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Urban expansion, particularly in the global south, has brought numerous environmental consequences which require regular investigation. The current study assessed the growth of built-up areas in the Chbar Ampov district (Phnom Penh, Cambodia) using the Indices-Based Built-Up Index (IBI) derived from Landsat 8 satellite imagery. We applied the IBI method to satellite images from 2013 to 2021 to determine changes in the built-up area over time and their correlation with land surface temperature (LST). The research revealed generally consistent urban expansion (1.68 square kilometres per year) in the study area within the period. Despite minor inconsistencies due to temporary land-use changes and cloud interference, the results support the study's major conclusions. The findings reinforce the necessity of meticulous monitoring and management of urban expansion. Dynamic analysis and practical research methods can contribute to sustainable urban development practices, thus ensuring a balance between human progress and environmental preservation.
Der Erhalt der Biodiversität und intakter Ökosysteme ist überlebenswichtig für Mensch und Natur. Dennoch schreitet der Verlust von Biodiversität sowohl in Deutschland – dem Fokus dieses Papiers – wie auch weltweit dramatisch voran. Die Politik hinkt dem zunehmenden Handlungsdruck allerdings weit hinterher. Bestehende Verpflichtungen wurden bisher nicht erfüllt, gesteckte Ziele nicht erreicht. Daher muss die neue Bundesregierung Verantwortung übernehmen und die Ursachen für den Verlust der Biodiversität, die in verschiedenen Politikfeldern liegen, bereits im Koalitionsvertrag adressieren. Der wirksame Schutz von Biodiversität kann nicht alleine mit der Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten erreicht werden, sondern ist eine Integrationsaufgabe. Die Adressaten dieses Textes sind daher politische Akteure, die Biodiversitätsziele in ihren Verantwortungsbereichen (Ressorts) und in allen relevanten Strategien integrieren sowie die relevanten Stakeholder mitnehmen müssen.
Die hier beitragenden und zeichnenden Wissenschaftler*innen aus unterschiedlichsten Disziplinen werben gemeinsam für ein deutlich größeres Engagement für Biodiversität und legen hierfür die folgenden
Handlungsempfehlungen für deutsche und europäische Politik vor. Sie appellieren an die politischen Verantwortungsträger*innen, diese vielfältigen Herausforderungen entschlossen anzugehen und unsere natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen wirkungsvoll zu schützen.
Across Central Asia, agriculture largely depends on irrigation due to arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. Water is abstracted from rivers, which are largely fed by glacier melt. In the course of climate change, glaciers melt down so that a reduced glacier volume and reduced water runoffs are expected to be available for irrigation. Tree wind breaks are one option to reduce water consumption in irrigated agriculture and build resilience against climate change. This paper therefore assesses the water consumption of major crops in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent areas, i.e., cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in combination with tree wind breaks. Crop water consumption was assessed through the Penman Monteith approach. Tree wind break types investigated were single rows from poplars (Populus spec.) and multiple rows with understory vegetation by elm (Ulmus minor L.) and poplar, respectively. Tree water consumption was determined through sapflow measurements. The seasonal reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for field crops was 876–995 mm without wind breaks and dropped to less than half through multiple row wind breaks with understory vegetation (50 m spacing). Tree water consumption was 1125–1558 mm for poplar and 435 mm for elm. Among the wind break crop systems, elm wind breaks resulted in the highest reductions of water consumption, followed by single row poplars, at spacing of 50 and 100 m, respectively. However, elm grows much slower than poplar, so poplars might be more attractive for farmers. Furthermore, single row wind breaks might by much easier to be integrated into the agrarian landscape as they consume less space.
This guide provides a structured methodology for developing and critically assessing strategies for sustainable food and biomass production through a participatory and systemic approach. It responds to the limitations of mainstream policies and strategies in agriculture and bioeconomy, which often prioritize technological solutions and lack bottom-up engagement of local stakeholders in knowledge-building and decision-making.
The PARSCO methodology presented in this guidebook is an adaptation of the MARISCO toolbox (Adaptive MAnagement of vulnerability and RISk at COnservation sites) developed at the Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management. It has been tailored to assess and improve food and biomass production systems based on local knowledge, diverse stakeholder perspectives, and a systemic situation analysis using knowledge mapping and multi-criteria analysis tools. PARSCO is a landscape-based method primarily designed for application in local or regional settings, involving a series of participatory workshops with local stakeholders. It was developed over a period of five years at Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development and tested in workshops with smallholder farmers and other local actors in rural Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan.
The guidebook serves as a step-by-step manual for practitioners, planners, and transdisciplinary researchers applying PARSCO in project planning, policy evaluation, and sustainable land management. It emphasizes the importance of systemic thinking—understanding the interconnectedness and complex dynamics of social-ecological systems—and participatory decision-making to ensure inclusive, effective, and context-specific solutions. As a standalone guidebook, it can also be used as a complementary resource to existing MARISCO guides by offering more detailed guidance on the facilitation of participatory processes.
