TY - JOUR A1 - Molloy, Dara A1 - Müller, Patrick A1 - Deegan, Brian A1 - Mullins, Darragh A1 - Horgan, Jonathan A1 - Ward, Enda A1 - Jones, Edward A1 - Braun, Alexander A1 - Glavin, Martin T1 - Analysis of the Impact of Lens Blur on Safety-Critical Automotive Object Detection JF - IEEE Access N2 - Camera-based object detection is widely used in safety-critical applications such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle research. Road infrastructure has been designed for human vision, so computer vision, with RGB cameras, is a vital source of semantic information from the environment. Sensors, such as LIDAR and RADAR, are also often utilized for these applications; however, cameras provide a higher spatial resolution and color information. The spatial frequency response (SFR), or sharpness of a camera, utilized in object detection systems must be sufficient to allow a detection algorithm to localize objects in the environment over its lifetime reliably. This study explores the relationship between object detection performance and SFR. Six state-of-the-art object detection models are evaluated with varying levels of lens defocus. A novel raw image dataset is created and utilized, containing pedestrians and cars over a range of distances up to 100-m from the sensor. Object detection performance for each defocused dataset is analyzed over a range of distances to determine the minimum SFR necessary in each case. Results show that the relationship between object detection performance and lens blur is much more complex than previous studies have found due to lens field curvature, chromatic aberration, and astigmatisms. We have found that smaller objects are disproportionately impacted by lens blur, and different object detection models have differing levels of robustness to lens blur KW - DOAJ KW - Object detection KW - intelligent transportation system KW - autonomous vehicles KW - ADAS KW - lens blur Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-42999 SN - 2169-3536 VL - 12 SP - 3554 EP - 3569 PB - IEEE ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geerkens, Simon A1 - Sieberichs, Christian A1 - Braun, Alexander A1 - Waschulzik, Thomas T1 - QI²: an interactive tool for data quality assurance JF - AI and Ethics N2 - The importance of high data quality is increasing with the growing impact and distribution of ML systems and big data. Also, the planned AI Act from the European commission defines challenging legal requirements for data quality especially for the market introduction of safety relevant ML systems. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that supports the data quality assurance process of multiple data quality aspects. This approach enables the verification of quantitative data quality requirements. The concept and benefits are introduced and explained on small example data sets. How the method is applied is demonstrated on the well-known MNIST data set based an handwritten digits. KW - Performance metrics KW - HSD Publikationsfonds KW - DEAL KW - DFG Publikationskosten KW - Machine learning KW - Quality assurance KW - Data integrity KW - Data quality Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00390-6 SN - 2730-5961 N1 - Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 532148125 and supported by the central publication fund of Hochschule Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences Data availability declaration: The data that support the findings of this scientific publication are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sieberichs, Christian A1 - Geerkens, Simon A1 - Braun, Alexander A1 - Waschulzik, Thomas T1 - ECS: an interactive tool for data quality assurance JF - AI and Ethics N2 - With the increasing capabilities of machine learning systems and their potential use in safety-critical systems, ensuring high-quality data is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, we present a novel approach for the assurance of data quality. For this purpose, the mathematical basics are first discussed and the approach is presented using multiple examples. This results in the detection of data points with potentially harmful properties for the use in safety-critical systems. KW - DEAL KW - HSD Publikationsfonds KW - Data visulization KW - Distance based KW - Data quality assurance KW - Equivalence class sets KW - DFG Publikationskosten Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00393-3 SN - 2730-5961 N1 - Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 532148125 and supported by the central publication fund of Hochschule Düsseldorf University of Applied Sciences Data availability declaration: All data that support the findings of this scientific publication are available within this paper and/or its supplementary information files/materials. Otherwise: The data that support the findings of this scientific publication are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. PB - Springer Nature ER -