TY - JOUR A1 - Goebel, Christoph A1 - Hesse, Holger C. A1 - Schimpe, Michael A1 - Jossen, Andreas A1 - Jacobsen, Hans-Arno T1 - Model-based dispatch strategies for lithium-ion battery energy storage applied to pay-as-bid markets for secondary reserve T2 - IEEE Transactions on Power Systems N2 - Due to their decreasing cost, lithium-ion batteries (LiB) are becoming increasingly attractive for grid-scale applications. In this paper, we investigate the use of LiB for providing secondary reserve and show how the achieved cost savings could be increased by using model-based optimization techniques. In particular, we compare a maximum use dispatch strategy with two different cost-minimizing strategies. For the estimation of state-dependent battery usage cost, we combine an existing electro-thermal LiB model of a mature lithium-iron-phosphate battery cell with corresponding semiempirical calendar and cycle aging models. We estimate the benefit of storage operation from the system operator's point of view by gauging the avoided cost of activated reserve. Our evaluation is based on two years worth of data from the German reserve market. The proposed cost minimizing dispatch strategies yield significantly better results than a dispatch strategy that maximizes battery utilization. Y1 - 2016 UR - https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hs-kempten/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1372 SN - 0885-8950 SN - 1558-0679 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 2724 EP - 2734 PB - IEEE CY - New York ER -