TY - JOUR A1 - Haider, Arsalan A1 - Cho, Yongjae A1 - Pigniczki, Marcell A1 - Köhler, Michael H. A1 - Haas, Lukas A1 - Fink, Maximilian A1 - Schardt, Michael A1 - Cichy, Yannik A1 - Koyama, Shotaro A1 - Zeh, Thomas A1 - Poguntke, Tim A1 - Inoue, Hideo A1 - Jakobi, Martin A1 - Koch, Alexander W. A1 - Kastner, Ludwig T1 - Performance Evaluation of MEMS-Based Automotive LiDAR Sensor and Its Simulation Model as per ASTM E3125-17 Standard T2 - Sensors N2 - Measurement performance evaluation of real and virtual automotive light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors is an active area of research. However, no commonly accepted automotive standards, metrics, or criteria exist to evaluate their measurement performance. ASTM International released the ASTM E3125-17 standard for the operational performance evaluation of 3D imaging systems commonly referred to as terrestrial laser scanners (TLS). This standard defines the specifications and static test procedures to evaluate the 3D imaging and point-to-point distance measurement performance of TLS. In this work, we have assessed the 3D imaging and point-to-point distance estimation performance of a commercial micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based automotive LiDAR sensor and its simulation model according to the test procedures defined in this standard. The static tests were performed in a laboratory environment. In addition, a subset of static tests was also performed at the proving ground in natural environmental conditions to determine the 3D imaging and point-to-point distance measurement performance of the real LiDAR sensor. In addition, real scenarios and environmental conditions were replicated in the virtual environment of a commercial software to verify the LiDAR model’s working performance. The evaluation results show that the LiDAR sensor and its simulation model under analysis pass all the tests specified in the ASTM E3125-17 standard. This standard helps to understand whether sensor measurement errors are due to internal or external influences. We have also shown that the 3D imaging and point-to-point distance estimation performance of LiDAR sensors significantly impacts the working performance of the object recognition algorithm. That is why this standard can be beneficial in validating automotive real and virtual LiDAR sensors, at least in the early stage of development. Furthermore, the simulation and real measurements show good agreement on the point cloud and object recognition levels. KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - Simulation KW - micro-electro-mechanical systems KW - automotive LiDAR sensor KW - ASTM E3125-17 standard KW - advanced driver-assistance system KW - open simulation interface Y1 - 2023 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hs-kempten/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1724 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -