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The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. The most important issues that should be given special attention before developing anewZEB definition are: (1) the metric of the balance, (2) the balancing period, (3) the type of energy use included in the balance, (4) the type of energy balance, (5) the accepted renewable energy supply options, (6) the connection to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the energy efficiency, the indoor climate and in case of gird connected ZEB for the building–grid interaction. This paper focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy calculation methodology.
In this paper, we present an approach to adopt UMLsec, which is defined for UML 1.5, to support the current UML version 2.3. The new profile UMLsec4UML2 is technically constructed as a UML profile diagram, which is equipped with a number of integrity conditions expressed using OCL. Consequently, the UMLsec4UML2-profile can be loaded in any Eclipse-based EMF- and MDT-compatible UML editing tool to develop and analyze different kinds of security models. The OCL constraints replace the static checks of the tool support for the old UMLsec defined for UML 1.5. Thus, the UMLsec4UML2-profile not only provides the whole expresiveness of UML2.3 for security modeling, it also brings considerably more freedom in selecting a basic UML editing tool, and it integrates modeling and analyzing security models. Since UML2.3 comprises new diagram types, as well as new model elements and new semantics of diagram types already contained in UML1.5, we consider a number of these changes in detail. More specifically, we consider composite structure and sequence diagrams with respect to modeling security properties according to the original version of UMLsec. The goal is to use UMLsec4UML2 to specify architectural security patterns.
Interdisciplinary communities involve people and knowledge from different disciplines in addressing a common challenge. Differing perspectives, processes, methods, tools, vocabularies, and standards are problems that arise in this context. We present an approach to support bringing together disciplines based on a common body of knowledge (CBK), in which knowledge from different disciplines is collected, integrated, and structured. The novelty of our approach is twofold: first, it introduces a CBK ontology, which allows one to semantically enrich contents in order to be able to query the CBK in a more elaborate way afterwards. Second, it heavily relies on user participation in building up a CBK, making use of the Semantic MediaWiki as a platform to support collaborative writing. The CBK ontology is backed by a conceptual framework, consisting of concepts to structure the knowledge, to provide access options to it, and to build up a common terminology. To ensure a high quality of the provided contents and to sustain the community’s commitment, we further present organizational means as part of our approach. We demonstrate our work using the example of a Network of Excellence EU project, which aims at bringing together researchers and practitioners from services computing, security and software engineering.
In this paper, the author aim to present a threat and risk-driven methodology to security requirements engineering. The chosen approach has a strong focus on gathering, modeling, and analyzing the environment in which a secure ICT-system to be built is located. The knowledge about the environment comprises threat and risk models. As presented in the paper, this security-relevant knowledge is used to assess the adequacy of security mechanisms, which are then selected to establish security requirements.
The synthesis of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by spray drying: an efficient and scalable method
(2011)
The Security Twin Peaks
(2011)
Stadtbauprojekt Masdar
(2011)
Despite its impressive complexity the cytoskeleton succeeds to persistently organize itself and thus the cells' interior. In contrast to classical man-made machines, much of the cellular organization originates from inherent self-assembly and self-organization allowing a high degree of autonomy for various functional units. Recent experimental and theoretical studies revealed numerous examples of cytoskeleton components that arrange and organize in a self-regulative way. In the present review we want to shortly summarize some of the principle mechanisms that are able to inherently trigger and regulate the cytoskeleton organization. Although taken individually most of these regulative principles are rather simple with intuitively predictable consequences, combinations of two or more of these mechanisms can quickly give rise to very complex, unexpected behavior and might even be able to explain the formation of different functional units out of a common pool of available building blocks.
