@phdthesis{Brandt2021, author = {Brandt, Melanie}, title = {The influence of abiotic factors on the composition of berries, juice and wine in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling}, volume = {2021}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-260}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {269}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Grapevine physiology and berry composition are highly influenced by abiotic factors, and this, in turn, affects wine composition and aroma. Primary metabolites, like sugars and acids, and also secondary metabolites, like phenols and terpenes, are sensitive to climatic conditions. However, the developmental stage of the berries and the environmental conditions within the bunch zone play a crucial role determining the different pathways of the metabolites and hence its concentration. This study aimed to investigate the influence of abiotic factors on the composition of berries, juice and wine of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling. Field experiments were carried out in an experimental site of Hochschule Geisenheim University [Eibinger Magdalenenkreuz, Germany (49° 59'20'' N; 7° 55'56'' E)] using Riesling [clone 198-25Gm; grafted on rootstock SO4 Gm47 (Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia)]. In a non-irrigated vineyard, planted in 2007, the vines were trained to a vertical shoot position canopy system. The impact of global warming and rising temperature was one of the main questions of this thesis, and was simulated by an open heating system (OHS) in the vineyard. The tent-like construction passively heated the bunch zone. The effect of higher sun exposure on berries was trialed by the defoliation of the bunch zone at different stages of berry development. The removal of leaves around bunches is commonly used in coolclimate viticulture to improve the health status of berries and influence the aroma profile. Due to the increasing numbers of sunshine hours as well as the rising temperatures caused by climate change, the question then arises if in future defoliation practices will be the method of choice. Additionally, and in contrast, some bunches were placed in light-excluding boxes to simulate full shading. On days with high radiation, the open heating system clearly elevated temperatures compared to the control and the defoliation treatments. In the bunch zone above the open heating system, the air temperature was 4 °C higher compared to the other treatments. Inside the open heating system, the temperature was up to 13 °C higher. On days with low radiation, there was a minimal temperature difference between the treatments. The porosity of the bunch zone was quantified by a novel approach using lightsensitive films which provide a simple and accurate method for characterizing light conditions and quantifying cumulative radiation within the canopy. Different lightsensitive film qualities allow the measurement over a short period (3-7 days) or a more extended period (1-3 weeks). One of the significant advantages of this method will be that simultaneous measurement of several points will be possible. The health status of the berries was improved by defoliation and the infection (incidence and severity) of Botrytis cinerea reduced compared to the control providing a faster drying of bunches after morning dew or rainfall. Similarly, the OHS promoted airflow inside the bunch zone, causing same effects. Higher temperatures significantly reduced the berry weight, with the effect more pronounced if higher temperatures occurred before v{\´e}raison. Berries grown under higher temperatures showed lower total soluble solids and the glucose to fructose ratio was impacted by lower glucose concentrations. A change in the glucose to fructose ratio will be of relevance for the fermentation since most yeasts prefer glucose over fructose. Defoliation treatment had no impact on the total soluble solids. In contrast, intense radiation or shading did not affect the berry size while extreme shading of the bunches reduced total soluble solids. Tartaric acid was not significantly influenced by higher temperatures or radiation, but malic acid concentrations strongly declined under warmer conditions. This decreased the total acidity in juice and wine, which is of particular importance for the wine profile of Riesling. The defoliation practices showed only little effect on the acid concentrations whilst the extreme shading treatments strongly increased the acidity. The analysis of phenols in berry skin was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector and quantified with an external calibration. Flavonols, in particular, were influenced by higher sun exposure, with significantly higher flavonol concentrations found in the defoliation treatments. The time point when defoliation was applied had only small effects on the final total flavonol concentration. On the other hand, when a sunny period occurred after v{\´e}raison flavanols revealed high concentrations after defoliation. Sunny periods before v{\´e}raison or a ripening period with low sunshine hours did not increase the flavanol concentration compared to the control. No impact of the defoliation on the group of hydroxycinnamic acids, non-flavanoids, was The sensory assessment with small scale-vinifications was diverse. Only in the younger vintage, the panellists were able to detect differences in wines, which were mainly based on total acidity. The influence of the treatments to the grapes, which were observed for primary and secondary metabolites in berries and juice, were found in wine as well. The only expectation was TDN. In wines, higher TDN concentrations were always detected for the late defoliation. The early defoliation contained higher TDN concentrations if a sunny period occurred before v{\´e}raison. Also, elevated temperatures caused higher TDN levels in wine. The prediction of the precise temperature and light conditions influencing TDN will require detailed investigations. A new approach was developed to analyse and quantify free and glycosidically bound monoterpenes and C13-norisoprenoids in berries, juice and wine. The sample volume was reduced by 90\% and free analytes were directly analysed from the matrix with only little sample preparation. This simplified the analysis, saved time and made the use of organic solvents and solid-phase extraction cartridges redundant. The method was validated and compared to other methods in literature. In juice and wine 15 monoterpenes and four C13-norisoprenoids could be analysed simultaneously and the typically concentration ranges of the samples were covered.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grebneva2022, author = {Grebneva, Yevgeniya}, title = {The formation, sensory contribution and management of 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) in grapes and wines of Vitis vinifera L.cv. Riesling}, volume = {2022}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {Gesellschaft zur F{\"o}rderung der Hochschule Geisenheim}, address = {Geisenheim}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:2083-387}, school = {Hochschule Geisenheim University}, pages = {220}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Wine from Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling grapes is one of the most internationally renowned white wine styles worldwide. There are several aroma compounds that are fundamental to the sensory properties of Riesling wines. Two such classes of compounds are monoterpenes and C13-norisoprenoids, both of which can be influenced in the vineyard, the winery and in the bottle. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the role of certain vineyard and winemaking practices on the development of sensorial important flavour compounds in Riesling, with particular emphasis on 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN). Chapter 2 investigates the effect of a manipulated light environment during grape ripening on Australian Riesling over two consecutive vintages. The application of coloured shade cloth was used to alter not only the quantity of light but also the quality of light reaching grape leaves and berries. Changes in both grape and wine composition were observed. A reduction solely in the quantity of light resulted in a significant reduction in free and total TDN concentrations. However, sensory descriptive analysis of finalised wines demonstrated a conflicting result, as increased 'kerosene-like' aroma (a common descriptor for TDN) was not always linked to higher TDN concentrations. The starting point of TDN formation is the availability of its precursors; carotenoids and their subsequent glycosylated breakdown products. Chapter 3 comprises the analysis of major grape carotenoids present in grapes under various light conditions. While several complex mechanisms involved in photosynthesis and notably the photoprotection triggered by different light qualities during the ripening period were observed, the reduction in concentration of carotenoids was significantly higher in sun-exposed samples compared to other treatments during grape ripening. The degree of carotenoid degradation could be a useful marker for the decision regarding TDN management in wine during winemaking or storage. Furthermore, Chapter 3 provides results from the analysis of C13-norisoprenoid glycosides in wines made from grapes grown under different shade cloth in correlation to their corresponding TDN concentrations. For this experiment two approaches were considered, firstly the untargeted profiling and then targeted analysis of the glycosides in wine. Glycosides related to TDN evolution in wine were tentatively identified. While trials conducted in Australia evaluated the effect of shading on the evolution of important grape and wine components in Riesling, Chapter 4 describes the significance of increased solar exposure (leaf removal) on Riesling grape and wine compositional behaviour in combination with different row orientations (East-West, Northeast-Southwest, North-South) under German field conditions. Microclimatically, East-West orientated rows maintained the lowest interior canopy light interception, Northeast-Southwest and North-South orientations lead to the highest light exposure values, peaking in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Pronounced differences in secondary metabolites were found between the different exposure levels introduced by leaf removal. Highly exposed grapes showed significantly higher bound and free TDN concentrations, however, no direct correlation was observed between elevated free TDN levels and the perception of 'kerosene-like' aroma in the wines. Finally, Chapter 5 comprises a comparative analysis of oenological practices of grape pressing and yeast selection including enzyme (β-glycosidase) addition on the extraction of TDN and related C13-norisoprenoids in finished wines. Insignificant differences were observed between the effect of whole-bunch and crushed/destemmed fruit pressings. While the choice of yeast during alcoholic fermentation did not affect TDN formation, the addition of glycosidases to musts resulted in an approximately 15\% to 25\% increases in free TDN concentrations after the wines were submitted to accelerated ageing. However, these changes were negligible when compared to the consequence of viticultural management practices. This thesis represents a valuable contribution to the understanding of the formation, management and sensory contribution of TDN in Riesling. Furthermore, this study investigated for the first time the effect of different light regimes (shade cloth) on TDN evolution which can be used to advance the management of Riesling grape production, especially during hotter summers.}, language = {en} }