flexibility simulations are an interdisciplinary field of work, complex civil engineering thermal models need to be combined with complex electrical engineering control simulations in different software frameworks. Traditionally used methods have shortcomings in one of those two domains as the publications that provide complex control strategies for demand response are lacking complex thermal models and vice versa. Co-simulations overcome this problem but are computationally expensive and have compatibility limitations. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a methodology for designing space heating/cooling models, intended for positive energy district- or smart city simulations, which provide high accuracy at low computational expense. This could be achieved by synthesizing neural network object models from IDA-ICE civil engineering models in Matlab. These machine learning models showed improvements of more than 30% in different error metrics and a simulation time reduction of more than 80% compared to other methods, making them suitable for use in microgrid simulations, including flexibility analyses.
Safeguarding and type approval of automated vehicles is a key enabler for their market launch in our complex traffic environment. Scenario-based testing by means of computer simulation is becoming increasingly important to cope with the enormous complexity and effort. However, there is a huge gap when assessing the safety of the virtual vehicle while the real vehicle will drive on the road. Simulation must be accompanied by model validation to ensure its credibility since errors and uncertainties are inherent in every model. Unfortunately, this is rarely addressed in the current literature. In this paper, a modular process is presented covering both model validation and safeguarding. It is characterized by the fact that it quantifies a large number of errors and uncertainties, represents them in the form of an error model, and ultimately integrates them into the safeguarding results. It is applied to a type-approval regulation for the lane-keeping behavior of a vehicle under various scenario conditions. The paper contains a thorough validation of the methodology itself by comparing its results with actual ground truth values. For this comparison, a binary classifier and confusion matrices are used that relate the binary type-approval decisions. The classifier demonstrates that the methodology of this paper identifies a systematic error of the simulation model across several safeguarding scenarios. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for alternative configurations of the modular methodology depending on different requirements.
The widespread implementation of smart meters (SM) and the deployment of the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) provide large amounts of fine-grained data on prosumers. Machine learning (ML) algorithms are used in different techniques, e.g. non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), to extract useful information from collected data. However, the use of ML algorithms to gain insight on prosumer behavior and characteristics raises not only numerous technical but also legal concerns. This paper maps electricity prosumer concerns towards the AMI and its ML based analytical tools in terms of data protection, privacy and cybersecurity and conducts a legal analysis of the identified prosumer concerns within the context of the EU regulatory frameworks. By mapping the concerns referred to in the technical literature, the main aim of the paper is to provide a legal perspective on those concerns. The output of this paper is a visual tool in form of a table, meant to guide prosumers, utility, technology and energy service providers. It shows the areas that need increased attention when dealing with specific prosumer concerns as identified in the technical literature.
The increasing share of distributed energy resources gives rise to new opportunities for deploying innovative business models and coordination schemes within sustainable energy systems. Different concepts entail different implications at socioeconomic, technical and institutional level. Hence, their thorough assessment is key to understanding their actual potential as enablers of the energy transition. Considering this background, we focus on local energy markets as an increasingly discussed approach for coordinating distributed energy systems and introduce a simulative framework for enabling a multi-regional assessment of this concept. Local energy markets bear the potential for increasing the active participation of end consumers, which could increase their acceptance for energy projects in general and their returns on investment, as well as for reducing the peak load on increasingly congested electrical grids by enhancing local energy balancing. We evaluate these hypotheses for twelve representative German regions, for which we formulate assumptions regarding the energy demand as well as the shares of distributed energy resources that are consistently aligned with an overall European energy scenario envisaging a rapid growth of electric vehicles in Germany. For this purpose, we enhance an existing framework for the assessment of local energy markets in order to be able to include the flexibility of the electric mobility sector in local trade activities. The simulation results show that local energy markets have a significant impact on energy systems: First, local trading increases the economic benefits over all participants, who would otherwise only be able to use their generation for self-consumption or direct marketing in central energy markets. Second, local energy balancing increases on average by 60%over all regions. Third, infrastructural relief of the overlaying transmission grids can be accomplished by reducing the yearly peak load at the point of common coupling by 39%on average and at the most by 97%. Furthermore, we find that including electric vehicles in local market activities does not alter but rather reinforces these effects.
In the light of a new level of reciprocal visibility in the digital age, the journalist–audience relationship has fundamentally changed. Mutual expectations become visible or evolve anew. The question arises as to how these expectations and their (non-)fulfillment influence the journalist–audience relationship. Taking an interpersonal communication perspective by following expectancy violations theory, we focus on the level of interactions and propose a theoretical framework explaining how the interplay of journalists’ and audience’s mutual expectations affects their relationship. Our aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the journalist–audience relationship in digital media environments—and to provide indications for its functioning or failure.
Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have been a high potential topic in the aerospace industry during the last decades due to its multirotor and fixed-wing nature of the aircraft. Besides, having the ability to rapidly deploy from a tight airstrip and gathering Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) information is the best way to be one step ahead of the enemy. In this paper, we present the implementation and development of gasoline-electric hybrid propulsion VTOL Unmanned Aerial vehicle respectively. The Hybrid propulsion VTOL UAV offers image and real-time video transmission to the ground station with fully autonomous control to get the best view of the enemy from the sky. The gasoline-electric hybrid propulsion system provides long flight endurance with efficient power consumption. The fundamentals of the multirotor and the conventional fixed-wing aircraft present the theoretical background of the aircraft. The accomplished design consists of high-performance multirotor motors with an efficient gasoline engine. Furthermore, the control system architecture, avionics, and power distribution system presented with addressing cost-effective trending design techniques. The performance of the system has been improved using commercially off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware.
This paper is a summary of the creation and data usage of an autonomous model vehicle which was recreated in CarMaker[1]. The simulation data come to use when following students of this semester project will develop algorithms and simulations which are impractical to test or train in real life. This paper starts with a summary of the background information around the model vehicle and the software CarMaker[1], then reproduces the construction process, digs deeper in ROS[6] and finishes with the extraction of the data.
The catalyst coated membrane represents the heart of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) and is produced by directly applying a catalyst suspension on the membrane or a decal transfer foil. Understanding the rheology of catalyst inks is crucial to optimize the printed microstructure of the catalyst layer and hence the performance of the fuel cell. The suspension consists of platinum on carbon powder, ionomer dispersion (perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer) and solvents. Its rheology is directly affected by various material properties of all ink components. Therefore, measuring the flow curves represents a suitable tool for quality control at the beginning of the production line.