@article{BeyerGroteReinig2008, author = {Beyer, Marc-Andr{\´e} and Grote, Wolfgang and Reinig, Gunter}, title = {Adaptive exact linearization control of batch polymerization reactors using a Sigma-Point Kalman Filter}, series = {Journal of Process Control}, volume = {18}, journal = {Journal of Process Control}, number = {7-8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.jprocont.2007.12.002}, pages = {663 -- 675}, year = {2008}, abstract = {The Chylla-Haase polymerization reactor is widely accepted as a benchmark process for the evaluation of control strategies for batch reactors. In this contribution a control concept based on Exact I/O-Linearization is proposed and compared to a conventional cascade control structure. In order to adapt the exact linearization control strategy to various polymerization products and batch conditions, an advanced probabilistic inference algorithm (Sigma-Point Kalman Filter) is applied and investigated. Sigma-Point Kalman Filters have the major improvement of simplified implementation compared to local linearization methods (i.e. Extended Kalman Filter) because no analytical Jacobians are required. Stochastic simulation studies are introduced and show the effectiveness, accuracy and benefit of the control concept. Within several scenarios a satisfying robustness against structural errors in the underlying model equations for the nonlinear control law and the inference algorithm is demonstrated. Furthermore it is pointed out, that with little effort in reassembling the plant design, control performance can be improved significantly.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grote2009, author = {Grote, Wolfgang}, title = {Ein Beitrag zur modellbasierten Regelung von Entnahmedampfturbinen}, publisher = {Bochum}, organization = {Ruhr-Universit{\"a}t Bochum}, pages = {244}, year = {2009}, subject = {Dynamische Modellierung}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GroteSchulzeDarupReinig2009, author = {Grote, Wolfgang and Schulze Darup, M. and Reinig, G.}, title = {Modellpr{\"a}diktive Regelung von Entnahmeturbinen und Dampfnetzen (Poster)}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {2009}, booktitle = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {8}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, doi = {10.1002/cite.200950184}, pages = {1113 -- 1114}, year = {2009}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GroteReinig2009, author = {Grote, Wolfgang and Reinig, Gunter}, title = {Modellbasierte Regelung von Entnahmedampfturbinen (eingeladener Vortrag)}, series = {43. Regelungstechnisches Kolloquium in Boppard vom 25.-27. Februar 2009}, booktitle = {43. Regelungstechnisches Kolloquium in Boppard vom 25.-27. Februar 2009}, year = {2009}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GroteKastsianMoennigmann2011, author = {Grote, Wolfgang and Kastsian, Darya and M{\"o}nnigmann, Martin}, title = {Optimal power system unit commitment with guaranteed local stability}, series = {Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 American Control Conference}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {2378-5861}, doi = {10.1109/ACC.2011.5991058}, pages = {4526 -- 4531}, year = {2011}, abstract = {This article deals with the cost optimal commitment of power systems. System stability is often only considered after solving the commitment problem. We show by example that a cost optimization may result in a mode of operation that, while economically optimal, is unstable or has otherwise unacceptable dynamics. As a remedy, we propose to use the so-called normal vector method, which has been developed for the optimization of nonlinear dynamical systems with stability boundaries and uncertain parameters. We apply the method to a small sample power grid, where the optimization goal is to minimize the energy production costs for a given power consumption.}, language = {en} } @article{GroteKastsianMoennigmann2013, author = {Grote, Wolfgang and Kastsian, Darya and M{\"o}nnigmann, Martin}, title = {Guaranteed stability in optimal power generation dispatching under uncertainty}, series = {IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, volume = {28}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, number = {2}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {1558-0679}, doi = {10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2207970}, pages = {1103 -- 1112}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Stability and cost optimality of power generation and supply systems must not be considered independently from one another. Simple examples show that optimizing cost without considering stability may result in modes of operation that, while economically optimal, are unstable. We demonstrate that stability, robustness, and optimality can be considered systematically and simultaneously by combining bifurcation theory and nonlinear optimization. Essentially, the proposed method enforces a backoff distance between the optimal point of operation and operational or stability boundaries in the space of the optimization variables, where bifurcation theory is used to describe nonlinear stability boundaries.}, language = {en} } @article{JostGroteMoellenbrucketal.2014, author = {Jost, Michael and Grote, Wolfgang and M{\"o}llenbruck, Florian and M{\"o}nnigmann, Martin}, title = {Plant-wide control of a parabolic trough power plant with thermal energy storage}, series = {IFAC Proceedings Volumes}, volume = {47}, journal = {IFAC Proceedings Volumes}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {2589-3653}, doi = {10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.00879}, pages = {419 -- 425}, year = {2014}, abstract = {We present a control scheme for a parabolic trough power plant that is equipped with a molten salt thermal energy storage system. We show that the multivariable control problem for the solar field can be decoupled by controlling the three way valve that splits the heat transfer fluid between the storage system and the steam generator. The steam generation cycle is regulated with inlet pressure control. The subsystems of the plant are modeled based on first principles, where we focus on the steam generation cycle. A multi-group extraction turbine with pre- and reheater is considered, which is suitable for solar power plants. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed control scheme with a day-to-day simulation.}, language = {en} } @article{MierMoellenbruckJostetal.2015, author = {Mier, Dominik and M{\"o}llenbruck, Florian and Jost, Michael and Grote, Wolfgang and M{\"o}nnigmann, Martin}, title = {Model predictive control of the steam cycle in a solar power plant}, series = {IFAC-PapersOnLine}, volume = {48}, journal = {IFAC-PapersOnLine}, number = {8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {2405-8963}, doi = {10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.09.052}, pages = {710 -- 715}, year = {2015}, abstract = {We derive a nonlinear model of the steam cycle of a solar power plant, estimate its unknown parameters with measured data, and design a linear model predictive controller based on the resulting model. Simulations show that the linear model predictive controller is able to regulate the electrical power of the nonlinear steam process of the plant to a given reference trajectory very well. Moreover, it results in very good disturbance rejection.}, language = {en} } @misc{OPUS4-3827, title = {860 - Erste Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Fachbereichsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 20.09.2022}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-38274}, pages = {2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4 S. 1, 26 Abs. 3 S. 2 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nord-rhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung und der Grundordnung der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 08.10.2015 (Verk{\"u}ndungsblatt der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf, Amtliche Mitteilung Nr. 414) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hoch-schule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende Ordnung als Satzung erlassen.