@phdthesis{Dries2024, author = {Dries, Leonie}, title = {Microbial structure and diversity in the rhizosphere of grape vines (Vitis vinifera L.)}, volume = {2024}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-827}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {II -- 133}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Microorganisms are a substantial component of the rhizosphere, and the activity and composition of rhizosphere microbial populations markedly affect interactions between plants and the soil. In addition, the microbiota of the rhizosphere can positively influence plant development, growth and vitality. In vineyards, management practices influence both grapevine root growth directly and the rhizosphere microbiota, but the exact mode of action is largely unknown. Recently, however, two new research approaches are increasingly coming into focus to enhance the grapevine growth and health: plant engineering and rhizosphere engineering (Chapter 1). In plant engineering, knowledge about plant-microbiome interactions is used for plant breeding strategies. In rhizosphere engineering, microbial communities are modified by adding specific fertilizers, nutrients, or by bio-inoculation with certain bacteria and/or fungi. Taken together, these new methods suggest a potential for reaching a more sustainable development of a pesticide- and fertilizer-reduced viticulture in the future. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial rhizobiome of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under different experimental designs. By characterizing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, a statement on the existing bacterial communities and their diversity can be made and compared under different environmental conditions. For this, a method has to be established that allows to obtain rhizosphere and root material of grapevine plants, and to prepare it for sequencing and further analyses. This applies both to grapevines cultivated in greenhouses under controlled conditions as well as to variants under field conditions. The experimental designs aimed to gain knowledge regarding the bacterial diversity of the grapevine rhizosphere including different grape varieties, different grapevine rootstocks as well as different fertilization measures. The first experiment aimed to investigate the variability of the rhizosphere microbiome resulting from the genotype of the rootstock while minimizing the effect of all other environmental factors. This was made possible by investigating four ungrafted grapevine rootstock varieties of the same age, grown on the same soil under the same climatic conditions and managed identically. The bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere of the rootstocks 1103 Paulsen, 140 Ruggeri, 161-49 Couderc, and Kober 5BB were characterized with the amplicon based sequencing technique, targeting regions V4-V5 of 16S rDNA gene. The four rootstocks showed similarities concerning the structure of the bacteria assemblage (richness and evenness). Nonetheless, differences were detected in the composition of the bacterial communities. Indeed, all investigated rootstocks recruited communities with distinguishable traits, thus confirming the role of rootstock genotype as driver of the bacteria composition (Chapter 2). In order to disentangle the effect of scion and rootstock, the rRNA (V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA) extracted from the rhizosphere of the grape varieties Riesling and Mueller-Thurgau ungrafted vs. grafted on different rootstocks were sequenced in three experimental set-ups in two different years. The bioinformatic analysis with tools designed to be robust for compositional data showed, that the investigated rootstocks or scions or combinations, respectively, recruited bacterial communities with distinguishable traits. Statistical differences were revealed between ungrafted Riesling and Mueller-Thurgau, and between grafted Riesling and ungrafted Riesling, and ungrafted Mueller-Thurgau and grafted Mueller-Thurgau. Thus, confirming the role of scion and rootstock genotype as a driver of the structure and composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of grapevines (Chapter 3). In order to investigate the impact of different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the rhizosphere microbiome an experimental vineyard with vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir) in large containers was examined in 2020 and 2021 at bud break. The vines were fertilized with two different levels of nitrogen added per year (N0 25 kg/ha and N1 75 kg/ha) individually. In order to examine the respective bacterial communities, rhizosphere material was sampled and a subsequent RNA-extraction followed by next generation sequencing was performed. The study revealed significant differences in the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere regarding fertilization levels and sampling depths. The results may help to understand the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the microbiome and, in the long term, reduce fertilization in viticulture, leading to more sustainable vine management (Chapter 4). Hence, superordinate, the future aim is to use new insights to enable more precise plant nutrition in the form of more accurate fertilization recommendations in order to reduce the associated costs in an economical and environmentally friendly way. A more precise knowledge of the specificity and dynamics of the grapevine rhizosphere microbiome under different management practices, grape varieties, rootstocks, and fertilization levels, should enable targeted adaptation strategies for increasingly frequent extreme years leading to a more sustainable viticulture.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hendgen2021, author = {Hendgen, Maximilian}, title = {Beeinflussung der Seneszenz bei Weinreben als Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel}, volume = {2021}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Gesellschaft zur F{\"o}rderung der Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, isbn = {13 978-3-934742-85-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-329}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {211}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Blattseneszenz stellt bei Pflanzen einen genetisch geregelten, komplexen Alterungsprozess dar. Sie wird durch die Kombination von Umwelt- und Altersfaktoren ausgel{\"o}st und dient dem Recycling von N{\"a}hrstoffen. Charakteristisch f{\"u}r die Blattseneszenz sind eine erh{\"o}hte Expression von Seneszenz-assoziierten Genen (SAGs), der Abbau von Chlorophyll und die R{\"u}ckverlagerung von N{\"a}hrstoffen, insbesondere von Stickstoff (N). Bei der Weinrebe Vitis vinifera dient N nicht nur dem pflanzlichen Wachstum, sondern auch der Hefeern{\"a}hrung w{\"a}hrend der alkoholischen G{\"a}rung des Mostes. Der Gehalt an hefeverf{\"u}gbarem N (YAN) in der Beere h{\"a}ngt sowohl von der N-Verf{\"u}gbarkeit des Standorts, als auch von der N-Einlagerung w{\"a}hrend der Reife ab. Durch den Klimawandel erfolgen Traubenreife und Blattseneszenz zunehmend zeitlich entkoppelt, wodurch im Most der in n{\"o}rdlichen Anbaugebieten sp{\"a}treifenden Rebsorte Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling der f{\"u}r eine gute Verg{\"a}rbarkeit empfohlene Zielwert von 150 mg/L YAN nicht erreicht wird und das Risiko von G{\"a}rproblemen steigt. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit auf zwei Standorten mit unterschiedlicher N-Verf{\"u}gbarkeit und in zwei Jahren untersucht, ob durch eine Behandlung mit Ethephon oder UV-C vor der Lese Blattsenszenz induziert, und durch Umverlagerung des remobilisierten N in die Beere eine ausreichende Konzentration an YAN im Most erzielt werden kann. Die Ethephon-Behandlung induzierte Blattseneszenz zuverl{\"a}ssig und schnell, ihre N-Remobilisierung wie auch ihre Genexpression glichen der von nat{\"u}rlicher Seneszenz. Die UV-C-Behandlung erzeugte ebenfalls Seneszenz-Symptome, sie erreichte jedoch nicht die Effektivit{\"a}t der Ethephon-induzierten und der nat{\"u}rlichen Seneszenz. Auf dem Standort mit geringer N-Verf{\"u}gbarkeit konnte durch die Ethephon-Behandlung die YAN-Konzentration im Most gesteigert werden, durch die UV-C-Behandlung hingegen nicht. Auf dem Standort mit guter N-Verf{\"u}gbarkeit hatte keines der beiden Verfahren einen Effekt auf die Most-N-Versorgung. Die erreichten YAN-Steigerungen verbesserten die Verg{\"a}rbarkeit, obwohl der Zielwert von 150 mg/L in keinem Fall erreicht wurde. Die zur Sicherstellung einer guten G{\"a}rleistung empfohlene YAN-Konzentration im Most ist daher kritisch zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen.}, language = {de} }