@article{RederMundAlbertetal.2021, author = {Reder, Stefan and Mund, Jan-Peter and Albert, Nicole and Waßermann, Lilli and Miranda, Luis}, title = {Detection of Windthrown Tree Stems on UAV-Orthomosaics Using U-Net Convolutional Networks}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14010075}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-2213}, pages = {25}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The increasing number of severe storm events is threatening European forests. Besides the primary damages directly caused by storms, there are secondary damages such as bark beetle outbreaks and tertiary damages due to negative effects on the market. These subsequent damages can be minimized if a detailed overview of the affected area and the amount of damaged wood can be obtained quickly and included in the planning of clearance measures. The present work utilizes UAV-orthophotos and an adaptation of the U-Net architecture for the semantic segmentation and localization of windthrown stems. The network was pre-trained with generic datasets, randomly combining stems and background samples in a copy-paste augmentation, and afterwards trained with a specific dataset of a particular windthrow. The models pre-trained with generic datasets containing 10, 50 and 100 augmentations per annotated windthrown stems achieved F1-scores of 73.9\% (S1Mod10), 74.3\% (S1Mod50) and 75.6\% (S1Mod100), outperforming the baseline model (F1-score 72.6\%), which was not pre-trained. These results emphasize the applicability of the method to correctly identify windthrown trees and suggest the collection of training samples from other tree species and windthrow areas to improve the ability to generalize. Further enhancements of the network architecture are considered to improve the classification performance and to minimize the calculative costs.}, language = {en} } @article{KrauseSandersMundetal.2019, author = {Krause, Stuart and Sanders, Tanja G. M. and Mund, Jan-Peter and Greve, Klaus}, title = {UAV-Based Photogrammetric Tree Height Measurement for Intensive Forest Monitoring}, series = {Remote Sensing}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {11(7)}, publisher = {MDPI}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs11070758}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-3240}, pages = {18}, year = {2019}, abstract = {The measurement of tree height has long been an important tree attribute for the purpose of calculating tree growth, volume, and biomass, which in turn deliver important ecological and economical information to decision makers. Tree height has traditionally been measured by indirect field-based techniques, however these methods are rarely contested. With recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technologies, the possibility to acquire accurate tree heights semi-automatically has become a reality. In this study, photogrammetric and field-based tree height measurements of a Scots Pine stand were validated using destructive methods. The intensive forest monitoring site implemented for the study was configured with permanent ground control points (GCPs) measured with a Total Station (TS). Field-based tree height measurements resulted in a similar level of error to that of the photogrammetric measurements, with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.304 m (1.82\%) and 0.34 m (2.07\%), respectively (n = 34). A conflicting bias was, however, discovered where field measurements tended to overestimate tree heights and photogrammetric measurements were underestimated. The photogrammetric tree height measurements of all trees (n = 285) were validated against the field-based measurements and resulted in a RMSE of 0.479 m (2.78\%). Additionally, two separate photogrammetric tree height datasets were compared (n = 251), and a very low amount of error was observed with a RMSE of 0.138 m (0.79\%), suggesting a high potential for repeatability. This study shows that UAV photogrammetric tree height measurements are a viable option for intensive forest monitoring plots and that the possibility to acquire within-season tree growth measurements merits further study. Additionally, it was shown that negative and positive biases evident in field-based and UAV-based photogrammetric tree height measurements could potentially lead to misinterpretation of results when field-based measurements are used as validation.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{deMiguelDiezRederWalloretal.2021, author = {de Miguel-D{\´i}ez, Felipe and Reder, Stefan and Wallor, Evelyn and Bahr, Henrik and Mund, Jan-Peter and Cremer, Tobias}, title = {Long Range and High-Speed Personal Laser Scanning (PLS) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Technology in Roundwood Measurement}, series = {Proceedings of the SilviLaser Conference 2021}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SilviLaser Conference 2021}, doi = {10.34726/wim.1929}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-4462}, pages = {3}, year = {2021}, language = {en} } @article{deMiguelDiezRederWalloretal.2022, author = {de Miguel-D{\´i}ez, Felipe and Reder, Stefan and Wallor, Evelyn and Bahr, Henrik and Blasko, Lubomir and Mund, Jan-Peter and Cremer, Tobias}, title = {Further application of using a personal laser scanner and simultaneous localization and mapping technology to estimate the log's volume and its comparison with traditional methods}, series = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation}, journal = {International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation}, number = {109}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {1872-826X}, doi = {10.1016/j.jag.2022.102779}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-4496}, pages = {7}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The aim of this study was the development of a methodical processing line for estimating the log's volume from scanning logs using a long-range high-speed personal laser scanner (PLS) GeoSLAM ZEB HORIZON and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology in an open-source software framework of Cloud Compare. Additionally, the accuracy and precision of using PLS and the suggested method when measuring roundwood volume was examined compared to measurements made using a xylometer and estimations obtained from applying the formulae of Huber, Smalian and Newton. For this purpose, several parameters were measured in 50 logs of Norway spruce with an average length of 2.53 m and a mean diameter of 19.97 cm. Afterwards, the volume of these 50 logs was measured with a xylometer. The results of these measurements served as reference values. The same 50 logs were subsequently scanned with the PLS. The scans were converted into point clouds and were analyzed in Cloud Compare to estimate the volume of the scanned logs. Next, the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean bias error (MBE) as well as their relative values were calculated for the volumes determined in Cloud Compare and estimated with the above mentioned formulae. The calculated RMSE (and relative RMSE) determined a deviation of the logs' volumes estimated in Cloud Compare from the xylometric volumes of 2.88 dm3 (3.54\%) whereas the deviations of the log's volumes calculated applying the formulae of Huber, Smalian and Newton from the xylometric volumes were respectively 9.63 dm3 (11.83\%), 10.33 dm3 (12.69\%) and 4.69 dm3 (5.76\%). The calculated MBE (and relative MBE) showed that the estimated volumes in Cloud Compare and those using the formulae were overestimated, with the lowest overestimation of 0.10 dm3 (0.12\%) in Cloud Compare and the highest, 5.50 dm3 (6.75\%), using the Smalian formula. Therefore, it can be stated that results of suggested methodical processing line came closest to the logs' volumes obtained with the xylometer, i.e., they were more accurate and precise compared to the conventionally formulae for log's volume estimation. The implementation of this method has the potential filling a gap towards a wall-to-wall complete digitization of the roundwood commercialization and ensure transparency and acceptance between the stakeholders involved in the wood supply chain.}, language = {en} } @article{GoergensMundCremeretal.2020, author = {G{\"o}rgens, Eric Bastos and Mund, Jan-Peter and Cremer, Tobias and de Conto, Tiago and Krause, Stuart and Valbuena, Ruben and Estraviz Rodriguez, Luiz Carlos}, title = {Automated operational logging plan considering multi-criteria optimization}, series = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, number = {170}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0168-1699}, doi = {10.1016/j.compag.2020.105253}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-4423}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Multiple goals should be considered while planning and executing forest management. This study proposes a new multidimensional framework for a precision forestry approach assisted by airborne laser scanning data (ALS). Therefore, successful management operations become a key element in the process of promoting protection through sustainable development. Thirteen relevant variables were derived from ALS data, such as: canopy height, terrain topography, relative vegetation density, forest gaps, slope restrictions, skidder restrictions, load truck restrictions, topographic wetness, flow accumulation, horizontal distance to drainage, vertical elevation from drainage, stream and headspring restrictions. Four different scenarios for the management plan optimization were studied: shortest distance, forest conservation, soil conservation and all combined. Results showed that the detailed forest information from ALS point clouds is useful to indicate regions not suitable for forest operations. Failure to properly consider the different factors involved may result in inadequate infrastructures, lower operational performance and constant re-planning requirements.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{AparicioWallorMund2022, author = {Aparicio, Hainner and Wallor, Evelyn and Mund, Jan-Peter}, title = {High-resolution recording and forecasting of peatlands under forests in northeast Brandenburg (Germany) using remotely sensed data radar data (ALOS-PALSAR and Sentinel 1)}, series = {ESA Living Planet Symposium 2022}, booktitle = {ESA Living Planet Symposium 2022}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.12476.51848}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5205}, pages = {1}, year = {2022}, abstract = {High-resolution recording and forecasting of peatlands under forests in northeast Brandenburg (Germany) using remotely sensed data (Radar ALOS-PALSAR and Sentinel 1). Peatlands are important in terms of CO2 storage, water cycling, biochemical cycles, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Peatlands are constantly altered and damaged due to agriculture and drainage. Thus it is crucial to manage them sustainably. How? First step - locating and quantifying them with geospatial data and remote sensing methods since locating and collecting data in field is highly expensive and arduous in terms of labour and time. Our MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION therefore is: Is it possible to generate a method to record the location of peatlands under forests at high resolution using RS?.