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In the early phase of new vehicle system developments, it is crucial to fully define and optimize working system and functional architectures. Architecture definition and validation in turn requires a quick and accurate evaluation of a system‟s overall performance. Modeling and simulating a complete vehicle system, however, is complex and in many cases was either technically not achievable or simply has been omitted within the development process. It is the utmost challenge in system modeling and simulation to realistically reflect interaction of various electrical, mechanical, thermal, and software elements as attributed to individual system modules and their relations. State-of-the-art tools meanwhile bear this capability. In this paper we present an approach how they may effectively and efficiently be incorporated into a car system development process. To accomplish this target, we „virtualize‟ all system entities while defining and reflecting all relevant system aspects. Our proposed development flow allows simulating, evaluating, and validating complete vehicle systems and their behavior. The proposed flow will sustainably change car system development processes.
Values and business ethics have increasingly gained recognition as important factors for organizational success in recent years. However, it is a difficult endeavor to intentionally improve employees’ value orientation within training for professional practice. This paper presents a multi-step approach which aimed at developing training measures to improve value orientation in banks. It includes two empirical studies aimed at value-related training needs assessment and the further specification of training needs, followed by a stakeholder workshop to identify values particularly relevant for training and to collect authentic scenarios with specific ethical dilemma situations. In a final step these scenarios are developed into case examples suited for training. Enriched with tasks for reflection, these cases can be implemented in work-oriented trainings measures.
Objective and Purpose:
Values have increasingly gained recognition as important factors for organizational success in recent years. Values are a major component of an organization's culture (Schein, 2010) and have increasingly gained recognition as important factors for organizational success in recent years (Huhtala et al., 2011; Valentine et al., 2002). However, there are deficits in the value orientation of managers and employees. The goal of the present study is to implement work-oriented training measures to foster values in organizations in the financial sector.
Theoretical framework:
Approaches to foster values can be traced back as early as Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (Kohlberg & Turiel 1971; Lind, 2012; Oser, 2001). The goal of fostering values is not simply to promote passive conformity to values, but to encourage reflective thinking directed by values. As cases, enriched with dilemma situations, represent an authentic part of reality, they allow training participants to reflect upon possible solutions in ethical dilemmas (Zumbach & Mandl, 2008). Therefore we assume that work-oriented training measures are optimally suited, as it relates learning contents directly to the daily actions of the training participants’ workplace (Sonntag & Stegmaier, 2007). From an educational point of view, we suggest that working with authentic cases including dilemma situations from everyday business are particularly potent for fostering values.
Design of the study:
This paper presents an implementation model for developing training measures to foster values in cooperative banks. In this context the present work shows the requirements analysis, conception and realization.
Results:
The requirements analysis includes two empirical studies which aimed at value-related training needs assessment and the further specification of training needs.
(1) An online survey with 506 employees and 186 managers in 16 banks: According to managers and employees values are an important topic in their banks.
(2) Interviews with 7 employees and 9 managers from another 16 banks: This closer look revealed that there are problems in relating abstract values to practical examples for action.
The conception includes two steps:
(1) A stakeholder workshop with executives from 4 banks and 7 experts of the banks further education institute was conducted to identify values particularly relevant for training. Six values were selected that seemed particularly important for training. For each value, two authentic scenarios including dilemma situation were generated by executives and experts.
(2) These scenarios are developed into cases with trainers from the banks further education institute suited for training. These cases each describe a dilemma situation from the daily workplace operations of managers and employees. Enriched with tasks for reflection, these cases can be implemented in work-oriented trainings measures.
The realization:
The realization is ongoing. Cases were integrated in specific seminars.
Research/Practical Implications:
The implementation model presented here can serve as an example for a comprehensive procedure to foster values. The empirical part of this project demonstrates that values have to be concrete and related to practical work-oriented situations to support specific training needs. The developmental part demonstrates how work-oriented training measures on values can be tailored to training needs by drawing on authentic cases.
In the age of globalization, increasing financial competition and economic recession can create complex ethical challenges, which face organizations’ cultural contexts. The purpose of this research is to develop and test an effective implementation model for training on values in an organization which comprises four steps. The first step is a value-related requirements analysis for the specification of training needs. The second step, conceptualization, starts with a workshop to identify values relevant for training and to collect authentic scenarios with ethical dilemma situations. These scenarios are subsequently developed into case examples. In the third step these cases were realized by embedding them in suitable work-oriented training measures. Finally, in step four, there is an evaluation on the realization phase.