}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-3676, title = {833 - Zweite Neubekanntmachung der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 07.04.2022}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-36768}, pages = {20}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Nachstehend wird der Wortlaut der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 15.02.2016 (Verk{\"u}ndungsblatt der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf, Amtliche Mitteilung Nr. 423) neu bekannt gemacht. Die Neubekanntmachung ber{\"u}cksichtigt die Erste Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 07.06.2016 (Verk{\"u}ndungsblatt der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf, Amtliche Mitteilung Nr. 456), die Zweite Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 15.11.2018 (Verk{\"u}ndungsblatt der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf, Amtliche Mitteilung Nr. 635) sowie die Dritte Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 18.02.2021 (Verk{\"u}ndungsblatt der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf, Amtliche Mitteilung Nr. 738).}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @misc{deCarvalhoHeinzeIlleetal.2012, author = {de Carvalho, Raphael and Heinze, Robert and Ille, Fabian and Adam, Mario and Kameier, Frank and Schauenberg, Udo}, title = {Verbesserte energetische Prognose von air conomy Modulen. Vergleich zwischen Design of Experiments (DoE) und Dimensionsanalyse (Teil 1)}, series = {HLH L{\"u}ftung/Klima, Heizung/Sanit{\"a}r, Geb{\"a}udetechnik}, volume = {63}, journal = {HLH L{\"u}ftung/Klima, Heizung/Sanit{\"a}r, Geb{\"a}udetechnik}, number = {8}, publisher = {Springer VDI-Verlag}, pages = {24 -- 28}, year = {2012}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-3644, title = {829 - Erste Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Masterstudiengang „Simulations- und Experimentaltechnik" an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 02.03.2022}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-36445}, pages = {2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende Ordnung als Satzung erlassen.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-3643, title = {828 - Erste Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Masterstudiengang „Internationales Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen" an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 02.03.2022}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-36436}, pages = {2}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende Ordnung als Satzung erlassen.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-3642, title = {827- Erste Satzung zur {\"A}nderung der Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r die Bachelorstudieng{\"a}nge „Energie- und Umwelttechnik" (EUT), „Umwelt- und Verfahrenstechnik" (UVT), „Maschinenbau Produktentwicklung" (MPE), „Maschinenbau Produktionstechnik" (MPT) und „Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen Maschinenbau" (WIM) an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 02.03.2022}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-36423}, pages = {3}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende Ordnung als Satzung erlassen.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{BackesIlleAdam2016, author = {Backes, Klaus and Ille, Fabian and Adam, Mario}, title = {Klassifizierung und Laborfeldtests solar unterst{\"u}tzter W{\"a}rmezentralen in Mehrfamilienh{\"a}usern. Posterpr{\"a}sentation}, series = {26. Symposium Thermische Solarenergie 2016, 20.-22.04.2016, Bad Staffelstein}, booktitle = {26. Symposium Thermische Solarenergie 2016, 20.-22.04.2016, Bad Staffelstein}, organization = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e.V.}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @incollection{SchrammAdam2016, author = {Schramm, Sebastian and Adam, Mario}, title = {Speichereinbindung mit dynamischem Beladebereich im Vergleich zu anderen Speicherladekonzepten. Poster-Pr{\"a}sentation}, series = {Gleisdorf SOLAR - 12. Internationale Konferenz f{\"u}r solares Heizen und K{\"u}hlen, 08.-10.06.2016, Gleisdorf/Austria}, booktitle = {Gleisdorf SOLAR - 12. Internationale Konferenz f{\"u}r solares Heizen und K{\"u}hlen, 08.-10.06.2016, Gleisdorf/Austria}, pages = {433 -- 441}, year = {2016}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{WirthAdamIlleetal.2017, author = {Wirth, Hans Peter and Adam, Mario and Ille, Fabian and Gottschald, Jonas}, title = {Monitoring von solarthermischen Großanlagen aus den Monitoring von solarthermischen Großanlagen aus den F{\"o}rderprogrammenSolarthermie-2000 und Solarthermie2000plus. Posterpr{\"a}sentation}, series = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, booktitle = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, editor = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e. V.,}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{Spiegel2017, author = {Spiegel, Thomas}, title = {Imbalance reduction of energy balancing groups as a means of renewable energy expansion - Optiosn for an active energy balancing group management}, series = {12th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 04.-08.10.2017, Dubrovnik}, booktitle = {12th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 04.-08.10.2017, Dubrovnik}, editor = {The International Centre for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems,}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RoedderFrankKirschneretal.2017, author = {R{\"o}dder, Maximilian and Frank, Lena and Kirschner, Daniel and Neef, Matthias and Adam, Mario}, title = {EnergiBUS4home - Sustainable energy resourcing in low-energy buildings}, series = {12th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 04.-08.10.2017, Dubrovnik}, booktitle = {12th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 04.-08.10.2017, Dubrovnik}, editor = {The International Centre for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems,}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{ReichAdamLambach2018, author = {Reich, Marius and Adam, Mario and Lambach, Stefan}, title = {Comparison of different Methods for Approximating Models of Energy Supply Systems and Polyoptimising the Systems-Structure and Components-Dimension}, series = {30th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2017), San Diego, California, USA, 2-6 July 2017}, booktitle = {30th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2017), San Diego, California, USA, 2-6 July 2017}, publisher = {Curran Associates Inc}, address = {Red Hook, NY}, isbn = {9781510862562}, pages = {2921 -- 2933}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{HelbigMerckerSteinwegetal.2017, author = {Helbig, Sonja and Mercker, Oliver and Steinweg, J. and Eggert, Daniel and Herz, M. and Adam, Mario}, title = {Gesamtsystembewertung von solarunterst{\"u}tzten W{\"a}rmeversorgungskonzepten in Mehrfamilienh{\"a}usern - Effizienz gegen{\"u}ber Wirtschaftlichkeit}, series = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, booktitle = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, editor = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e. V.,}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{HelbigEggertAdam2017, author = {Helbig, Sonja and Eggert, Daniel and Adam, Mario}, title = {Energetic and Economic Efficiency Evaluation of Solar Assisted Heating Systems for Multi-Family Houses}, series = {Proceedings of SWC2017/SHC2017, 29.10.-02.11.2017, Abu Dhabi}, booktitle = {Proceedings of SWC2017/SHC2017, 29.10.-02.11.2017, Abu Dhabi}, editor = {Romero, Manuel and Mugnier, Daniel and Renn{\´e}, David and Guthrie, Ken and Griffiths, Steven}, publisher = {International Solar Energy Society}, address = {Freiburg}, isbn = {978-3-9814659-7-6}, doi = {10.18086/swc.2017.29.04}, pages = {1 -- 10}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GoebelKowalskiFranketal.2017, author = {Goebel, J. and Kowalski, M. and Frank, Lena and Adam, Mario}, title = {Hardware in the Loop Test eines optimiertem Winter- und Sommerbetriebs einer Abwasser-Gasw{\"a}rmepumpe/-K{\"a}ltemaschiene}, series = {Deutsche Kaelte-und Klimatagung 2017 Bremen}, booktitle = {Deutsche Kaelte-und Klimatagung 2017 Bremen}, editor = {Deutscher K{\"a}lte- und Klimatechnischer Verein,}, publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.