@phdthesis{Payan2023, author = {Payan, Claire}, title = {Acidification of musts and wines by fumaric acid: Impact of its addition on the chemical and sensory characteristics of varietal wines in the frame of climate change}, volume = {2024}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-876}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {I -- 243}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Climate change is affecting the composition of grape berries and has led to imbalances in the wine matrix, with an increase in alcohol content and a significant decrease in the acidity of wines. In this context, finding solutions to acidify musts and wines is crucial to maintain their stability, preservation, and sensory quality. The main goal of this study was to test the addition of an alternative acid: fumaric acid for must and wine acidification, and to assess its impact on the chemical and sensory characteristics of wines from different grape varieties and origins. A secondary objective was to study the use of fumaric acid to enhance wine preservation, either as a reduction or as an alternative to the addition of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in traditional winemaking and wine preservation. A preliminary study on the chemical properties to define the solubility and acidifying power of fumaric acid, in comparison to tartaric, malic, and lactic acids, was carried out in various hydro-alcoholic matrices, musts, and wines (both white and red). Additionally, a study on its sensory properties was conducted. A simple, quick, reliable, and validated routine analysis method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) was also developed to quantify fumaric acid in various types of wines. This method has a detection limit of 0.2 mg/L and a quantification limit of 0.3 mg/L, with both inter and intra-day repeatability showing an RSD ≤ 2\%. This research work also allowed the evaluation of the impact of adding fumaric acid to Cabernet Sauvignon red wine, compared to the addition of tartaric acid, at different stages of winemaking: during vatting and just after racking. The results of this first study helped understand the role of fumaric acid in winemaking steps, particularly its metabolism when added before alcoholic fermentation. A second study concerns the addition of fumaric acid at different doses (1 g/L and 2 g/L), compared to tartaric acid (1.25 g/L and 2.5 g/L), before bottling Cabernet Sauvignon red wine, revealing its effectiveness in pH control and its potential to reduce the use of SO2. The results of this second experiment revealed a significant impact of adding fumaric acid on phenolic compounds, particularly catechin and epicatechin, which are maintained at higher concentrations over time compared to the control and the modalities with tartaric acid. Finally, the use of fumaric acid in white winemaking, specifically on M{\"u}ller-Thurgau (a German grape variety, Riesling x Sylvaner), was studied. The addition of fumaric acid effectively inhibited malolactic fermentation as effectively as the addition of SO2. The results indicate that adding fumaric acid during preservation and bottling appears as promising alternatives for wine acidification and more sustainable oenological practices that reduce the use of SO2. The concrete results obtained justify the inclusion of must and wine acidification with fumaric acid by the OIV in the International Code of Oenological Practices of the OIV. Further studies should refine the use and functionalities of fumaric acid on musts (in particular) and wines.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Doerr2020, author = {D{\"o}rr, Oliver Sebastian}, title = {Influence of artificial sunlight from a microwave plasma lamp on morphology and secondary metabolism of horticultural plants}, volume = {2020}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-122}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {158}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Light is one of the most important abiotic factors for plant physiological processes. In addition to light intensity, the spectral quality of light can also influence the plant morphology and the content of secondary metabolites. In the horticultural industry, artificial light is used in to enable year-round production of herbs, ornamental plants and vegetables in winter terms. Until today, discharge lamps like high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, emitting predominantly orange and red light and high amounts of infrared radiation, are the most common lamp systems in greenhouses. In the last decades, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emerged as an efficient alternative light source. LEDs have the advantage of distinct adjustments to the light spectrum. For a usage in horticultural industry LEDs are often too expensive. Furthermore, reduced plant growth can occur due to incorrectly adjusted light spectra and lower leaf temperatures caused by the lack of infrared radiation. In a research project (LOEWE, funding no. 487/15-29) funded by the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Arts, Microwave plasma lamps (MPL) were tested as new light sources for horticultural industry and plant research. The electrodeless lamp systems emit light in similar properties like sun light. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of artificial sunlight of the MPL on the accumulation of secondary metabolites, plant architecture and plant physiology of three different species (coleus, basil and potted roses). The MPL was compared with other light systems such as commercial HPS lamps, LEDs or ceramic metal halide lamps (CDM). In addition to morphological parameters such as plant height, internode length or fresh and dry weight, the phenolic content of leaves grown under the respective light sources were examined. Overall an increased far-red light content in the emission spectra of the MPL showed high influence on the plant architecture which was observed in all three plant species. Artificial sunlight from MPL induced stem elongation in coleus and basil plants, compared to the other tested light sources. In potted roses a reduced branching degree was observed under MPL light compared to HPS grown plants. In addition to the impact of far-red light also the blue light content of the emission spectra was found to be a strong influencing factor for plant physiological processes. A positive correlation between blue light content and leaf thickness was determined in coleus cultivated under MPL, LED, HPS and CDM lamps. Low blue light content in HPS emission spectra resulted in shade-adapted leaves with low photosynthetic capacity and susceptibility to high irradiances. Blue light was assumed to increase phenolic metabolites in basil and rose leaves. Furthermore, the different light treatments resulted in an alteration of the composition of essential oils of basil. Experiments with coleus plants demonstrated that besides light color also the infrared radiation, had an influence on secondary metabolites by causing different leaf temperatures. Coleus plants grown with MPL showed the lowest content of phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid per dry weight. Infrared radiation resulted in a faster plant development indicated by increased biomass production and higher leaf formation rate as observed in coleus and basil plants. The results obtained in this study show that the influence of leaf temperature should always be considered when comparing different lamp systems. Especially when LEDs are compared to discharge lamps an overestimation of light color can be a consequence since also infrared radiation influences the content of phenolic compounds and plant growth.}, language = {en} }