@article{NowakSchwarzSuedekum2016, author = {Nowak, Verena and Schwarz, Christian and Suedekum, Jens}, title = {Asymmetric spiders: Supplier heterogeneity and the organization of firms}, series = {Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'{\´e}conomique}, volume = {49}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'{\´e}conomique}, number = {2}, publisher = {Wiley}, doi = {10.1111/caje.12209}, pages = {663 -- 684}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @book{SchwarzStein2018, author = {Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {Quantitative Verrechnungspreise}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, year = {2018}, language = {de} } @techreport{GreilSchwarzStein2018, author = {Greil, Stefan and Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {Fairness and the Arm's Length Principle in a Digital Economy}, number = {42}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, issn = {2365-3361}, doi = {10.20385/2365-3361/2018.42}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-12029}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The OECD Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS) Initiative as well as the current fairness oriented public discussion regarding the taxation of digital business models highlight the importance and complexity of the arm's length principle. In a theoretical model of an internationally fragmented digital good's production process, we show that fairness considerations of tax authorities (namely inequity aversion) can result in a falling apart between a perceived "fair" and arm's length distribution of profits across tax jurisdictions. Our model predicts that a multinational firm follows the fundamental paradigm of international taxation, i.e. the arm's length principle, to properly incentivize internal agents involved in the production of a digital good. However, with inequity averse tax authorities, we find that tax authorities "prefer" a more equal distribution of profits compared to the arm's length allocation. From a multinational firm's perspective, inequity aversion among tax authorities dampens the strategic effect to - in accordance with arm's length principle - shift profits to low tax countries.}, language = {en} } @techreport{GreilSchwarzStein2018, author = {Greil, Stefan and Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {Perceived Fairness in the Taxation of a Digital Business Model}, editor = {Kalmring, Dirk}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, issn = {2365-3361}, doi = {10.20385/2365-3361/2018.47}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-15759}, pages = {27}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The "fair" taxation of digital business models is challenging. One of the key aspects - both policy makers and the public opinion consider as most pressuring - is the determination of intragroup transfer prices for intangibles used in digital business models. In this paper, we address the issue of a "perceived fair" taxation of the digital economy in the light of the arm's length principle based on a survey with transfer pricing experts. The aim of the survey is not to estimate arm's length profit allocations but rather to elicit fairness considerations in different transfer pricing related scenarios. In a digital economy framework where arm's length profits are distributed extremely inequitably, subjects perceive this distribution of profits as most unfair compared to more balanced scenarios. Consequently, subjects propose a "fair" distribution of profits that substantially differs from the exogenously given arm's length allocation. In scenarios with a more balanced arm's length allocation of profits, we find that the perceived fairness for the expert groups increases while a control group of business students is almost not influenced by the arm's length allocation of profits.}, language = {en} } @techreport{SchemmSchwarzStrickrodt2024, author = {Schemm, Jan and Schwarz, Christian and Strickrodt, Marc}, title = {Proaktives Kundenbindungsmanagement im Werbeartikelhandel: Entwicklung eines Machine-Learning-Modells zur Prognose von Kundenabwanderungen}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, issn = {2365-3361}, doi = {10.20385/opus4-4633}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-46335}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Die Arbeit entwickelt systematisch ein Machine-Learning-Modell zur Prognose von Kundenabwanderungen im Werbeartikelhandel. Im Fokus steht die WER GmbH, ein mittelst{\"a}ndischer Werbeartikelh{\"a}ndler, der j{\"a}hrlich signifikante Umsatzverluste durch Kundenabwanderung in der Streckenabwicklung verzeichnet und diese durch effektive Bindungsmaßnahmen reduzieren m{\"o}chte. Die Ausgangsbasis f{\"u}r ein proaktives Kundenbindungsmanagement bildet ein Modell zur Identifikation abwanderungsgef{\"a}hrdeter Kunden. Das in einem Vergleich von insgesamt 15 Verfahren ausgew{\"a}hlte heterogene Machine-Learning-Ensemble nutzt eine Vielzahl transaktions-, leistungs-, kunden- und interaktionsbezogener Merkmale und liefert signifikant bessere Abwanderungsprognosen als einfachere Vergleichsverfahren. Zus{\"a}tzlich zur inhaltlichen Interpretation des Modells und der relevantesten Merkmale beschreibt die Arbeit die praktische Integration in den Gesch{\"a}ftsablauf des Unternehmens. Sie liefert damit eine empirische Fallstudie zur Entwicklung eines Abwanderungsprognosemodells in nicht-vertraglichen B2B-Kundenbeziehungen und demonstriert die Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit datengetriebener Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens in der praktischen Anwendung.}, subject = {Maschinelles Lernen}, language = {de} } @article{GreilSchwarzStein2023, author = {Greil, Stefan and Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {ESG Value Creation from a Transfer Pricing Perspective}, series = {International Transfer Pricing Journal}, volume = {30}, journal = {International Transfer Pricing Journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation}, issn = {2352-9172}, doi = {10.59403/csvtb1}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Achieving environmental, social and governance (ESG) targets has become one of the most important challenges for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, ESG initiatives have received rather little attention so far from a transfer pricing perspective. This article explores how ESG initiatives can alter the existing value creation within MNEs from a transfer pricing perspective.}, subject = {Environmental, Social and Governance}, language = {en} } @misc{SchwarzStein2024, author = {Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {Inflation und Verrechnungspreise}, series = {Internationales Steuerrecht}, journal = {Internationales Steuerrecht}, number = {13}, publisher = {C.H. Beck}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, issn = {0942-6744}, pages = {507 -- 511}, year = {2024}, subject = {Betriebspr{\"u}fung}, language = {de} } @misc{SchoenfeldSchwarz2024, author = {Sch{\"o}nfeld, Philipp and Schwarz, Christian}, title = {Verrechnungspreise: Erstellung einer Verrechnungspreisdokumentation und Auswirkungen auf ein Tax CMS}, series = {Praxis Internationale Steuerberatung}, journal = {Praxis Internationale Steuerberatung}, number = {11}, publisher = {Kuselit}, issn = {1438-8375}, pages = {325 -- 330}, year = {2024}, subject = {Rechnungslegung}, language = {de} } @incollection{GreilKorschanSchlueckeetal.2025, author = {Greil, Stefan and Korschan, Samira and Schl{\"u}cke, Katharina and Schwarz, Christian and Stein, Stefan}, title = {\S 1 Berichtigung von Eink{\"u}nften}, series = {Außensteuergesetz: Kommentar}, booktitle = {Außensteuergesetz: Kommentar}, editor = {Greil, Stefan and Hummel, Lars}, publisher = {Dr. Otto Schmidt}, address = {K{\"o}ln}, isbn = {978-3-504-26008-8}, pages = {23 -- 352}, year = {2025}, subject = {Außensteuerrecht}, language = {de} } @techreport{VossMusallArbachetal.2012, author = {Voss, Karsten and Musall, Eike and Arbach, Simon and Spars, Guido and Wittwer, Christof and Sauer, Christian and Hollinger, Raphael and Guder, J{\"o}rn and Schwarz, Frank and Daubner, Thomas}, title = {Dezentrale Stromerzeugung im Kleinleistungsbereich als Beitrag zur Emissionsminderung im Geb{\"a}udebestand - Potentialanalyse und beispielhafte Umsetzung f{\"u}r Hauseigent{\"u}mer in NRW, 19.04.2012: Schlussbericht zum Vorhaben}, editor = {WestLB Stiftung Zukunft NRW,}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {WestLB Stiftung Zukunft NRW}, year = {2012}, language = {de} }