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{EstevesdeCarvalhoMelodeMatosUmbelinoetal.2021, author = {Esteves de Carvalho, Luiza Marina and Melo, Alessandra and de Matos Umbelino, Glauco Jos{\´e} and Mund, Jan-Peter and Gomes dos Santos, Jhonathan and Rosette, Jacqueline and Silveira, Daniel and Gorgens, Eric Bastos}, title = {Charcoal heaps volume estimation based on unmanned aerial vehicles}, series = {agriRxiv}, journal = {agriRxiv}, publisher = {CABI}, issn = {2791-1969}, doi = {10.31220/agriRxiv.2021.00053}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5226}, pages = {21}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The charcoal stock in a forest company is controlled based on the theoretical capacity of the masonry ovens (input) and shipped trucks (output). During the year, the company must monitor the stock for the purposes of accountability reports. This study proposes a more efficient and equally precise survey method that overcomes the challenges of the common monitoring system in Brazil. During this study, a new monitoring method based on digital stereoscopy from UAV images was developed, implemented and evaluated. The results were compared with a traditional topographic survey. A masonry oven's complex containing eight charcoal heaps was flown and surveyed using a multi-engine UAV, with an integrated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and RTK equipment. Two stereoscopic processing methods were applied: (1) very low quality and (2) high quality to image alignment, reconstruction of the dense cloud, face count and in three-dimensional mesh creation. Low quality products showed geometric deformities when compared to high quality, but resulted in similar estimation to the topographic survey. The results indicated that the charcoal heaps' volume estimation using UAV derived orthomosaics can replace the conventional method of GNSS RTK surveys with considerable gains in stockpile volume accuracy, inventory frequency, and safety. In the case of high accuracy parameterization, improvements in geometric precision and accuracy are also produced.}, language = {en} } @misc{MundWaibelSanaraetal.2020, author = {Mund, Jan-Peter and Waibel, Michael and Sanara, Hor and Jayaweera, Ravi}, title = {Phnom Penh: Urban Development Towards a Green City}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5137}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Research evidences that intact ecosystems within cities considerably improve the quality of citizens' lives. The Cambodian-German project Build4People aims to include urban ecosystems into the long-term urban planning strategies of Cambodian cities. Jan-Peter Mund, Ravi Jayaweera, Hor Sanara, and Michael Waibel present the ambitious project.}, language = {en} } @article{WaibelBloebaumMatthiesetal.2020, author = {Waibel, Michael and Bl{\"o}baum, Anke and Matthies, Ellen and Schwede, Dirk and Messerschmidt, Rolf and Mund, Jan-Peter and Katzschner, Lutz and Jayaweera, Ravi and Becker, Annalena and Karagianni, Christina and McKenna, Amelie and Lambrecht, Oliver and Rivera, Marcelo and Kupski, Sebastian}, title = {Enhancing Quality of Life through Sustainable Urban Transformation in Cambodia: Introduction to the Build4People Project}, series = {Insight: Cambodia Journal of Basic and Applied Research}, volume = {2}, journal = {Insight: Cambodia Journal of Basic and Applied Research}, number = {2}, issn = {2790-3508}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5140}, pages = {199 -- 233}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This policy brief introduces preliminary research results of the Build4People project, funded by the German government as part of the multi-phase focus programme "Sustainable Development of Urban Regions". Furthermore, the research agenda of the upcoming main four-year Research and Development phase (RD phase) will be introduced based on insights gained in previous shorter funding periods. The Build4People research consortium consists of representatives from four German universities and two German companies with their respective research, implementation and dissemination partners in the Kingdom of Cambodia. Build4People's rationale is based on Phnom Penh's dynamic economic growth, which is coupled with a local urbanisation and construction boom. However, new buildings and neighbourhoods are rarely constructed in a sustainable way with direct and indirect negative environmental impacts. Issues of sustainability are hardly addressed by decision-makers in the construction sector, related ministries, city administrations or building users. The overall aim of the multi- and trans-disciplinary Build4People project during the RD phase is to support and analyse the transformative shift in Phnom Penh's current business-as-usual urban development pathway towards a pathway with higher sustainability and liveability levels. The entry points for the research are the building and neighbourhood planning sectors. Methods, tools and key instruments to achieve the objectives of the RD phase are collaborative planning workshops, strategic niche management approaches, transition management approaches and subsequent experimental implementation. All of these measures will generate applied knowledge for local stakeholders and a basis for evidence-based decision-making. Urban quality of life as a people-driven approach serves as the integrating link for all of our scientific, conceptional, analytical and normative dimensions. During our research, we will jointly conceptualize, measure and model urban quality of life and consider its political dimension and its often-ambiguous relationship to sustainability.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{McKennaSchultzBorgetal.2020, author = {McKenna, Amelie and Schultz, Alfred and Borg, Erik and Neumann, Matthias and Mund, Jan-Peter}, title = {Remote sensing and GIS based ecological modelling of potential red deer habitats in the test site region DEMMIN (TERENO)}, series = {EGU General Assembly 2020, 04.