}, address = {Red Hook}, isbn = {978-1-5108-5823-7}, pages = {1085 -- 1097}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{GoebelKowalskiAdam2017, author = {Goebel, J. and Kowalski, M. and Adam, Mario}, title = {Abwasser als W{\"a}rmequelle und -senke f{\"u}r W{\"a}rmepumpen - Auswahl von Typtagen f{\"u}r Test und Dimensionierung mit Hilfe von Cluster-Verfahren}, series = {Ressourcen-Wissen: Hebung Ungenutzter Potenziale}, booktitle = {Ressourcen-Wissen: Hebung Ungenutzter Potenziale}, editor = {Holzhauer, Ralf and Obergassel, Cordula and Rehorek, Astrid}, publisher = {Graduierteninstitut NRW}, address = {Bochum}, isbn = {9783981902808}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @incollection{BackesAdamMuenchetal.2017, author = {Backes, Klaus and Adam, Mario and M{\"u}nch, Justin and Walter, D. and Wirth, Hans Peter}, title = {Energetischer Vergleich verschiedener Zirkulationseinbindungen bei einer solaren W{\"a}rmezentrale mit Frischwasserstation. Posterpr{\"a}sentation}, series = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, booktitle = {27. OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie; Energiewende: W{\"a}rme, 10.-12.05.2017, Bad Staffelstein}, editor = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut e. V.,}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @article{WiesmannHamelKaluza2018, author = {Wiesmann, Thomas and Hamel, Christian and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {Techniques to Remove Traces of Oxygen by Catalytic Conversion from Gas Mixtures}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {90}, journal = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1522-2640}, doi = {10.1002/cite.201800022}, pages = {1446 -- 1452}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{WeideSchulzKaluzaetal.2016, author = {Weide, Philipp and Schulz, Katharina and Kaluza, Stefan and Rohe, Markus and Beranek, Radim and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Controlling the Photocorrosion of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles in Water by Doping with Chloride and Cobalt Ions}, series = {Langmuir}, volume = {32}, journal = {Langmuir}, number = {48}, publisher = {ACS Publ.}, issn = {1520-5827}, doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03385}, pages = {12641 -- 12649}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{TitusKaluzaMarschall2014, author = {Titus, Juliane and Kaluza, Stefan and Marschall, Roland}, title = {German Catalysis on an International Scale in Weimar}, series = {ChemCatChem}, volume = {6}, journal = {ChemCatChem}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1867-3899}, doi = {10.1002/cctc.201402266}, pages = {1523 -- 1525}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @book{MarziDeerbergDoetschetal.2017, author = {Marzi, Thomas and Deerberg, G{\"o}rge and D{\"o}tsch, Christian and Grev{\´e}, Anna and Hiebel, Markus and Stefan Kaluza, and Knappertsbusch, Volker and Maga, Daniel and M{\"u}ller, Torsten and Pflaum, Hartmut and Pohlig, Astrid and Renner, Manfred and Seifert, Ulrich and Stießel, Sebastian and Unger, Christoph and Wack, Thorsten and Weidner, Eckhard}, title = {Kohlendioxid, Biomasse und Regenerativer Strom - Ressourcen einer neuen Kohlenstoffwirtschaft?}, volume = {Umsicht-Diskurs}, number = {1}, publisher = {Fraunhofer-Institut f{\"u}r Umwelt-, Sicherheit- und Energietechnik}, address = {Oberhausen}, organization = {Fraunhofer-Institut f{\"u}r Umwelt-, Sicherheit- und Energietechnik}, isbn = {978-3-87468-358-6}, doi = {10.24406/UMSICHT-N-473349}, year = {2017}, language = {de} } @article{SchulzkeConradKaluzaetal.2017, author = {Schulzke, Tim and Conrad, Stefan and Kaluza, Stefan and van Loo, Tom}, title = {Upgrading of fast pyrolysis condensates via esterification with higher alcohols}, series = {Biomass and Bioenergy}, volume = {103}, journal = {Biomass and Bioenergy}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0961-9534}, doi = {10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.05.010}, pages = {11 -- 20}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtGoebelNebeletal.2018, author = {Schmidt, Stefan and G{\"o}bel, Christoph and Nebel, Janine and Wiesmann, Thomas and Hamel, Christian and Reinsdorf, Arne and Wolf, Dorit and Gehrmann, Stefan and Tenhumberg, Nils and Muhler, Martin and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {Recent Developments in the Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Short-Chain Alcohols over Cu-Co-Based Catalysts}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {90}, journal = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1522-2640}, doi = {10.1002/cite.201800023}, pages = {1465 -- 1475}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{SchittkowskiRulandLaudenschlegeretal.2018, author = {Schittkowski, Julian and Ruland, Holger and Laudenschleger, Daniel and Girod, Kai and K{\"a}hler, Kevin and Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin and Schl{\"o}gl, Robert}, title = {Methanol Synthesis from Steel Mill Exhaust Gases: Challenges for the Industrial Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 Catalyst}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {90}, journal = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1522-2640}, doi = {10.1002/cite.201800017}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-34526}, pages = {1419 -- 1429}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{PeterFichtlRulandetal.2012, author = {Peter, Maximilian and Fichtl, Matthias B. and Ruland, Holger and Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin and Hinrichsen, Olaf}, title = {Detailed kinetic modeling of methanol synthesis over a ternary copper catalyst}, series = {Chemical Engineering Journal}, volume = {203}, journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0009-2509}, doi = {10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.066}, pages = {480 -- 491}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{NebelSchmidtPanetal.2019, author = {Nebel, Janine and Schmidt, Stefan and Pan, Qiushi and Lotz, Katrin and Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {On the role of cobalt carbidization in higher alcohol synthesis over hydrotalcite-based Co-Cu catalysts}, series = {Chinese Journal of Catalysis}, volume = {40}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Catalysis}, number = {11}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1872-2067}, doi = {10.1016/S1872-2067(19)63344-9}, pages = {1731 -- 1740}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{MeiSanchezReineckeetal.2011, author = {Mei, Bastian and S{\´a}nchez, Miguel D. and Reinecke, Thomas and Kaluza, Stefan and Xia, Wei and Muhler, Martin}, title = {The synthesis of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by spray drying: an efficient and scalable method}, series = {Journal of Materials Chemistry}, volume = {21}, journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry}, number = {32}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, issn = {1364-5501}, doi = {10.1039/c1jm11431j}, pages = {11781 -- 11790}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @incollection{KaluzaMuhler2010, author = {Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {A novel continuous approach for the synthesis and characterization of pure and mixed metal oxide systems applied in heterogeneous catalysis}, series = {Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts}, volume = {Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 175}, booktitle = {Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts}, editor = {Gaigneaux, E. M. and Devillers, M. and Hermans, S. and Jacobs, P. A. and Martens, J. A. and Ruiz, P.