TY - JOUR A1 - Sunde, Peter A1 - Collet, Sebastian A1 - Nowak, Carsten A1 - Thomsen, Philip Francis A1 - Møller Hansen, Michael A1 - Schulz, Björn A1 - Matzen, Jens A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe A1 - Vedel-Smith, Christina A1 - Olsen, Kent T1 - Where have all the young wolves gone? Traffic and cryptic mortality create a wolf population sink in Denmark and northernmost Germany JF - Conservation Letters N2 - Large carnivores are currently recolonizing Europe following legal protection, but increased mortality in landscapes highly impacted by humans may limit further population expansion. We analyzed mortality and disappearance rates of 35 wolves (of which three emigrated, nine died and 14 disappeared by 1 January 2020) by genetic monitoring in the heavily cultivated and densely populated Jutland peninsula (Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Annual traffic kill rate estimates ranged from 0.37 (95% CI: 0.11–0.85) to 0.78 (0.51–0.96) in the German part, equivalent to 0.08 (0.02–0.29)–0.25 (0.13–0.46) for the entire region, in the absence of any registered Danish roadkills. In Denmark, annual mortality rate estimates ranged from 0.46 (0.29–0.67) to 0.52 (0.35–0.71), predominantly from cryptic mortality. Despite successful reproductions, we conclude the region is a wolf population sink, primarily driven by cryptic mortality, most likely illegal killing. We hypothesize that frequent encounters between wolves and wolf-averse persecutors in cultivated landscapes may cause unsustainably high mortality rates despite the majority of hunters respecting protection laws. KW - Canis lupus KW - Denmark KW - Genetic wildlife monitoring KW - Germany KW - Human-wildlife conflict KW - Illegal killings KW - Large carnivores KW - Poaching KW - Recolonization KW - Roadkills KW - Source-sink Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-2565 SN - 1755-263X VL - 14 IS - 5 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe A1 - Stolter, Caroline A1 - Rieger, Siegfried T1 - Differences in social-space–time behaviour of two red deer herds (Cervus elaphus) JF - acta ethologica N2 - Social-space–time-behaviour has developed very differently (e.g. a, loner, a herd, a pack) in the animal kingdom and depends on many different factors, like food availability, competition, predator avoidance or disturbances. It is known, that red deer are differently distributed in human disturbed areas compared to areas with less anthropogenic influences. But knowledge about the potential influence of human presence on social associations and interactions is rare, albeit differences may result in changing impacts on the environment, such as habitat utilization and feeding damage. Therefore, we investigated differences in the space use and social association of red deer. We studied two radio-collared herds of non-migratory populations in two study areas, which were comparable in landscape structure and vegetation structure, but differed in accessibility for visitors and the extent of their presence. Between the two study sites we compared the home range size, the differences in the extent of home range overlap within each study site and the space–time association (Jacobs Index) of individuals. Additionally, we present data on seasonal variations of home range sizes and social association all year round. In order to compare human activity in the study sites, we used the data from our long-term camera trap monitoring. The herd in the area with more human activity had significantly smaller home ranges and had greater year-round social associations in almost all seasons, except summer. We assume that smaller home ranges and higher association between animals may result in a higher feeding pressure on plants and a patchier utilization in areas with higher disturbances. KW - social associations KW - social behaviour KW - space-time-behaviour KW - grouping behaviour Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-1962 SN - 0873-9749 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 185 EP - 195 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eriksen, Ane A1 - Versluijs, Erik A1 - Fuchs, Boris A1 - Zimmermann, Barbara A1 - Wabakken, Petter A1 - Ordiz, Andrés A1 - Sunde, Peter A1 - Wikenros, Camilla A1 - Sand, Håkan A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank A1 - Nordli, Kristoffer A1 - Carricondo-Sanchez, David A1 - Gorini, Lucrezia A1 - Rieger, Siegfried T1 - A Standardized Method for Experimental Human Approach Trials on Wild Wolves JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution N2 - As wolves recolonize areas of Europe ranging from moderate to high anthropogenic impact, fear of wolves is a recurring source of conflict. Shared tools for evaluating wolf responses to humans, and comparing such responses across their range, can be valuable. Experiments in which humans approach wild wolves can increase our understanding of how wolves respond to humans, facilitating human-wolf coexistence. We have developed the first standardized protocol for evaluating wolf responses to approaching humans using high-resolution GPS data, and tested it on wild wolves. We present a field protocol for experimentally approaching GPS-collared wolves, a descriptive comparison of two statistical methods for detecting a measurable flight response, a tutorial for identifying wolf flight initiation and resettling positions, and an evaluation of the method when reducing GPS positioning frequency. The field protocol, a data collection form, and the tutorial with R code for extracting flight parameters are provided. This protocol will facilitate studies of wolf responses to approaching humans, applicable at a local, national, and international level. Data compiled in a standardized way from multiple study areas can be used to quantify the variation in wolf responses to humans within and between populations, and in relation to predictors such as social status, landscape factors, or human population density, and to establish a baseline distribution of wolf response patterns given a number of known predictors. The variation in wolf responses can be used to assess the degree to which results can be generalized to areas where GPS studies are not feasible, e.g., for predicting the range of likely wolf behaviors, assessing the likelihood of wolf-human encounters, and complementing existing tools for evaluating reports of bold wolves. Showing how wolves respond to human encounters should help demystify the behavior of wild wolves toward humans in their shared habitat. KW - carnivores KW - changepoint analysis KW - field experiments KW - flight initiation distance (FID) KW - upper control limit (UCL) KW - wildlife-human interaction Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-2788 SN - 2296-701X N1 - The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.793307/full#supplementary-material VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe A1 - Rieger, Siegfried ED - Arnold, Janosch ED - Klamm, Alisa T1 - Raumzeitliches Interaktionsverhalten zwischen Wolf (Canis lupus) und Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus) T2 - Wildtierforschung im 21. Jahrhundert : Herausforderungen und Chancen bei Monitoring und Management T3 - Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung der Wildbiologen und Jagdwissenschaftler Deutschlands - 4 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-6621 SN - 978-3-945941-91-1 SP - 94 EP - 98 PB - Kessel CY - Remagen-Oberwinter ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe A1 - Edinger, Nadin A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Rieger, Siegfried ED - Arnold, Janosch ED - Klamm, Alisa T1 - Raumverhalten sendermarkierter Wölfe (Canis lupus) in Ostdeutschland T2 - Wildtierforschung im 21. Jahrhundert : Herausforderungen und Chancen bei Monitoring und Management T3 - Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung der Wildbiologen und Jagdwissenschaftler Deutschlands - 4 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-6615 SN - 978-3-945941-91-1 SP - 85 EP - 93 PB - Kessel CY - Remagen-Oberwinter ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe A1 - Stolter, Caroline A1 - Lorenz, Antje A1 - Metze, Katrin A1 - Tischew, Sabine A1 - Rieger, Siegfried T1 - Space–time interactions between free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) and grazing livestock on a fenced pasture JF - European Journal of Wildlife Research N2 - Livestock farming, which produces milk and meat, is practised by nearly all cultures. But in addition to this, grazing livestock fulfils other fundamentally important roles, one of which is the maintenance of open landscapes, which in turn provides habitat for many rare plant and animal species. Whether wild large herbivores, such as red deer (Cervus elaphus), benefit from the management of the open landscapes is unknown, and there are conflicting views on the nature of the interaction between livestock and wildlife. To investigate this question, we studied interactions in space and time between red deer and livestock in an 787 ha fenced pasture in eastern Germany. First, we used faecal pellet counts to determine whether red deer were using the fenced pasture and whether livestock were using the entire available pasture. Second, we fitted ten red deer, as well as eight Konik horses (Equus ferus caballus) and eight Heck cattle (Bos taurus) with GPS-collars. These data allowed us to perform analyses of space–time interactions. The faecal pellet data showed that red deer did indeed use the fenced pasture and that livestock used the entire extent of the pasture. Further, we verified a neutral space–time interaction between red deer and livestock within the pasture. Thus, there was no indication of a negative effect of the presence of livestock on red deer inside the pasture. For these reasons, we recommend that low-intensity grazing by cattle and horses can maintain open landscapes without detrimental effects on the use of the area by red deer. KW - Bos taurus; Cervus elaphus; Equus ferus caballus; Fenced pastures; Grazing animals; Interaction behaviour Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-6467 VL - 69 IS - 3 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmeier, Leonard A1 - Rieger, Siegfried A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe T1 - Untersuchung zur Raumnutzung von sendermarkiertem Rotwild in der Ueckermünder Heide (MV) – Jahres-, Brunft- und saisonale Streifgebiete im Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus JF - Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung KW - Rotwild; Cervus elaphus; GPS-Telemetrie; Streifgebietsgrößen; DBU-Naturerbe; Ueckermünder Heide Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-6165 SN - 1436-3895 VL - 47 SP - 131 EP - 145 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berndt, Carolin A1 - Edinger, Nadin A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Rieger, Siegfried A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Michler, Frank-Uwe T1 - Erste Schritte eines Heimkehrers – Raumnutzung eines besenderten Elches (Alces alces L., 1758) in Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt JF - Säugetierkundliche Informationen Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-6508 SN - 0323-8563 VL - 12 IS - 58 SP - 25 EP - 50 PB - Arbeitsgruppe Artenschutz Thüringen e.V. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiss, Fabio A1 - Michler, Frank Uwe A1 - Gillich, Benjamin A1 - Tillmann, Jörg A1 - Ciuti, Simone A1 - Heurich, Marco A1 - Rieger, Siegfried T1 - Displacement Effects of Conservation Grazing on Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Spatial Behaviour JF - Environmental Management N2 - Conservation grazing uses semi-feral or domesticated herbivores to limit encroachment in open areas and to promote biodiversity. However, we are still unaware of its effects on wild herbivores. This study investigates the influence of herded sheep and goats on red deer (Cervus elaphus) spatial behavior by testing three a-priori hypotheses: (i) red deer are expected to avoid areas used by livestock, as well as adjacent areas, when livestock are present, albeit (ii) red deer increase the use of these areas when sheep and goats are temporarily absent and (iii) there is a time-lagged disruption in red deer spatial behavior when conservation grazing practice ends. Using GPS-telemetry data on red deer from a German heathland area, we modelled their use of areas grazed by sheep and goats, using mixed-effect logistic regression. Additionally, we developed seasonal resource selection functions (use-availability design) to depict habitat selection by red deer before, during, and after conservation grazing. Red deer used areas less during conservation grazing throughout all times of the day and there was no compensatory use during nighttime. This effect mostly persisted within 21 days after conservation grazing. Effects on habitat selection of red deer were detectable up to 3000 meters away from the conservation grazing sites, with no signs of either habituation or adaption. For the first time, we demonstrate that conservation grazing can affect the spatio-temporal behavior of wild herbivores. Our findings are relevant for optimizing landscape and wildlife management when conservation grazing is used in areas where wild herbivores are present. KW - Targeted grazing; Heathland conservation; Dry grassland; Wildlife; Habitat selection; Resource selection functions Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-4609 SN - 0364-152X VL - 70 SP - 763 EP - 779 PB - Springer Nature ER -