@inproceedings{VossSartoriNapolitanoetal.2010, author = {Voss, Karsten and Sartori, Igor and Napolitano, Assunta and Geier, Sonja and Gonzalves, Helder and Hall, Monika and Heiselberg, Per and Wid{\´e}n, Joakim and Candanedo, Jos{\´e} A. and Musall, Eike and Karlsson, Bj{\"o}rn and Torcellini, Paul}, title = {Load Matching and Grid Interaction of Net Zero Energy Buildings. EuroSun Conference 2010, Graz}, address = {Graz}, organization = {EuroSun Conference 2010}, year = {2010}, abstract = {"Net Zero Energy Building" has become a prominent wording to describe the synergy of energy efficient building and renewable energy utilization to reach a balanced energy budget over a yearly cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid infrastructure overcomes the limitations of seasonal energy storage on-site. Even though the wording "Net Zero Energy Building" focuses on the annual energy balance, large differences may occur between solution sets in the amount of grid interaction needed to reach the goal. The paper reports on the analysis of example buildings concerning the load matching and grid interaction. Indices to describe both issues are proposed and foreseen as part of a harmonized definition framework. The work is part of subtask A of the IEA SHCP Task40/ECBCS Annex 52: "Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings".}, language = {en} } @techreport{SalomMarszalCandanedoetal.2014, author = {Salom, Jaume and Marszal, Anna Joanna and Candanedo, Jose and Widen, Joakim and Byskov Lindberg, Karen and Sartori, Igor}, title = {Analysis of Load Match and Grid Interaction Indicators in Net Zero Energy Buildings with High-Resolution Data: A report of Subtask A IEA Task 40/Annex 52 Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings}, publisher = {Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC}, address = {Barcelona}, organization = {Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271135453_Analysis_of_load_match_and_grid_interaction_indicators_in_net_zero_energy_buildings_with_high-resolution_data}, year = {2014}, language = {en} } @article{NorisMusallSalometal.2014, author = {Noris, Federico and Musall, Eike and Salom, Jaume and Berggren, Bj{\"o}rn and Jensen, S{\o}ren {\O}stergaard and Lindberg, Karen and Sartori, Igor}, title = {Implications of weighting factors on technology preference in net zero energy buildings}, series = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {82}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, publisher = {Elsevier}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.004}, pages = {250 -- 262}, year = {2014}, abstract = {With the current movement towards Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) decisions regarding energy carrier weighting factors will have implications on which technologies could be favoured or disfavoured, and therefore adopted or not adopted, in the building sector of the near future. These implications should be taken into consideration by policy makers when developing legislation and regulations addressing the building sector. A parametric analysis was conducted on six buildings in Europe of different typologies and climates in order to assess how different weighting factors would impact the choice of technical systems to be installed. For each combination the amount of PV capacity necessary to achieve a net zero balance has been calculated and used as the main indicator for comparison; where less PV area means more favourable condition. The effect of including a solar thermal system is also discussed. With the current European national weighting factors, biomass boiler is largely the preferred solution, frequently achieving the balance with PV installed on the roof, while gas boiler is the most penalized. The situation changes when strategic weighting factors are applied. Lower weighting factors for electricity and district heating, e.g. reflecting national targets of increased penetration of renewables in such grids, would promote the use of heat pump and district heating, respectively. Asymmetric factors aimed at rewarding electricity export to the grid would facilitate the achievement of the zero balance for all technologies, promoting cogeneration in some cases. On the contrary, low weighting factors for electricity, e.g. reflecting a scenario of high decarbonisation of the power system, prove quite demanding; only few technical solutions would be able to reach the balance within the available roof area for PV, because of the low value credited to exported electricity. In this situation, the preferred solution would be heat pumps combined with solar thermal. In addition, the choice of weighting factors and the resulting favoured technologies will determine the temporal matching of load and generation. While all-electric solutions tend to use the grid as seasonal storage, other solutions will have a yearly net export of electricity to the grid to compensate for the supply of other (thermal) energy carriers. Therefore, it is important to consider the implications for the electricity grid resulting from the choice of weighting factors.}, language = {en} } @incollection{VossMusallSartorietal.2013, author = {Voss, Karsten and Musall, Eike and Sartori, Igor and Lollini, Roberto}, title = {Nearly Zero, Net Zero, and Plus Energy Buildings - Theory, Terminology, Tools, and Examples}, series = {Transition to renewable energy systems}, booktitle = {Transition to renewable energy systems}, editor = {Stolten, Detlef and Scherer, Viktor}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, isbn = {978-3-527-33239-7}, doi = {10.1002/9783527673872.ch41}, pages = {875 -- 889}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @article{MarszalHeiselbergBourelleetal.2011, author = {Marszal, Anna Joanna and Heiselberg, Per and Bourelle, Julien S. and Musall, Eike and Voss, Karsten and Sartori, Igor and Napolitano, Assunta}, title = {Zero Energy Building - A Review of definitions and calculation methodologies}, series = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, number = {4}, publisher = {Elsevier}, pages = {971 -- 979}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has gained wide international attention during last few years and is now seen as the future target for the design of buildings. However, before being fully implemented in the national building codes and international standards, the ZEB concept requires clear and consistent definition and a commonly agreed energy calculation methodology. The most important issues that should be given special attention before developing anewZEB definition are: (1) the metric of the balance, (2) the balancing period, (3) the type of energy use included in the balance, (4) the type of energy balance, (5) the accepted renewable energy supply options, (6) the connection to the energy infrastructure and (7) the requirements for the energy efficiency, the indoor climate and in case of gird connected ZEB for the building-grid interaction. This paper focuses on the review of the most of the existing ZEB definitions and the various approaches towards possible ZEB calculation methodologies. It presents and discusses possible answers to the abovementioned issues in order to facilitate the development of a consistent ZEB definition and a robust energy calculation methodology.}, language = {en} }