}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, isbn = {978-0-444-53601-3}, doi = {10.1016/S0167-2991(10)75027-8}, pages = {217 -- 220}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{KaluzaSchroeterNaumannd'Alnoncourtetal.2008, author = {Kaluza, Stefan and Schr{\"o}ter, Marie Katrin and Naumann d'Alnoncourt, Raoul and Reinecke, Thomas and Muhler, Martin}, title = {High Surface Area ZnO Nanoparticles via a Novel Continuous Precipitation Route}, series = {Advanced Functional Materials}, volume = {18}, journal = {Advanced Functional Materials}, number = {22}, issn = {1616-3028}, doi = {10.1002/adfm.200800457}, pages = {3670 -- 3677}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{KaluzaMuhler2009, author = {Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {On the Role of Aging, Washing, and Drying in the Synthesis of Polycrystalline Zinc Oxide by Precipitation: Combining Fast Continuous Mixing, Spray Drying and Freeze Drying to Unravel the Solid-State Transformations of the Precipitate}, series = {Catalysis Letters}, volume = {129}, journal = {Catalysis Letters}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s10562-008-9818-5}, pages = {287 -- 292}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{KaluzaMuhler2009, author = {Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {On the precipitation mechanism and the role of the post-precipitation steps during the synthesis of binary ZnO-Al2O3 composites with high specific surface area}, series = {Journal of Materials Chemistry}, volume = {19}, journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry}, number = {23}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, issn = {1364-5501}, doi = {10.1039/b902004g}, pages = {3914 -- 3922}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{KaluzaBehrensSchiefenhoeveletal.2011, author = {Kaluza, Stefan and Behrens, Malte and Schiefenh{\"o}vel, Nora and Kniep, Benjamin and Fischer, Richard and Schl{\"o}gl, Robert and Muhler, Martin}, title = {A Novel Synthesis Route for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts used in Methanol Synthesis: Combining Continuous Consecutive Precipitation with Continuous Aging of the Precipitate}, series = {ChemCatChem}, volume = {3}, journal = {ChemCatChem}, number = {1}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1867-3899}, doi = {10.1002/cctc.201000329}, pages = {189 -- 199}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{JungePuringPiontekSmialkowskietal.2017, author = {Junge Puring, Kai and Piontek, Stefan and Smialkowski, Mathias and Burfeind, Jens and Kaluza, Stefan and Doetsch, Christian and Apfel, Ulf-Peter}, title = {Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications}, series = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, journal = {Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE}, number = {124}, publisher = {JoVE}, issn = {1940-087X}, doi = {10.3791/56087}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and composition of the material was characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), M{\"o}ssbauer spectroscopy (MB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Two preparation methods of pentlandite bulk electrodes are presented. In the first approach a piece of synthetic pentlandite rock is directly contacted via a wire ferrule. The second approach utilizes pentlandite pellets, pressed from finely ground powder, which is immobilized in a Teflon casing. Both electrodes, whilst being prepared by an additive-free method, reveal high durability during electrocatalytic conversions in comparison to common drop-coating methods. We herein showcase the striking performance of such electrodes to accomplish the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and present a standardized method to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance by electrochemical and gas chromatographic methods. Furthermore, we report stability tests via potentiostatic methods at an overpotential of 0.6 V to explore the material limitations of the electrodes during electrolysis under industrial relevant conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{HeeskensAghaeiKaluzaetal.2013, author = {Heeskens, Denise and Aghaei, Pedram and Kaluza, Stefan and Strunk, Jennifer and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Selective oxidation of ethanol in the liquid phase over Au/TiO 2}, series = {physica status solidi (b)}, volume = {250}, journal = {physica status solidi (b)}, number = {6}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1521-3951}, doi = {10.1002/pssb.201248440}, pages = {1107 -- 1118}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @incollection{HamelKaluzaUnger2015, author = {Hamel, Christian and Kaluza, Stefan and Unger, Christoph}, title = {Catalytic tar reforming of biomass-derived synthesis gas: Influence of the catalyst, gas composition and sulfur poisoning}, series = {Preprints of the DGMK-Conference "Synthesis Gas Chemistry",October 7 - 9, 2015, Dresden}, volume = {DGMK Tagungsbericht, 2015,2}, booktitle = {Preprints of the DGMK-Conference "Synthesis Gas Chemistry",October 7 - 9, 2015, Dresden}, editor = {Ernst, Stefan}, publisher = {DGMK}, address = {Hamburg}, organization = {DGMK}, isbn = {978-3-941721-56-2}, pages = {139 -- 146}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{GirodBreitkreuzGerstneretal.2018, author = {Girod, Kai and Breitkreuz, Klaas and Gerstner, Andrea and Marzi, Thomas and Schulzke, Tim and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {Close-to-Practice Investigations of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Syngas Conversions in Slurry and Fixed-Bed Reactor Systems}, series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, volume = {90}, journal = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1522-2640}, doi = {10.1002/cite.201700143}, pages = {690 -- 695}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{EngeldahlOezaslanMarschalletal.2015, author = {Engeldahl, Barthel and {\"O}zaslan, Mehtap and Marschall, Roland and Rose, Marcus and Kaluza, Stefan and Titus, Juliane and Sprung, Christoph}, title = {Weimar 2015: Catalysing Tomorrow's Solutions}, series = {ChemCatChem}, volume = {7}, journal = {ChemCatChem}, number = {12}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1867-3899}, doi = {10.1002/cctc.201500435}, pages = {1794 -- 1796}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{EngelKaluzaOezaslanetal.2017, author = {Engel, Rebecca V. and Kaluza, Stefan and Oezaslan, Mehtap and Peitz, Stephan}, title = {German Catalysis Meeting - 50 Years and as Young as Ever}, series = {ChemCatChem}, volume = {9}, journal = {ChemCatChem}, number = {11}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1867-3899}, doi = {10.1002/cctc.201700683}, pages = {2018 -- 2020}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{BozKaluzaBoroğluetal.2012, author = {Boz, İsmail and Kaluza, Stefan and Boroğlu, Mehtap Şafak and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Synthesis of high surface area ZnO powder by continuous precipitation}, series = {Materials Research Bulletin}, volume = {47}, journal = {Materials Research Bulletin}, number = {5}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1873-4227}, doi = {10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.02.005}, pages = {1185 -- 1190}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{BordoloiSanchezNoeietal.2014, author = {Bordoloi, Ankur and Sanchez, Miguel and Noei, Heshmat and Kaluza, Stefan and Großmann, Dennis and Wang, Yuemin and Gr{\"u}nert, Wolfgang and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Catalytic Behaviour of Mesoporous Cobalt-Aluminum Oxides for CO Oxidation}, series = {Journal of Catalysts}, journal = {Journal of Catalysts}, publisher = {Hindawi}, issn = {2314-5110}, doi = {10.1155/2014/807545}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-34344}, pages = {1 -- 9}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{AntonRulandKaluzaetal.2015, author = {Anton, Johan and Ruland, Holger and Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Fast and Reproducible Testing of Cu-Co-Based Catalysts Applied in the Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Ethanol and Higher Alcohols}, series = {Catalysis Letters}, volume = {145}, journal = {Catalysis Letters}, number = {7}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s10562-015-1543-2}, pages = {1374 -- 1381}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{AntonNebelSongetal.2016, author = {Anton, Johan and