The main objective of our research is to get an overview of the practical value education in Germany. Therefore, we investigated 167 projects aiming at value education for children and youths in Germany conducted in the last five years. We specifically had a closer look at three issues, namely at the aims of value education in practice, the value topic which was taught, and the implemented measures for value education. We had a closer look at these three issues in different societal levels for socialization aspects of family, day care, school, and youth employment.
Looking at value education in families, we discovered a very heterogeneous value education, depending on the different parenting styles. Aims focused on the sensitization for values, as well as on the discussion, argumentation, and exchange of values. Value topics were social cohesion and trust. The most often used measures, which were mentioned, were project work, action days, and behaving as a model.
In the socialization aspect of day care, we particularly found in the projects of value formation as aims cohesion and communication about values. Often named value topics were respect and fairness. Games, discussion about values, and practical exercises are the most often used measures for value education in this socialization aspect.
Having a closer look at schools, the main aims of the investigated projects were cohesion and democracy/democratic attitude. In these projects the values which should be taught were respect, democracy, and social cohesion. Implemented measures were particularly project work, mentoring, behaving as a model and discussion about values.
The analysis of the aims in youth employment showed in the investigated projects, that most often social cohesion and democracy/democratic attitudes were mentioned. Value topics were tolerance, respect and solidarity. Measures were mainly project work, mentoring, behaving as a model and discussing about values.
When comparing the project practice over all socialization aspects, it is striking that in day care, schools, and youth employment almost similar aims and values were taught. Most often, social cohesion is named in all investigated projects. Furthermore, the value topic “respect” is also of great importance. This value is supplemented by fairness in day care, and by democracy in school and youth employment.
Related to these results in the different socialization aspects, we found specifically six aspects to recommend. First, there should be more well-grounded evaluation studies. Second, it is necessary to initiate longitudinal studies including the aspect of sustainability. Third, additional socialization aspects and topics should be considered in further studies. Fourth, initiating model projects for networking between the single socialization aspects are important. Fifth, the process of value formation must be analyzed. Finally, measures need to be initiated in order to bring value-oriented action more to the forefront of society.
The presented study gives a first impression of the project practice of value education in Germany without a demand of completeness. Even though, these results may show a relatively homogeneous picture, looking at different projects in more detail, there is a great diversity of value education in Germany.
This paper presents current empirical findings on dimensions of self-determination theory (SDT) of Deci and Ryan in online training programs for professional education of e-tutors under a moderate constructivist approach. The goal of these trainings is to educate qualified and motivated instructors, so-called e-tutors, in supporting learners in virtual learning environments. Such online trainings can be designed according to a moderate constructivist approach (Mandl & Reinmann-Rothmeier 2002). To investigate the motivational impact of these trainings, motivational theories have to be under consideration. This study focuses on SDT postulating three psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and (social) relatedness, which when satisfied yield enhanced intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). The offered etutor trainings are designed with self-directed and cooperative virtual learning phases. From a theoretical perspective our trainings foster the dimensions of SDT: Informative and content specific feedback; choice is provided regarding e.g. further readings and opportunities to discuss tasks from different perspectives.
This study's main research question is, how far basic psychological needs can be fostered by moderate constructivist designed e-tutor training programs?
This study was conducted as field study within a pre- and posttest design. The sample includes 56 lecturers, who participated in spring (I) or autumn (II) trainings of 2014-I (N=15), 2013-II (N=26), 2013-I (N=16), 2012-II (N=22) and 2011-II (N=17). It is comprised of participants from various universities and faculties from various disciplines. 32 (57%) of them were female, 24 (43%) male. The average age was 34 years (M = 34,31). The data was collected through online questionnaires containing three scales on dimension of SDT for pre- and posttest. All items were assessed on five-point Likert scales. The reliabilities for each scale were acceptable.