Cell migration is associated with the dynamic protrusion of a thin actin-based cytoskeletal extension at the cell front, which has been shown to consist of two different substructures, the leading lamellipodium and the subsequent lamellum. While the formation of the lamellipodium is increasingly well understood, organizational principles underlying the emergence of the lamellum are just beginning to be unraveled. We report here on a 1D mathematical model which describes the reaction-diffusion processes of a polarized actin network in steady state, and reproduces essential characteristics of the lamellipodium-lamellum system. We observe a steep gradient in filament lengths at the protruding edge, a local depolymerization maximum a few microns behind the edge, as well as a differential dominance of the network destabilizer ADF/cofilin and the stabilizer tropomyosin. We identify simple and robust organizational principles giving rise to the derived network characteristics, uncoupled from the specifics of any molecular implementation, and thus plausibly valid across cell types. An analysis of network length dependence on physico-chemical system parameters implies that to limit array treadmilling to cellular dimensions, network growth has to be truncated by mechanisms other than aging-induced depolymerization, e.g., by myosin-associated network dissociation at the transition to the cell body. Our work contributes to the analytical understanding of the cytoskeletal extension's bisection into lamellipodium and lamellum and sheds light on how cells organize their molecular machinery to achieve motility.
Psychologische Einflussfaktoren bei der Beurteilung des Innengeräusches von Elektrofahrzeugen
(2011)
Increasing global awareness of the benefits of electromobility has brought about the need for new concepts in terms of the acoustic design of future vehicle generations. This includes both the creative design process and the development of suitable methods for the evaluation of target sounds by trial participants. The main difference between e-car sound surveys and those carried out on familiar sound categories is the potential consumer’s lack of experience with electric vehicles. Thus the consumer has no, or very unspecific, expectations in this regard. Several studies have consequently shown that many subjects have to construct their personal frame of reference for evaluation within the listening experiment. However, this is possibly at odds with experience-based expectations relating to the sounds of conventional combustion engines. The result is a conflict of objectives between the traditional and the modern, familiarity and strangeness and not least between driving freedom and ecological awareness. In this context, the authenticity of the sound and the subjective interpretability of the sound information also appear as moderator variables. Moreover, associations with other vehicle categories, for example streetcars, also influence the perceived sound quality. In the course of this contribution, these factors will be expounded and their influence on the evaluation of interior noise discussed.
The ISO 27000 is a well-established series of information security standards. The scope for applying these standards can be an organisation as a whole, single business processes or even an IT application or IT infrastructure. The context establishment and the asset identification are among the first steps to be performed. The quality of the results produced when performing these steps has a crucial influence on the subsequent steps such as identifying loss, vulnerabilities, possible attacks and defining countermeasures. Thus, a context analysis to gather all necessary information in the initial steps is important, but is not offered in the standard. In this paper, we focus on the scope of cloud computing systems and present a way to support the context establishment and the asset identification described in ISO 27005. A cloud system analysis pattern and different kinds of stakeholder templates serve to understand and describe a given cloud development problem, i.e. the envisaged IT systems and the relevant parts of the operational environment. We illustrate our support using an online banking cloud scenario.
This article deals with the cost optimal commitment of power systems. System stability is often only considered after solving the commitment problem. We show by example that a cost optimization may result in a mode of operation that, while economically optimal, is unstable or has otherwise unacceptable dynamics. As a remedy, we propose to use the so-called normal vector method, which has been developed for the optimization of nonlinear dynamical systems with stability boundaries and uncertain parameters. We apply the method to a small sample power grid, where the optimization goal is to minimize the energy production costs for a given power consumption.
Null-/Plusenergiegebäude - Erfahrungen und Perspektiven zu klimaneutralen Gebäuden in Deutschland
(2011)
Die Begriffe „Nullenergiehaus“ oder „Plusenergiehaus“ sind in den letzten Jahren national und international zum Inbegriff für die konsequente Zusammenführung von Maßnahmen zur drastischen Energieeinsparung und optimierter, dezentraler Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien geworden. Dabei geht es nicht um energieautarke Gebäude und die dabei große Herausforderung der saisonalen Energiespeicherung. Grundidee ist, dass die von einem Gebäude in ein Netz eingespeiste Energiemenge in der Jahresbilanz mindestens dem Energiebezug entspricht. Sowohl im Kontext der Fortführung der europäischen Gebäuderichtline als auch im aktuellen Energiekonzept und Energieforschungsprogramm der Bundesregierung wird das Thema besetzt.