Nebel, Janine and Song, Huiqing and Froese, Christian and Weide, Philipp and Ruland, Holger and Muhler, Martin and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {The effect of sodium on the structure-activity relationships of cobalt-modified Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts applied in the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to higher alcohols}, series = {Journal of Catalysis}, volume = {335}, journal = {Journal of Catalysis}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0021-9517}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcat.2015.12.016}, pages = {175 -- 186}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{AntonNebelGoebeletal.2016, author = {Anton, Johan and Nebel, Janine and G{\"o}bel, Christoph and Gabrysch, Thomas and Song, Huiqing and Froese, Christian and Ruland, Holger and Muhler, Martin and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {CO Hydrogenation to Higher Alcohols over Cu-Co-Based Catalysts Derived from Hydrotalcite-Type Precursors}, series = {Topics in Catalysis}, volume = {59}, journal = {Topics in Catalysis}, number = {15-16}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1007/s11244-016-0663-2}, pages = {1361 -- 1370}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{AntonNebelSongetal.2015, author = {Anton, Johan and Nebel, Janine and Song, Huiqing and Froese, Christian and Weide, Philipp and Ruland, Holger and Muhler, Martin and Kaluza, Stefan}, title = {Structure-activity relationships of Co-modified Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts applied in the synthesis of higher alcohols from synthesis gas}, series = {Applied Catalysis A: General}, volume = {505}, journal = {Applied Catalysis A: General}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0926-860X}, doi = {10.1016/j.apcata.2015.07.002}, pages = {326 -- 333}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @incollection{AntonNebelFroeseetal.2015, author = {Anton, Johan and Nebel, Janine and Froese, Christian and Kleinschmidt, Ralph and Quandt, Thomas and Ruland, Holger and Kaluza, Stefan and Muhler, Martin}, title = {Higher alcohol synthesis over Na-modified Co-Cu catalysts: Co2C formation and effect of surface composition}, series = {Preprints of the DGMK-Conference "Synthesis Gas Chemistry", October 7 - 9, 2015, Dresden}, volume = {DGMK Tagungsbericht, 2015,2}, booktitle = {Preprints of the DGMK-Conference "Synthesis Gas Chemistry", October 7 - 9, 2015, Dresden}, editor = {Ernst, Stefan}, publisher = {DGMK}, address = {Hamburg}, organization = {DGMK}, isbn = {978-3-941721-56-2}, pages = {137}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Cu-Co-based model catalysts were prepared by a sophisticated alkali-free synthesis method and tested in the conversion of synthesis gas to higher alcohols. MoO3-coated alumina was used as the support, providing both high specific surface area and strongly interacting sites for the deposition of the active metals. A bulk Cu/Co ratio of ~2 was found to be most suitable in terms of activity and product distribution. Surface enrichment of Mo for all samples was observed by XPS, which significantly influenced the performance of the catalysts. Mo was found to be both a structural and a chemical promoter. Strong metal-support interactions were further achieved by modification of alumina with magnesia. With 12 wt\% Mg incorporated, the catalysts showed 40\% total oxygenate selectivity including 11\% selectivity to ethanol.}, language = {en} } @misc{Seidel2021, author = {Seidel, Carl Anton}, title = {Jumping Humanoid Simulink Simulation With Three Hill-Type Muscle Models}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-33765}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper investigates the implementation of a human body model for the simulation of a jumping motion in Simulink. It contains details to get an insight into modern biomechanics without previous experience. In the simulation, a Hill-Type muscle is used to generate joint momentum with a phenomenologically realistic relationship between muscle length and force. The simulation published with this article is one of many solutions to design a humanoid simulation. The paper guides through the implemented build and explains its range of application.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{BiedermannReichKameieretal.2018, author = {Biedermann, Till M. and Reich, Marius and Kameier, Frank and Adam, Mario and Paschereit, C.}, title = {Assessment of Statistical Sampling Methods and Approximation Models Applied to Aeroacoustic and Vibroacoustic Problem}, series = {NOVEM - 6th conference on Noise and Vibration emerging methods, 07.-09.05.2018, Ibiza / Spain}, booktitle = {NOVEM - 6th conference on Noise and Vibration emerging methods, 07.-09.05.2018, Ibiza / Spain}, address = {Ibiza}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AdamGottschaldReichetal.2019, author = {Adam, Mario and Gottschald, Jonas and Reich, Marius and G{\"o}tzelmann, Dennis}, title = {BestHeatNet - Selbstlernende Betriebsoptimierung einer hybriden Nahw{\"a}rmeversorgung}, series = {Der Geothermiekongress, 19.-21.11.2019, M{\"u}nchen}, booktitle = {Der Geothermiekongress, 19.-21.11.2019, M{\"u}nchen}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, year = {2019}, language = {de} } @incollection{WendlandBumannMartinetal.2020, author = {Wendland, Andr{\´e} and Bumann, Marc and Martin, Shane and Niemann, J{\"o}rg and Bosman, Stephen}, title = {Optimizing System Design Through Thermal Analysis with Cubesatellite as Case Study}, series = {Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement}, booktitle = {Systems, Software and Services Process Improvement}, editor = {Yilmaz, Murat and Niemann, J{\"o}rg and Clarke, Paul and Messnarz, Richard}, publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland}, address = {Cham}, isbn = {978-3-030-56440-7}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-56441-4_30}, pages = {408 -- 420}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{RuessPahl2009, author = {Ruess, Martin and Pahl, P. J.}, title = {An extended QR-solver for large profiled matrices}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {79}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {11}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.2618}, pages = {1419 -- 1442}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{YangKollmannsbergerDuesteretal.2011, author = {Yang, Zhengxiong and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and D{\"u}ster, Alexander and Ruess, Martin and Garcia, Eduardo Grande and Burgkart, Rainer and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Non-standard bone simulation: interactive numerical analysis by computational steering}, series = {Computing and Visualization in Science}, volume = {14}, journal = {Computing and Visualization in Science}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, doi = {10.1007/s00791-012-0175-y}, pages = {207 -- 216}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{ZanderKollmannsbergerRuessetal.2012, author = {Zander, Nils and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and Ruess, Martin and Yosibash, Z. and Rank, Ernst}, title = {The Finite Cell Method for linear thermoelasticity}, series = {Computers \& Mathematics with Applications}, volume = {64}, journal = {Computers \& Mathematics with Applications}, number = {11}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0898-1221}, doi = {10.1016/j.camwa.2012.09.002}, pages = {3527 -- 3541}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RuessMundaniRank2009, author = {Ruess, Martin and Mundani, Ralf-Peter and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Computational steering in dynamic structure simulation: An improved communication concept}, series = {2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), Toronto, 26.09.2009 - 27.09.2009}, booktitle = {2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), Toronto, 26.09.2009 - 27.09.2009}, publisher = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-1-4244-3877-8}, doi = {10.1109/TIC-STH.2009.5444450}, pages = {497 -- 502}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @article{YangRuessKollmannsbergeretal.2012, author = {Yang, Z. and Ruess, Martin and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and D{\"u}ster, Alexander and Rank, Ernst}, title = {An efficient integration technique for the voxel-based finite cell method}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {91}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.4269}, pages = {457 -- 471}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{RuessVarduhnRanketal.2012, author = {Ruess, Martin and Varduhn, Vasco and Rank, Ernst and Yosibash, Zohar}, title = {A Parallel High-Order Fictitious Domain Approach for Biomechanical Applications}, series = {11th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC), 2012 : 25 - 29 June 2012, Munich, Germany ; proceedings}, booktitle = {11th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC), 2012 : 25 - 29 June 2012, Munich, Germany ; proceedings}, editor = {Bader, Michael}, publisher = {IEEE}, address = {Piscataway}, isbn = {978-1-4673-2599-8}, doi = {10.1109/ISPDC.2012.45}, pages = {279 -- 285}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{SchillingerRuessZanderetal.2012, author = {Schillinger, Dominik and Ruess, Martin and Zander, Nils and Bazilevs, Yuri and D{\"u}ster, Alexander and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Small and large deformation analysis with the p- and B-spline versions of the Finite Cell Method}, series = {Computational Mechanics}, volume = {50}, journal = {Computational Mechanics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {1432-0924}, doi = {10.1007/S00466-012-0684-Z}, pages = {445 -- 478}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{RankRuessKollmannsbergeretal.2012, author = {Rank, Ernst and Ruess, Martin and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and Schillinger, Dominik and D{\"u}ster, Alexander}, title = {Geometric modeling, isogeometric analysis and the finite cell method}, series = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, volume = {249-252}, journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0045-7825}, doi = {10.1016/j.cma.2012.05.022}, pages = {104 -- 115}, year = {2012}, language = {de} } @article{RuessSchillingerBazilevsetal.2013, author = {Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik and Bazilevs, Yuri and Varduhn, Vasco and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Weakly enforced essential boundary conditions for NURBS-embedded and trimmed NURBS geometries on the basis of the finite cell method}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {95}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.4522}, pages = {811 -- 846}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{RuessTalTrabelsietal.2012, author = {Ruess, Martin and Tal, David and Trabelsi, Nir and Yosibash, Zohar and Rank, Ernst}, title = {The finite cell method for bone simulations: verification and validation}, series = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology}, number = {3-4}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, issn = {1617-7940}, doi = {10.1007/s10237-011-0322-2}, pages = {425 -- 437}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{ZanderBogElhaddadetal.2014, author = {Zander, Nils and Bog, Tino and Elhaddad, Mohamed and Espinoza, R. and Hu, H. and Joly, A. and Wu, C. and Zerbe, P. and D{\"u}ster, Alexander and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and Parvizian, J. and Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik and Rank, Ernst}, title = {FCMLab: A finite cell research toolbox for MATLAB}, series = {Advances in Engineering Software}, volume = {74}, journal = {Advances in Engineering Software}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0965-9978}, doi = {10.1016/j.advengsoft.2014.04.004}, pages = {49 -- 63}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{RuessSchillingerOezcanetal.2014, author = {Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik and {\"O}zcan, Ali I. and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Weak coupling for isogeometric analysis of non-matching and trimmed multi-patch geometries}, series = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, volume = {269}, journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0045-7825}, doi = {10.1016/j.cma.2013.10.009}, pages = {46 -- 71}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{LiangRuessAbdalla2014, author = {Liang, Ke and Ruess, Martin and Abdalla, Mostafa}, title = {The Koiter-Newton approach using von K{\´a}rm{\´a}n kinematics for buckling analyses of imperfection sensitive structures}, series = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, volume = {279}, journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0045-7825}, doi = {10.1016/j.cma.2014.07.008}, pages = {440 -- 468}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{GuoRuessGuerdal2014, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin and G{\"u}rdal, Zafer}, title = {A contact extended isogeometric layerwise approach for the buckling analysis of delaminated composites}, series = {Composite Structures}, volume = {116}, journal = {Composite Structures}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0263-8223}, doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.006}, pages = {55 -- 66}, year = {2014}, language = {de} } @article{SchillingerRuess2015, author = {Schillinger, Dominik and Ruess, Martin}, title = {The Finite Cell Method: A Review in the Context of Higher-Order Structural Analysis of CAD and Image-Based Geometric Models}, series = {Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering}, volume = {22}, journal = {Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering}, number = {3}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {1886-1784}, doi = {10.1007/s11831-014-9115-y}, pages = {391 -- 455}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{LiangZhangSunetal.2015, author = {Liang, Ke and Zhang, YongJie and Sun, Qin and Ruess, Martin}, title = {A new robust design for imperfection sensitive stiffened cylinders used in aerospace engineering}, series = {Science China Technological Sciences}, volume = {58}, journal = {Science China Technological Sciences}, number = {5}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {1869-1900}, doi = {10.1007/s11431-015-5793-4}, pages = {796 -- 802}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{KollmannsbergerOezcanBaigesetal.2015, author = {Kollmannsberger, Stefan and {\"O}zcan, Ali I. and Baiges, J. and Ruess, Martin and Rank, Ernst and Reali, A.}, title = {Parameter-free, weak imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions and coupling of trimmed and non-conforming patches}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {101}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {9}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.4817}, pages = {670 -- 699}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{GuoRuess2015, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin}, title = {Nitsche's method for a coupling of isogeometric thin shells and blended shell structures}, series = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, volume = {284}, journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0045-7825}, doi = {10.1016/j.cma.2014.11.014}, pages = {881 -- 905}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{GuoRuess2015, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin}, title = {Weak Dirichlet boundary conditions for trimmed thin isogeometric shells}, series = {Computers \& Mathematics with Applications}, volume = {70}, journal = {Computers \& Mathematics with Applications}, number = {7}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0898-1221}, doi = {10.1016/j.camwa.2015.06.012}, pages = {1425 -- 1440}, year = {2015}, language = {de} } @article{GuoRuess2015, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin}, title = {A layerwise isogeometric approach for NURBS-derived laminate composite shells}, series = {Composite Structures}, volume = {124}, journal = {Composite Structures}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0263-8223}, doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.01.012}, pages = {300 -- 