Die Bayerische Leseholzordnung in der heutigen Zeit - Eine Analyse zu Hintergründen und Auswirkungen
(2023)
Im Herbst 2022 steigen die Energie – und Gaspreise in Deutschland. Dadurch wird zum Thema, was
lange keine Beachtung mehr fand: Die bayerische Leseholzordnung. Diese Bekanntmachung, deren
neuste Fassung aus dem Jahr 1986 stammt, kann, wenn von vielen Personen angewendet, verschiedene Auswirkungen auf den Wald haben, wodurch sich ein Konfliktfeld zwischen den verschiedenen
Zielen in Bezug auf dieses Ökosystem ergeben kann. Diese Arbeit nimmt sich daher zum Ziel, jene
Auswirkungen der Leseholzordnung zu untersuchen. Dafür werden mithilfe einer Literaturrecherche
Hintergründe und die ökologische Bedeutung von Leseholz analysiert und eine computerbasierte Umfrage unter Revierförstern der Bayerischen Staatsforsten liefert Informationen zur heutigen Situation
der Leseholznutzung. Mehrere Experteninterviews ergänzen die Ergebnisse. Hierbei konnte festgestellt werden, dass Leseholz als Bodentotholz viele essenzielle Funktionen im Wald erfüllt und daher
eine höhere Wertschätzung erhalten sollte. Dies erstreckt sich über die Nährstoffzirkulation, den Wasserhaushalt, Erosion – und Verjüngungsschutz bis hin zur Lebensraumschaffung für zahlreiche Tier-,
Pflanzen- und Pilzarten. Als Energiequelle hingegen weist es meist mindere Qualität auf und kann in
dieser Aufgabe sinnvoll durch konventionell bereitgestelltes Brennholz ersetzt werden. Um aber dennoch einen Ausgleich zwischen den ökologischen und sozioökonomischen Interessen dieser Ressource zu ermöglichen, wäre eine stärkere Kontrolle der Leseholznutzung vonnöten, welche sich allerdings als sehr aufwendig erweist und bei nachweislich trotz Energiekrise geringem Interesse der
Bevölkerung nicht sonderlich sinnvoll erscheint. Die heutige Nutzung beschränkt sich weitestgehend
auf ländliche Räume, wo an Wegrändern meist nicht mehr als ein Festmeter (Fm) pro Hektar und Jahr
gesammelt wird und dies ungleichmäßig über das Jahr verteilt. In jedem Fall ist eine Überarbeitung
der Leseholzordnung überfällig, da sie in ihrem aktuellen Wortlaut nicht mit den heutigen Gegebenheiten abgestimmt ist und dadurch zu Unklarheiten führen kann. Um den besten Weg zu finden, wie
weiter mit ihr verfahren werden soll, müssen weitere Untersuchungen durchgeführt und eine Zusammenarbeit mit der Bevölkerung angestrebt werden.
The prevalence of the microsporidium Nosema maddoxi in populations of brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) from three sites in Guria and eight sites in Samegrelo, Georgia is described. Investigations were conducted on adults collected in fall and spring from fall 2020 to spring 2022. The prevalence of infection differed by both region and season. Total prevalence of N. maddoxi in adults from the Guria region was significantly higher than the Samegrelo region. Infection levels in fall were higher than in the spring in the Guria region, but inconsistent over seasons in the Samegrelo region. Infection levels did not differ by sex. We hypothesize that higher population densities and more adult aggregation in Guria compared with Samegrelo helps to explain the higher infection levels in Guria.
Multi-scenario dynamic prediction of ecological risk assessment in an arid area of northwest China
(2023)
Ecological security is essential for the development of environmental health and human society. However, the driving mechanisms and spatial non-stationarity of ecological risks are still unknown, particularly in arid areas. Thus, this study constructed an ecological risk index (ERI) research framework in arid areas based on land use and socio-economic data from 1980 to 2020 to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution trend, driving mechanisms, and spatial non-stationarity of ecological risk and predict the ecological risk under business-as-usual, economic development, and ecological protection scenarios using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model. The results show that: (1) cropland and build-up land were expanding, whereas forestland and grassland water bodies were shrinking. Compared with the two development stages from 1980 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2020, cropland increased by 4.73% and 51.52%, respectively, whereas build-up land increased by 12.64% and 106.52%, respectively, indicating rapid development and drastic changes in the past 20 years. (2) With the change in landscape diversity, the regional ecological risks showed an increasing trend, whereas the future ecological risks showed an increasing trend because of the cumulative effect of landscape pattern changes caused by human activities. (3) Moreover, dramatic changes in ecological risk, particularly in areas of intense human activity in build-up land, agricultural land, artificial oases, and mountainous areas. Corresponding to the analysis of driving mechanisms, population, GDP, distance to government, water, and primary roads; have a significant effect on ecological risk, whereas DEM has direct and indirect effect paths. Ultimately, the proposed analysis framework can present the spatiotemporal changes of ecological risks and their influencing mechanisms, which can help develop sustainable development policies.
The measurement of roadside wood stacks in the forest still plays an important role in many forestry operations. Traditional manual measuring methods can be laborious, inaccurate and error-prone. Therefore, the issue is whether 2.5D or 3D optical remote sensing measuring methods provide more precise or detailed results and advantages in further data processing. This study examined and partly developed nine different manual, photo-optical, iPad®-LiDAR and handheld laser scanner-LiDAR-based wood stack measurement methods. Forty-seven wood stacks, ranging from 8.9 to 209.3 m3 (totalling approximately 2700 m3), were measured and compared using these nine methods. All the methods give volume estimations, and none can be seen to give the real or true wood stack gross volume. Surprisingly, the results varied significantly within and between the individual methods, with up to a 9% mean relative deviation. The relative deviation is strongly dependent on the size of the wood stack. The 3D measurement methods using iPad® RGB and LiDAR recorded lower timber volumes than the other methods, in contrast to the method based on samples taken with handheld laser scanner-LiDAR, which overestimated the volume. Generally, optical- and laser-based surveying techniques could be more widely applied in measuring wood stacks in the future. However, such automatic wood stack gross volume determination approaches still face some challenges, regarding accuracy in the case of the 2.5D methods and the lack of automatisation in the case of 3D methods. Consequently, further research is required in the near future.