Findings indicate that the satisfaction of psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and (social) relatedness (Ryan & Deci, 2000) can be fulfilled by a moderate constructivist approach in educating e-tutors. A t-test indicates that participants’ feelings of competence (t(55) = -12.60, p < .01, d = 3.39) were significantly higher after participating in the training. Hereby a large effect size (d = 3.39) was observed. Participants’ feelings of autonomy (t(54) = -3.23, p < .01, d = 0.88) increased as well during the training. The observed effect size was large as well (d = 0.88). Regarding feelings of relatedness, participants showed increased need satisfaction after the training (t(55) = -10.51, p < .01, d = 2.83). Again, the effect size was large (d = 2.83). The results can be interpreted by taking a closer look at dimension of SDT and findings in the context of virtual learning environments. During the training, the competence need was possibly addressed by providing informative and content specific feedback. The possibility to gain autonomy was addressed by providing choice regarding e.g. further readings and opportunities to discuss tasks from different perspectives. The tasks in the training are personally endorsing and further address feelings of autonomy. These tasks also might possibly address the need for relatedness as it focuses on cooperation. Further research should try to investigate effects of the moderate constructivist design elements on the dimensions of self-determination theory.
In Germany, the discussion of values is actually a hot topic in society. Specifically in STEM education, values are of great necessity as the existence and continuity of countries, cultures, and individuals is based on values and their transfer to individuals’ thinking and doing. This transfer takes place as so called value education in families, but also in schools as main official institution for the socialization of individuals (Berkowitz, 2011).
In STEM context, values are almost neglected even though especially natural scientific subjects need them in order to sensitize individuals for key issues which have not only effects on individuals, but also on society, and on earth. Thus, we developed a specific model for values in STEM context in order to foster value education in elementary schools in Germany. In this model, we differentiated values into two levels: content-related values which are concretely connected to the content which is taught and learning process-related values which are connected to the strategies which are relevant during the experiment in order to fulfill the tasks successfully.
In this study, the integration of values took place in a learning environment that uses experiments as main method. This environment focused on three main topics:
(1) environment,
(2) energy, and
(3) health.
Furthermore, we implemented two further didactical methods in order to improve value education: impulse techniques and dilemmas. Impulse techniques could be realized verbally (e.g. questions, prompts) and non-verbally (e.g. gestures, pictures). With these techniques, unconscious opinions, attitudes, or beliefs should get unfolded in order to trigger learning processes, discussions, and reflections. Dilemmas are situations with minimally two alternatives which each include a conflict that could not be easily solved. Whatever solution is chosen, it is always connected to positive and negative consequences. Thus, dilemmas evoke value-related conflicts through controversial discussions.
In order to evaluate the implementation of values in STEM education using impulse techniques and dilemmas, we conducted two studies: In the first study, we didactically designed three experiments each connected to one content area, (1) environment, (2) energy, and (3) health. We implemented the material in three classrooms and tested them. In order to see, whether they were successful, two data sources were used: observations and interviews. The results of the observations showed that students were able to discuss the values with impulses and dilemmas, even though they needed some support from the teacher. These results were supported by the interviews of the teachers. Furthermore, the use of impulses and dilemmas could stimulate discussions and raise the awareness of the values taught.
In the second study, we enlarged the experiments to nine learning modules and included the same techniques as in study 1. To test the material, we interviewed five teachers asking the same questions as in study 1. Again, the teachers confirmed the successful realization of values in STEM context.
Both studies showed that value education could be fostered in STEM context using impulses and dilemmas. In spite of these first results, it is necessary to do further research to get more differentiated analyses on the effects of the integration of values in STEM context.
Critical studies on intercultural communication have predominantly focused on international tourism settings to explore how tour guides and tourists deploy linguistic resources to produce, stylize, and commodify cultural differences. Yet, the interculturality in domestic tour guiding situations has been overlooked so far. Therefore, this chapter proposes to investigate two bilingual guided tours at the intra-national French-Swiss German language border in Switzerland, where guides and tour participants come from the same country/region and share the same language(s). The study views these tours as discursive spaces of identification and resistance, and adopts a critical ethnographic sociolinguistic approach to explore how cultural identities are invoked, negotiated, or challenged in guide-tour participant interactions. The analysis reveals that essentialist ideologies of the interrelation of space, language, ethnicity, and culture are celebrated to build and to consume a sense of group identity and belonging among the guides and the tour participants, but they are at times also contested. By shedding light on how languages are called into being and are used in these touristic activities, this chapter aims at unpacking the role of language in the (re)production of culturalized differences, power relations, and inequalities.