TY - JOUR A1 - Deckert, Carsten A1 - Schomaker, Rahel M. T1 - Cultural tightness–looseness and national innovativeness: impacts of tolerance and diversity of opinion JF - Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship N2 - The links between innovativeness as a driver of economic performance, and the determinants of innovativeness have been investigated by management scholars and economists for decades, focusing mostly on “hard factors” as investment in research and development, or education. Focusing on a relatively neglected, but in times of globalization even more important aspect, the infuence of cultural characteristics on innovativeness, we apply diferent econometric models to test for links between cultural tightness and looseness on the one hand, and national innovativeness on the other hand. We fnd that cultural tightness—in the sense of homogenous and intolerant societies—has a negative link to national innovativeness, while cultural looseness—in the sense of tolerant and diverse societies—displays a positive link to national innovativeness. KW - DOAJ KW - DEAL KW - Innovation KW - Kultur KW - Toleranz KW - Diversity of opinion Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-36515 SN - 2192-5372 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krebs, Christian A1 - Müller, Patrick A1 - Braun, Alexander T1 - Impact of Windshield Optical Aberrations on Visual Range Camera Based Classification Tasks Performed by CNNs JF - London Imaging Meeting Y1 - 2021 SN - 0-89208-346-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118X.2021.LIM-83 SN - 2694-118X VL - 2021 IS - 1 SP - 83 EP - 87 PB - Ingenta connect ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Patrick A1 - Brummel, Mattis A1 - Braun, Alexander T1 - Spatial recall index for machine learning algorithms JF - London Imaging Meeting N2 - We present a novel metric Spatial Recall Index to assess the performance of machine-learning (ML) algorithms for automotive applications, focusing on where in the image which performance occurs. Typical metrics like intersection-over-union (IoU), precisionrecallcurves or average precision (AP) quantify the performance over a whole database of images, neglecting spatial performance variations. But as the optics of camera systems are spatially variable over the field of view, the performance of ML-based algorithms is also a function of space, which we show in simulation: A realistic objective lens based on a Cooke-triplet that exhibits typical optical aberrations like astigmatism and chromatic aberration, all variable over field, is modeled. The model is then applied to a subset of the BDD100k dataset with spatially-varying kernels. We then quantify local changes in the performance of the pre-trained Mask R-CNN algorithm. Our examples demonstrate the spatial dependence of the performance of ML-based algorithms from the optical quality over field, highlighting the need to take the spatial dimension into account when training ML-based algorithms, especially when looking forward to autonomous driving applications. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-35657 SN - 0-89208-346-6 VL - 2021 IS - 1 SP - 58 EP - 62 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tseng, Ethan A1 - Mosleh, Ali A1 - Mannan, Fahim A1 - St-Arnaud, Karl A1 - Sharma, Avinash A1 - Peng, Yifan A1 - Braun, Alexander A1 - Nowrouzezahrai, Derek A1 - Lalonde, Jean-François A1 - Heide, Felix T1 - Differentiable Compound Optics and Processing Pipeline Optimization for End-to-end Camera Design JF - ACM Transactions on Graphics N2 - Most modern commodity imaging systems we use directly for photography‐-or indirectly rely on for downstream applications‐-employ optical systems of multiple lenses that must balance deviations from perfect optics, manufacturing constraints, tolerances, cost, and footprint. Although optical designs often have complex interactions with downstream image processing or analysis tasks, today’s compound optics are designed in isolation from these interactions. Existing optical design tools aim to minimize optical aberrations, such as deviations from Gauss’ linear model of optics, instead of application-specific losses, precluding joint optimization with hardware image signal processing (ISP) and highly parameterized neural network processing. In this article, we propose an optimization method for compound optics that lifts these limitations. We optimize entire lens systems jointly with hardware and software image processing pipelines, downstream neural network processing, and application-specific end-to-end losses. To this end, we propose a learned, differentiable forward model for compound optics and an alternating proximal optimization method that handles function compositions with highly varying parameter dimensions for optics, hardware ISP, and neural nets. Our method integrates seamlessly atop existing optical design tools, such as Zemax. We can thus assess our method across many camera system designs and end-to-end applications. We validate our approach in an automotive camera optics setting‐-together with hardware ISP post processing and detection‐-outperforming classical optics designs for automotive object detection and traffic light state detection. For human viewing tasks, we optimize optics and processing pipelines for dynamic outdoor scenarios and dynamic low-light imaging. We outperform existing compartmentalized design or fine-tuning methods qualitatively and quantitatively, across all domain-specific applications tested. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3446791 SN - 1557-7368 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York, NY, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittpahl, Christian A1 - Deegan, Brian A1 - Black, Bob A1 - Braun, Alexander T1 - An analytic-numerical image flicker study to test novel flicker metrics JF - Electronic Imaging: Society for Imaging Science and Technology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-35671 SN - 2470-1173 IS - 17 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Society for Imaging Science and Technology ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckhardt, Jennifer A1 - Kaletka, Christoph A1 - Pelka, Bastian A1 - Unterfrauner, Elisabeth A1 - Voigt, Christian A1 - Zirngiebl, Marthe T1 - Gender in the making: An empirical approach to understand gender relations in the maker movement JF - International Journal of Human-Computer Studies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102548 SN - 1095-9300 VL - 145 IS - 102548 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millard, Jeremy A1 - Sorivelle, Marie A1 - Deljanin, Sarah A1 - Unterfrauner, Elisabeth A1 - Voigt, Christian T1 - Is the Maker Movement Contributing to Sustainability? JF - Sustainability KW - DOAJ Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072212 SN - 2071-1050 N1 - 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). VL - 10 IS - 7 PB - MDPI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seebacher, Lisa M. A1 - Vana, Irina A1 - Voigt, Christian A1 - Tschank, Juliet T1 - Is Science for Everyone? Exploring Intersectional Inequalities in Connecting With Science JF - Frontiers in Education KW - DOAJ Y1 - 2021 UR - www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.673850/full#supplementary-material U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.673850 SN - 2504-284X N1 - The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2021.673850/full#supplementary-material. Copyright © 2021 Seebacher, Vana, Voigt and Tschank. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms E-ISSN(s): VL - 6 PB - Frontiers ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unterfrauner, Elisabeth A1 - Voigt, Christian T1 - Makers’ ambitions to do socially valuable things JF - The Design Journal Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352835 SN - 1756-3062 N1 - 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. VL - 20 IS - sup1 SP - 3317 EP - 3325 PB - Taylor & Francis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Unterfrauner, Elisabeth A1 - Voigt, Christian A1 - Hofer, Margit T1 - The effect of maker and entrepreneurial education on self-efficacy and creativity JF - Entrepreneurship Education Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s41959-021-00060-w SN - 2520-8152 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 403 EP - 424 PB - Springer Nature ER -