-08. Mai 2020 (ONLINE), Vienna, Austria}, booktitle = {EGU General Assembly 2020, 04.-08. Mai 2020 (ONLINE), Vienna, Austria}, doi = {10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19953}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5155}, pages = {12}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The destruction of habitats has not only reduced biological diversity but also affected essential ecosystem services of the Central European cultural landscape. Therefore, in the further development of the cultural landscape and in the management of natural resources, special importance must be attached to the habitat demands of species and the preservation of ecosystem services. The study of ecosystem services has extended its influence into spatial planning and landscape ecology, the integration of which can offer an opportunity to enhance the saliency, credibility, and legitimacy of landscape ecology in spatial planning issues. Objective: This paper proposes a methodology to detect red deer habitats for e.g. huntable game. The model is established on remote sensing based value-added information products, the derived landscape structure information and the use of spatially and temporally imprecise in-situ data (e.g. available hunting statistics). In order to realize this, four statistical model approaches were developed and their predictive performance assessed. Methods: Altogether, our results indicate that based on the data mentioned above, modeling of habitats is possible using a coherent statistical model approach. All four models showed an overall classification of > 60\% and in the best case 71,4\%. The models based on logistic regression using preference data derived from 5-year hunting statistics, which has been interpreted as habitat suitability. The landscape metrics (LSM) will be calculated on the basis of the Global Forest Change dataset (HANSEN et al. 2013b ). The interpolation of landcover data into landscape-level was made with the software FRAGSTAT and the moving window approach. Correlation analysis is used to identify relevant LSM serving as inputs; logistic regression was used to derive a final binary classifier for habitat suitability values. Three model variations with different sets of LSM are tested using the unstandardized regression coefficient. Results lead to an insight of the effect of each LSM but not on the strength of the effect. Furthermore, the predicted outcome is rather difficult to interpret as different units and scales for each LSM are used. Hence, we calculated the fourth model using the standardized regression coefficient. It harmonized the measurement units of the LSM and thus allowed a better comparison, interpretation, and evaluation.Conclusion: Our research reveals that applying a statistical model using coarse data is effective to identify potential red deer habitats in a significant qualitative manner. The presented approach can be analogously applied to other mammals if the relevant structural requirements and empirical habitat suitability data (e.g. home range, biotopes, and food resources) are known. The habitat preferences of red deer are best described by LSM concerning area-relation and wildlifeedge relations. Most important are edges between meadows, pastures or agricultural field and forest, as well as short paths between those elements for food resources. A large proportion of forest is important for species survival and positively influences the occurrence of red deer. Outcomes help to understand species habitat relation and on which scale wildlife perceives the landscape. In addition, they support the practical habitat management and thus the overall species diversity.}, language = {en} } @article{MohiuddinMund2021, author = {Mohiuddin, Gulam and Mund, Jan-Peter}, title = {Application of Land Surface Temperature Analysis in Urban Green Spaces: Case Studies from South Asia}, series = {GI_Forum}, volume = {9}, journal = {GI_Forum}, number = {2}, publisher = {Verlag der {\"O}sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften}, issn = {2308-1708}, doi = {10.1553/giscience2021_02_s202}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5168}, pages = {202 -- 214}, year = {2021}, abstract = {This paper demonstrates the use of remote sensing in planning urban green spaces (UGSs). UGSs emerged as a popular solution to combat the effects of Urban Heat Island, especially in tropical cities. UGS projects often need to identify priority implementation areas due to limited funding for UGSs. This study includes two Asian cities, namely Phnom Penh (Cambodia) and Chittagong (Bangladesh). It is not comparative, but it has identified priority administrative areas for future UGSs in both cities. We used Landsat 8 data and the remote sensing technique Land Surface Temperature (LST) analysis using radiance, temperature brightness and emissivity. LST data were then intersected with the administrative boundaries of the study areas. The identification of priority administrative areas for UGS considered both the area coverage and the percentage of coverage in terms of maximum LST within the administrative units' boundaries. The result found 8 and 10 administrative units to be hotspots for UGSs, for Phnom Penh and Chittagong respectively. The proposed method will be useful to both government and non-government organizations alike, especially in tropical countries.