TY - JOUR A1 - Noris, Federico A1 - Musall, Eike A1 - Salom, Jaume A1 - Berggren, Björn A1 - Jensen, Søren Østergaard A1 - Lindberg, Karen A1 - Sartori, Igor T1 - Implications of weighting factors on technology preference in net zero energy buildings JF - Energy and Buildings N2 - With the current movement towards Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) decisions regarding energy carrier weighting factors will have implications on which technologies could be favoured or disfavoured, and therefore adopted or not adopted, in the building sector of the near future. These implications should be taken into consideration by policy makers when developing legislation and regulations addressing the building sector. A parametric analysis was conducted on six buildings in Europe of different typologies and climates in order to assess how different weighting factors would impact the choice of technical systems to be installed. For each combination the amount of PV capacity necessary to achieve a net zero balance has been calculated and used as the main indicator for comparison; where less PV area means more favourable condition. The effect of including a solar thermal system is also discussed. With the current European national weighting factors, biomass boiler is largely the preferred solution, frequently achieving the balance with PV installed on the roof, while gas boiler is the most penalized. The situation changes when strategic weighting factors are applied. Lower weighting factors for electricity and district heating, e.g. reflecting national targets of increased penetration of renewables in such grids, would promote the use of heat pump and district heating, respectively. Asymmetric factors aimed at rewarding electricity export to the grid would facilitate the achievement of the zero balance for all technologies, promoting cogeneration in some cases. On the contrary, low weighting factors for electricity, e.g. reflecting a scenario of high decarbonisation of the power system, prove quite demanding; only few technical solutions would be able to reach the balance within the available roof area for PV, because of the low value credited to exported electricity. In this situation, the preferred solution would be heat pumps combined with solar thermal. In addition, the choice of weighting factors and the resulting favoured technologies will determine the temporal matching of load and generation. While all-electric solutions tend to use the grid as seasonal storage, other solutions will have a yearly net export of electricity to the grid to compensate for the supply of other (thermal) energy carriers. Therefore, it is important to consider the implications for the electricity grid resulting from the choice of weighting factors. KW - Label KW - Bilanzierung KW - Mismatch KW - Primärenergiefaktoren Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.004 VL - 82 SP - 250 EP - 262 PB - Elsevier ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Salom, Jaume A1 - Marszal, Anna Joanna A1 - Candanedo, José A. A1 - Widen, Joakim A1 - Byskov Lindberg, Karen A1 - Sartori, Igor T1 - Analysis of Load Match and Grid Interaction Indicators in Net Zero Energy Buildings with High-Resolution Data: A report of Subtask A IEA Task 40/Annex 52 Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings KW - Bilanzierung KW - Energienetz KW - Mismatch Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271135453_Analysis_of_load_match_and_grid_interaction_indicators_in_net_zero_energy_buildings_with_high-resolution_data PB - Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC CY - Barcelona ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Voss, Karsten A1 - Sartori, Igor A1 - Napolitano, Assunta A1 - Geier, Sonja A1 - Gonzalves, Helder A1 - Hall, Monika A1 - Heiselberg, Per A1 - Widén, Joakim A1 - Candanedo, José A. A1 - Musall, Eike A1 - Karlsson, Björn A1 - Torcellini, Paul T1 - Load Matching and Grid Interaction of Net Zero Energy Buildings. EuroSun Conference 2010, Graz N2 - “Net Zero Energy Building” has become a prominent wording to describe the synergy of energy efficient building and renewable energy utilization to reach a balanced energy budget over a yearly cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid infrastructure overcomes the limitations of seasonal energy storage on-site. Even though the wording “Net Zero Energy Building” focuses on the annual energy balance, large differences may occur between solution sets in the amount of grid interaction needed to reach the goal. The paper reports on the analysis of example buildings concerning the load matching and grid interaction. Indices to describe both issues are proposed and foreseen as part of a harmonized definition framework. The work is part of subtask A of the IEA SHCP Task40/ECBCS Annex 52: “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings”. Y1 - 2010 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229043919_Load_Matching_and_Grid_Interaction_of_Net_Zero_Energy_Buildings CY - Graz ER -