Newsletter 1/2011
(2011)
Developing security-critical systems is difficult, and there are many well-known examples of vulnerabilities exploited in practice. In fact, there has recently been a lot of work on methods, techniques, and tools to improve this situation already at the system specification and design. However, security-critical systems are increasingly long-living and undergo evolution throughout their lifetime. Therefore, a secure software development approach that supports maintaining the needed levels of security even through later software evolution is highly desirable. In this chapter, we recall the UMLsec approach to model-based security and discuss on tools and techniques to model and verify evolution of UMLsec models.
Kraftwerk B
(2011)
Die in diesen Artikel eingeflossenen Daten stammen aus einer Datenbank mit über 300 international bekannten Projekten mit dem Anspruch einer mindestens ausgeglichenen Energie- oder Emissionsbilanz. Sie wird als ein deutscher Beitrag zu der Arbeitsgruppe „Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings“ der Internationalen Energieagentur [1] geführt und als interaktive Weltkarte unter www.enob.info/nullenergie auszugsweise veröffentlicht [2]. Eine 2011 erschienene EnOB-Buchveröffentlichung enthält eine umfangreiche Behandlung des Themas sowie zahlreiche Projektbeispiele und bildet eine Basis dieses Artikels[3].
Kleehäuser
(2011)
Seit den ersten nationalen, strategischen Papieren zu Datenmanagement-Fragen in der Wissenschaft in den USA (NSF, 2005), Großbritannien (Lyon, 2007; Swan & Brown, 2008), der EU (Atkinson et al. 2008; OGF22-ET CG, 2008) und vor allem seit den Guidelines der OECD (2007) wird international intensiv über die Erfordernisse der Ausbildung von „Datenspezialisten“ diskutiert. Grundlegende Überlegungen, die einen gewissen internationalen Konsens gefunden haben, wurden im Auftrag von JISC von Swan und Brown (2008, S. 1) entwickelt (vgl. Hank & Davidson, 2009). Sie schlagen vier Rollen im Forschungsdatenmanagement vor. Neben dem Data Creator (datenproduzierender Forscher), dem Data Scientist (Wissenschaftler der bspw. bei der Datenanalyse unterstützt) und dem Data Manager (verantwortlich für alle technischen Aspekte: Lagerung, Zugriff, Aufbewahrung) wurde auch der Data Librarian benannt. Im Weiteren wird, auch unter Beachtung der Tätigkeiten die im Data Curation Lifecycle Model (s. Beitrag von Rümpel. Kap. 1.2) aufgeführt sind, neben dem Data Manager und dem Data Curator insbesondere auf den Data Librarian eingegangen.
Home for Life
(2011)
Kinder stehen seit längerem im Fokus der Armutsforschung. In den letzten Jahren hat sich immer wieder gezeigt, dass sie in besonderer Weise von Armut und ihren Folgen betroffen sind. In Deutschland lebt fast jedes vierte Kind in einem Haushalt, der einkommensarm ist und/oder Leistungen nach dem Zweiten Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB II) bezieht. In diesem Bericht wird untersucht, wie viele Kinder bedürftig sind und was das für ihre Lebensumstände bedeutet.
Großstadt-Surfen in München - Der Film »Keep Surfing« illustriert den Strukturwandel des Sports
(2011)
“Net Zero-Energy Building” has become a popular catchphrase to describe the synergy between energy-efficient building and renewable energy utilisation to achieve a balanced energy budget over an annual cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid overcomes the limitations of energy-autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on-site. Although the expression, “Net Zero-Energy Building,” appears in many energy policy documents, a harmonised definition or a standardised balancing method is still lacking. This paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach. After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany, a harmonised terminology and balancing procedure is proposed. The procedure takes not only the energy balance but also energy efficiency and load matching into account.