309}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{GuoRuess2015, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin}, title = {Isogeometric Weak Coupling of Shell Structures}, series = {56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference 2015, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, 5 - 9 January 2015}, booktitle = {56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference 2015, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, 5 - 9 January 2015}, publisher = {Curran}, address = {Red Hook}, isbn = {978-1-62410-342-1}, doi = {10.2514/6.2015-0965}, pages = {1 -- 14}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{FriedrichLoosenLiangetal.2015, author = {Friedrich, Linus and Loosen, Simon and Liang, Ke and Ruess, Martin and Bisagni, Chiara and Schr{\"o}der, Kai-Uwe}, title = {Stacking sequence influence on imperfection sensitivity of cylindrical composite shells under axial compression}, series = {Composite Structures}, volume = {134}, journal = {Composite Structures}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0263-8223}, doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.132}, pages = {750 -- 761}, year = {2015}, language = {en} } @article{WilleRuessRanketal.2016, author = {Wille, Hagen and Ruess, Martin and Rank, Ernst and Yosibash, Zohar}, title = {Uncertainty quantification for personalized analyses of human proximal femurs}, series = {Journal of Biomechanics}, volume = {49}, journal = {Journal of Biomechanics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0021-9290}, doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.013}, pages = {520 -- 527}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Computational models for the personalized analysis of human femurs contain uncertainties in bone material properties and loads, which affect the simulation results. To quantify the influence we developed a probabilistic framework based on polynomial chaos (PC) that propagates stochastic input variables through any computational model. We considered a stochastic E-ρ relationship and a stochastic hip contact force, representing realistic variability of experimental data. Their influence on the prediction of principal strains (ϵ1 and ϵ3) was quantified for one human proximal femur, including sensitivity and reliability analysis. Large variabilities in the principal strain predictions were found in the cortical shell of the femoral neck, with coefficients of variation of ≈40\%. Between 60 and 80\% of the variance in ϵ1 and ϵ3 are attributable to the uncertainty in the E-ρ relationship, while ≈10\% are caused by the load magnitude and 5-30\% by the load direction. Principal strain directions were unaffected by material and loading uncertainties. The antero-superior and medial inferior sides of the neck exhibited the largest probabilities for tensile and compression failure, however all were very small (pf<0.001). In summary, uncertainty quantification with PC has been demonstrated to efficiently and accurately describe the influence of very different stochastic inputs, which increases the credibility and explanatory power of personalized analyses of human proximal femurs.}, language = {en} } @article{VarduhnHsuRuessetal.2016, author = {Varduhn, Vasco and Hsu, Ming-Chen and Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik}, title = {The tetrahedral finite cell method: Higher-order immersogeometric analysis on adaptive non-boundary-fitted meshes}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {107}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {12}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.5207}, pages = {1054 -- 1079}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{LiangRuessAbdalla2016, author = {Liang, Ke and Ruess, Martin and Abdalla, Mostafa}, title = {Co-rotational finite element formulation used in the Koiter-Newton method for nonlinear buckling analyses}, series = {Finite Elements in Analysis and Design}, volume = {116}, journal = {Finite Elements in Analysis and Design}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0168-874X}, doi = {10.1016/j.finel.2016.03.006}, pages = {38 -- 54}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{LiangRuessAbdalla2016, author = {Liang, Ke and Ruess, Martin and Abdalla, Mostafa}, title = {An eigenanalysis-based bifurcation indicator proposed in the framework of a reduced-order modeling technique for non-linear structural analysis}, series = {International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics}, volume = {81}, journal = {International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0020-7462}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2016.01.013}, pages = {129 -- 138}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{LiangRuess2016, author = {Liang, Ke and Ruess, Martin}, title = {Nonlinear buckling analysis of the conical and cylindrical shells using the SGL strain based reduced order model and the PHC method}, series = {Aerospace Science and Technology}, volume = {55}, journal = {Aerospace Science and Technology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1270-9638}, doi = {10.1016/j.ast.2016.05.018}, pages = {103 -- 110}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FriedrichRuessSchroeder2016, author = {Friedrich, Linus and Ruess, Martin and Schr{\"o}der, Kai-Uwe}, title = {Efficient and robust shell design of space launcher vehicle structures}, series = {57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, San Diego, 4-8 January 2016}, booktitle = {57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, San Diego, 4-8 January 2016}, publisher = {American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}, address = {Reston}, isbn = {978-1-62410-392-6}, doi = {10.2514/6.2016-1973}, pages = {1 -- 18}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{FriedrichLyssakowPearceetal.2016, author = {Friedrich, Linus and Lyssakow, Pawel and Pearce, Garth and Ruess, Martin and Bisagni, Chiara and Schr{\"o}der, Kai-Uwe}, title = {ON THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF IMPERFECTION SENSITIVE LAMINATED COMPOSITE SHELL STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION}, series = {Proceedings of the VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS Congress 2016), 05.06.2016 - 10.06.2016, Crete Island}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS Congress 2016), 05.06.2016 - 10.06.2016, Crete Island}, editor = {Papadrakakis, Manolis and Papadopoulos, V. and Stefanou, G. and Plevris, V.}, publisher = {Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece}, address = {Athens}, isbn = {978-618-82844-0-1}, doi = {10.7712/100016.1951.5838}, pages = {2182 -- 2189}, year = {2016}, language = {en} } @article{ZanderRuessBogetal.2017, author = {Zander, Nils and Ruess, Martin and Bog, Tino and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Multi-level hp -adaptivity for cohesive fracture modeling}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {109}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {13}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.5340}, pages = {1723 -- 1755}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{NguyenStoterBaumetal.2017, author = {Nguyen, Lam H. and Stoter, Stein K.F. and Baum, Thomas and Kirschke, Jan and Ruess, Martin and Yosibash, Zohar and Schillinger, Dominik}, title = {Phase-field boundary conditions for the voxel finite cell method: Surface-free stress analysis of CT-based bone structures}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {33}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, number = {12}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {2040-7947}, doi = {10.1002/cnm.2880}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{KeshavanarayanaRuessdeBorst2017, author = {Keshavanarayana, Pradeep and Ruess, Martin and de Borst, Ren{\´e}}, title = {A feedback-loop extended stress fiber growth model with focal adhesion formation}, series = {International Journal of Solids and Structures}, volume = {128}, journal = {International Journal of Solids and Structures}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0020-7683}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.08.023}, pages = {160 -- 173}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{GuoRuessSchillinger2017, author = {Guo, Yujie and Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik}, title = {A parameter-free variational coupling approach for trimmed isogeometric thin shells}, series = {Computational Mechanics}, volume = {59}, journal = {Computational Mechanics}, number = {4}, publisher = {Springer}, issn = {1432-0924}, doi = {10.1007/s00466-016-1368-x}, pages = {693 -- 715}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{GroenLangelaarSigmundetal.2017, author = {Groen, Jeroen P. and Langelaar, Matthijs and Sigmund, Ole and Ruess, Martin}, title = {Higher-order multi-resolution topology optimization using the finite cell method}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {110}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {10}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.5432}, pages = {903 -- 920}, year = {2017}, language = {en} } @article{NguyenStoterRuessetal.2018, author = {Nguyen, Lam H. and Stoter, Stein K.F. and Ruess, Martin and Sanchez Uribe, Manuel A. and Schillinger, Dominik}, title = {The diffuse Nitsche method: Dirichlet constraints on phase-field boundaries}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {113}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.5628}, pages = {601 -- 633}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{MagisanoLiangGarceaetal.2018, author = {Magisano, D. and Liang, Ke and Garcea, G. and Leonetti, L. and Ruess, Martin}, title = {An efficient mixed variational reduced-order model formulation for nonlinear analyses of elastic shells}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, volume = {113}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {1097-0207}, doi = {10.1002/nme.5629}, pages = {634 -- 655}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{KeshavanarayanaRuessdeBorst2018, author = {Keshavanarayana, Pradeep and Ruess, Martin and de Borst, Ren{\´e}}, title = {On the monolithic and staggered solution of cell contractility and focal adhesion growth}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {34}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, number = {11}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {2040-7947}, doi = {10.1002/cnm.3138}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{GuoHellerHughesetal.2018, author = {Guo, Yujie and Heller, Jason and Hughes, Thomas J.R. and Ruess, Martin and Schillinger, Dominik}, title = {Variationally consistent isogeometric analysis of trimmed thin shells at finite deformations, based on the STEP exchange format}, series = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, volume = {336}, journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0045-7825}, doi = {10.1016/j.cma.2018.02.027}, pages = {39 -- 79}, year = {2018}, language = {en} } @article{ElhaddadZanderBogetal.2018, author = {Elhaddad, Mohamed and Zander, Nils and Bog, Tino and Kudela, L{\´a}szl{\´o} and Kollmannsberger, Stefan and Kirschke, Jan and Baum, Thomas and Ruess, Martin and Rank, Ernst}, title = {Multi-level hp-finite cell method for embedded interface problems with application in biomechanics}, series = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {34}, journal = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley}, issn = {2040-7947}, doi = {10.1002/cnm.2951}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This work presents a numerical discretization technique for solving 3-dimensional material interface problems involving complex geometry without conforming mesh generation. The finite cell method (FCM), which is a high-order fictitious domain approach, is used for the numerical approximation of the solution without a boundary-conforming mesh. Weak discontinuities at material interfaces are resolved by using separate FCM meshes for each material sub-domain and weakly enforcing the interface conditions between the different meshes. Additionally, a recently developed hierarchical hp-refinement scheme is used to locally refine the FCM meshes to resolve singularities and local solution features at the interfaces. Thereby, higher convergence rates are achievable for nonsmooth problems. A series of numerical experiments with 2- and 3-dimensional benchmark problems is presented, showing that the proposed hp-refinement scheme in conjunction with the weak enforcement of the interface conditions leads to a significant improvement of the convergence rates, even in the presence of singularities. Finally, the proposed technique is applied to simulate a vertebra-implant model. The application showcases the method's potential as an accurate simulation tool for biomechanical problems involving complex geometry, and it demonstrates its flexibility in dealing with different types of geometric description.}, language = {en} } @misc{OPUS4-2981, title = {786 - Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Masterstudiengang „Simulations- und Experimentaltechnik" an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 17.06.2021}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-29813}, pages = {7}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende studiengangspezifische Pr{\"u}fungsordnung als Satzung erlassen. Diese Pr{\"u}fungsordnung gilt nur in Verbindung mit der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung des Fachbereichs Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf (RahmenPO) vom 15.02.2016 in der jeweils g{\"u}ltigen Fassung.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-2980, title = {785 - Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Masterstudiengang „Mechanical Engineering" an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 17.06.2021}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-29801}, pages = {7}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende studiengangspezifische Pr{\"u}fungsordnung als Satzung erlas-sen. Diese Pr{\"u}fungsordnung gilt nur in Verbindung mit der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung des Fachbereichs Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf (RahmenPO) vom 15.02.2016 in der jeweils g{\"u}ltigen Fassung.}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-2979, title = {784 - Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r den Masterstudiengang „Internationales Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen" an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 17.06.2021}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-29798}, pages = {7}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende studiengangspezifische Pr{\"u}fungsordnung als Satzung erlas-sen. Diese Pr{\"u}fungsordnung gilt nur in Verbindung mit der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung des Fachbereichs Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf (RahmenPO) vom 15.02.2016 in der jeweils g{\"u}ltigen Fassung.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} } @misc{OPUS4-2978, title = {783 - Pr{\"u}fungsordnung f{\"u}r die Bachelorstudieng{\"a}nge „Energie- und Umwelttechnik" (EUT), „Umwelt- und Verfahrenstechnik" (UVT), „Maschinenbau Produktentwicklung" (MPE), „Maschinenbau Produktionstechnik" (MPT) und „Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen Maschinenbau" (WIM) an der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf vom 17.06.2021}, address = {D{\"u}sseldorf}, organization = {Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:due62-opus-29789}, pages = {12}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Aufgrund der \S\S 2 Abs. 4, 64 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes {\"u}ber die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Hochschulgesetz - HG) vom 16.09.2014 (GV. NRW. S. 547) in der aktuell g{\"u}ltigen Fassung hat die Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf die folgende studiengangspezifische Pr{\"u}fungsordnung als Sat-zung erlassen. Diese Pr{\"u}fungsordnung gilt nur in Verbindung mit der Rahmenpr{\"u}fungsordnung des Fachbereichs Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Hochschule D{\"u}sseldorf (RahmenPO) vom 15.02.2016 in der jeweils g{\"u}ltigen Fassung.}, subject = {Pr{\"u}fungsrecht}, language = {de} }