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Shadows in computer graphics are an important rendering aspect for spatial objects. For realtime computer applications such as games, it is essential to represent shadows as accurate as possible. Also, various tv stations work with virtual studio systems instead of real studio sets. Especially for those systems, a realistic impression of the rendered and mixed scene is important. One challenge, hence, is the creation of a natural shadow impression. This paper presents the results of an empirical study to compare the performance and quality of different shadow mapping methods. For this test, a prototype studio renderer was developed. A percentage closer filter (pcf) with a number of specific resolutions is used to minimize the aliasing issue. More advanced algorithms which generate smooth shadows like the percentage closer soft shadow (pcss) method as well as the variance shadow maps (vsm) method are analysed. Different open source apis are used to develop the virtual studio renderer, giving the benefit of permanent enhancement. The Ogre 3D graphic engine is used to implement the rendering system, benefiting from various functions and plugins. The transmission of the tracking data is accomplished with the vrpn server/client and the Intersense api. The different shadow algorithms are compared in a virtual studio environment which also casts real shadows and thus gives a chance for a direct comparison throughout the empirical user study. The performance is measured in frames per secon
Der österreichische Psychotherapeut Paul Watzlawick hat einmal in einem Interview gesagt, dass Menschen in beratenden Berufen - seien es nun Psychotherapeuten oder Unternehmensberater - in Bezug auf ihre Klienten vor einer paradoxen Anforderung stünden. Die Anforderung lautet: "Ändere mich, ohne mich zu ändern". Das heißt, der Klient würde zwar gerne sein Problem lösen, aber nicht auf Kosten einer Veränderung des Status quo. Vor einer ähnlich paradoxen Anforderung stehen Innovatoren im Unternehmen. Die Anforderung, die dort gestellt wird, lautet: "Betreibe Innovation, ohne zu erneuern". Das bedeutet, dass Unternehmen sich gerne Innovationen wünschen, aber wiederum nicht auf Kosten einer Veränderung des status quo.
Bereits Joseph Alois Schumpeter – der von einem seiner Biografen auch der „Prophet of Innovation“ genannt wird – nennt in seinem 1912 erschienenen Buch „Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung“, einem seiner Hauptwerke, neben der reinen Produktinnovation folgende weitere Möglichkeiten zur Innovation: neue Produktionsmethoden, neue Absatzmärkte, neue Beschaffungsmärkte und neue Organisationen.
This paper presents a conceptual framework for security engineering, with a strong focus on security requirements elicitation and analysis. This conceptual framework establishes a clear-cut vocabulary and makes explicit the interrelations between the different concepts and notions used in security engineering. Further, we apply our conceptual framework to compare and evaluate current security requirements engineering approaches, such as the Common Criteria, Secure Tropos, SREP, MSRA, as well as methods based on UML and problem frames. We review these methods and assess them according to different criteria, such as the general approach and scope of the method, its validation, and quality assurance capabilities. Finally, we discuss how these methods are related to the conceptual framework and to one another.