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Forests are increasingly recognized for their role, importance and multifunctionality in terms of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services they provide. Even if timber production remains the most economically valuable provisioning service in Primiero, the importance of and need for multifunctionality of forests is acknowledged. This article analyses the development of Forest Ecosystem Services (FES) governance innovation strategies by the Provincial Forest Agency as a policy entrepreneur in the area of Primiero, in Trentino, northeast of Italy. Based on detailed case study material, we create the heuristic of Kingdon’s three streams model in order to reconstruct the development of and negotiations around the introduction of innovative approaches to the problem, policy and politics levels and to identify the chosen or missed windows of opportunity to deliver innovation in FES management. Findings show that the main issues perceived by the local stakeholders concern loss of biodiversity, of cultural identity and historical landscape values. The policy-entrepreneurial initiatives undertaken by the Forest Agency represent a governance mix of direct project execution, financial incentives, organisational incentives and information-based activities. The results highlight its efforts to move beyond the traditional top-down approach based on widely available public funds and towards coordination and collaborations among stakeholders, contribution of private investments, bureaucracy simplification and interconnection between participatory and institutional processes.
There has been a strong quest for mapping and assessing ecosystem services (ES) to support governance. Yet, the institutional landscape that governs ES provision across multiple contexts has received less attention. We fill this research gap by developing and operationalising a framework for the analysis of policy documents that address European forest ES provision. By coding and analysing references to forest ES as well as innovations and governance mechanisms addressing these ES in national strategies on forest, biodiversity and bioeconomy, we map the institutional landscape of forest ES provision in Europe. We further analyse how biophysical supply of forest ES is connected to policies paying attention to ES and identifying innovations and governance for their provision. Innovations identified in policies centre around value chains of wood and bioenergy or biodiversity conservation, while non-wood forest products, cultural heritage, and recreation receive little attention. Biophysical supply of provisioning ES is connected to policies emphasising many innovations, while little supply of regulating ES could trigger service innovations and several new governance mechanisms. As forest ecosystems have received much attention in global, European and national sustainability policies, our institutional mapping illustrates that there is room for more use of innovations in promoting ES provision.
In the past decades, novel governance and management approaches that support the provision of non-marketable Forest Ecosystem Services (FES) have emerged throughout Europe. However, it remains unclear under which circumstances such modes of FES governance develop and which sets of social-ecological parameters, management formats, and interests enable or constrain these processes. In this paper, we aim to shed light on the development processes of such governance innovations. We combine approaches from natural resource governance with insights from innovation studies to identify the close interrelations between designing governance approaches and the inherent innovation dynamics in their development. Empirically, we apply an adapted innovation journey approach to reconstruct the development history of four governance innovations in Europe. We analyse key turning points and crucial influencing factors of the innovation processes, focussing on interests, resources, and values of actors, biophysical and technical conditions of the forest resource systems, institutions and governance arrangements, and features of the innovation management. Our findings show that often individual actors became mainstays of the innovation developments, whereas governmental organisations took up an important role in managing the innovation development process, without being the main change agents. Further, in cases with a reliable legal environment and existing funding schemes innovation development was fostered effectively. While various natural disturbances negatively impacted upon innovation development, most crisis-related interruptions provided an opportunity for radically changing pathways. We conclude that to cope with these uncertain development dynamics, conditions for innovation development need to be created that allow for continuous monitoring and adaptation of innovation processes along their development. For future governance innovation development processes, this calls for the setup of protected spaces that allow for stakeholder participation and open deliberation of interests and expectations regarding FES provisioning as preconditions for governance co-design work based on mutual learning and reflection.