}, language = {en} } @article{FoehrderMundSpathelf2021, author = {Foehrder, Torben and Mund, Jan-Peter and Spathelf, Peter}, title = {Advantages of 360° Virtual Forest Tours to Supplement Academic Forestry Education}, series = {GI_Forum}, volume = {9}, journal = {GI_Forum}, number = {2}, publisher = {Verlag der {\"O}sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften}, issn = {2308-1708}, doi = {10.1553/giscience2021_02_s34}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5179}, pages = {34 -- 44}, year = {2021}, abstract = {360° virtual forest tours (VFTs), created by state-of-the-art virtual reality technology, contribute to the progression of academic e-learning and forest management. The article proposes a conceptual framework for 360° VFT production and use to supplement field courses. Reflective insights into the authors' own learning process in the production of 360° VFTs, and a consideration of the general challenges of the medium are also presented. To conclude, the article summarizes the advantages of 360° VFTs for forestry education in an academic context.}, language = {en} } @article{EstevesdeCarvalhoMelodeMatosUmbelinoetal.2022, author = {Esteves de Carvalho, Luiza Marina and Melo, Alessandra and de Matos Umbelino, Glauco Jos{\´e} and Mund, Jan-Peter and Gomes dos Santos, Jhonathan and Rosette, Jacqueline and Silveira, Daniel and Gorgens, Eric Bastos}, title = {Charcoal heaps volume estimation based on unmanned aerial vehicles}, series = {Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science}, volume = {83}, journal = {Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science}, number = {4}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, issn = {2070-2620}, doi = {10.2989/20702620.2021.1997067}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5181}, pages = {303 -- 309}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The charcoal stock in a forestry business is controlled based on the theoretical capacity of the masonry ovens (input) and shipped trucks (output). During the year, the company must monitor the stock for accountability reports and internal governance. This paper proposes a more efficient and precise survey method that overcomes the challenges of the common monitoring system in Brazil. In this study, a monitoring method based on digital stereoscopy from UAV images was implemented and evaluated. The results were compared with those of the traditional topographic survey based on RTK equipment. A multi-engine UAV, with an integrated global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) equipment was used to fly over and survey a masonry oven complex containing eight charcoal heaps. Two stereoscopic processing methods were applied: (1) very low quality and (2) high quality to image alignment, reconstruction of a dense cloud, facet count and a three-dimensional mesh creation. Low-quality products showed geometric deformities when compared to high quality, but resulted in estimations similar to the topographic survey. Results indicated that the volume estimation of the charcoal heaps using UAV derived orthomosaics can replace the conventional method of GNSS RTK surveys with considerable gains in stockpile volume accuracy, inventory frequency and labour safety. The high quality processing method registered improvements in geometric precision and accuracy.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MohiuddinMund2022, author = {Mohiuddin, Gulam and Mund, Jan-Peter}, title = {Cooling Effect of Urban Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas: A Study using Land Surface Temperature}, series = {Living Planet Symposium 2022}, booktitle = {Living Planet Symposium 2022}, doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.27721.42083}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-5193}, pages = {1}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The poster presents the findings from the study titled "Cooling Effect of Urban Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas: A Study using Land Surface Temperature". The poster was presented on 27 May 2022 at the Living Planet Symposium 2022 in Bonn (Germany).}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{MohiuddinMund2022, author = {Mohiuddin, Gulam and Mund, Jan-Peter}, title = {Statistical Relation between Vegetation Cover and Land Surface Temperature in Phnom Penh City}, series = {Remote Sensing for Urban Planning and Management}, booktitle = {Remote Sensing for Urban Planning and Management}, year = {2022}, language = {en} } @article{MohiuddinMundRahaman2023, author = {Mohiuddin, Gulam and Mund, Jan-Peter and Rahaman, Kazi Jahidur}, title = {Detection of Urban Expansion using the Indices-Based Built-Up Index Derived from Landsat Imagery in Google Earth Engine}, series = {GI_Forum}, journal = {GI_Forum}, doi = {10.57741/opus4-829}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:eb1-opus-8294}, pages = {18-31}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Urban expansion, particularly in the global south, has brought numerous environmental consequences which require regular investigation. The current study assessed the growth of built-up areas in the Chbar Ampov district (Phnom Penh, Cambodia) using the Indices-Based Built-Up Index (IBI) derived from Landsat 8 satellite imagery. We applied the IBI method to satellite images from 2013 to 2021 to determine changes in the built-up area over time and their correlation with land surface temperature (LST). The research revealed generally consistent urban expansion (1.68 square kilometres per year) in the study area within the period. Despite minor inconsistencies due to temporary land-use changes and cloud interference, the results support the study's major conclusions. The findings reinforce the necessity of meticulous monitoring and management of urban expansion. Dynamic analysis and practical research methods can contribute to sustainable urban development practices, thus ensuring a balance between human progress and environmental preservation.}, language = {en} }